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SDLRC - Region: Finland - Technical


The Sheahan Diamond Literature Reference Compilation - Technical Articles based on Major Region - Finland
The Sheahan Diamond Literature Reference Compilation is compiled by Patricia Sheahan who publishes on a monthly basis a list of new scientific articles related to diamonds as well as media coverage and corporate announcements called the Sheahan Diamond Literature Service that is distributed as a free pdf to a list of followers. Pat has kindly agreed to allow her work to be made available as an online digital resource at Kaiser Research Online so that a broader community interested in diamonds and related geology can benefit. The references are for personal use information purposes only; when available a link is provided to an online location where the full article can be accessed or purchased directly. Reproduction of this compilation in part or in whole without permission from the Sheahan Diamond Literature Service is strictly prohibited. Return to Diamond Region Index
Sheahan Diamond Literature Reference Compilation - Scientific Articles by Author for all years
A-An Ao+ B-Bd Be-Bk Bl-Bq Br+ C-Cg Ch-Ck Cl+ D-Dd De-Dn Do+ E F-Fn Fo+ G-Gh Gi-Gq Gr+ H-Hd He-Hn Ho+ I J K-Kg Kh-Kn Ko-Kq Kr+ L-Lh
Li+ M-Maq Mar-Mc Md-Mn Mo+ N O P-Pd Pe-Pn Po+ Q R-Rh Ri-Rn Ro+ S-Sd Se-Sh Si-Sm Sn-Ss St+ T-Th Ti+ U V W-Wg Wh+ X Y Z
Sheahan Diamond Literature Reference Compilation - Media/Corporate References by Name for all years
A B C D-Diam Diamonds Diamr+ E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Each article reference in the SDLRC is tagged with one or more key words assigned by Pat Sheahan to highlight the main topics of the article. In addition most references have been tagged with one or more region words. In an effort to make it easier for users to track down articles related to a specific region, KRO has extracted these region words and developed a list of major region words presented in the Major Region Index to which individual region words used in the article reference have been assigned. Each individual Region Report contains in chronological order all the references with a region word associated with the Major Region word. Depending on the total for each reference type - technical, media and corporate - the references will be either in their own technical, media or corporate Region Report, or combined in a single report. Where there is a significant number of technical references there will be a technical report dedicated to the technical articles while the media and corporate references are combined in a separate region report. References that were added in the most recent monthly update are highlighted in yellow within the Region Report. The Major Region words have been defined by a scale system of "general", "continent", "country", "state or province" and "regional". Major Region words at the smaller scales have been created only when there are enough references to make isolating them worthwhile. References not tagged with a Region are excluded, and articles with a region word not matched with a Major Region show up in the "Unknown" report.
Kimberlite - diamondiferous Lamproite - diamondiferous Lamprophyre - diamondiferous Other - diamondiferous
Kimberlite - non diamondiferous Lamproite - non diamondiferous Lamprophyre - non diamondiferous Other - non diamondiferous
Kimberlite - unknown Lamproite - unknown Lamprophyre - unknown Other - unknown
Future Mine Current Mine Former Mine Click on icon for details about each occurrence. Works best with Google Chrome.
CITATION: Faure, S, 2010, World Kimberlites CONSOREM Database (Version 3), Consortium de Recherche en Exploration Minérale CONSOREM, Université du Québec à Montréal, Numerical Database on consorem.ca. NOTE: This publicly available database results of a compilation of other public databases, scientific and governmental publications and maps, and various data from exploration companies reports or Web sites, If you notice errors, have additional kimberlite localizations that should be included in this database, or have any comments and suggestions, please contact the author specifying the ID of the kimberlite: [email protected]
Finland - Technical
Posted/
Published
AuthorTitleSourceRegionKeywords
DS1860-0712
1891
Nordenskiold, A.E.Nordenskiold Comments on Diamonds Found by Charles Rabot In the Pasvigs Elf.Geol. Foren. Forhandl., Vol. 13, P. 297.Russia, Lapland, Scandinavia, NorwayDiamond Occurrences
DS1910-0466
1915
Konradi, S.On the Problem About Primary Source Rock of Diamonds in Lapland.Geol. Wiestu, (st. Petersburg), No. 5, PP. 295-299.Scandinavia, Russia, LaplandDiamond Occurrences
DS1930-0098
1932
Bauer, M., Schlossmacher, K.Diamanten in Czecho Slovakia BohemiaEdelsteinkunde., PP. 465-466.Bohemia, Czechoslovakia, Europe, Russia, Siberia, Lapland, UralsBlank
DS1930-0203
1935
Stutzer, O.Diamanten in RuslandDie Lagerstaetten Der Edelsteine Und Schmucksteine., P. 202.Russia, Siberia, Lapland, ScandinaviaBlank
DS1960-0384
1963
Oosterom, M.G.The Ultramafites and Layered Gabbro Sequences in the Granulite Facies Rocks on Stjernoy (finnmark, Norway).Leidse Geol. Mededel., Vol. 28, PP. 177-296.Norway, Finland, ScandinaviaPetrography
DS1975-0549
1977
Kresten, P., Printzlau, I., Rex, D., Vartiainen, H., Woolley, A.New Ages of Carbonatite and Alkaline Ultramafic Rock from Southwest eden and Finland.Geol. Foren. Forhandl., Vol. 99, PP. 62-65.Sweden, Finland, ScandinaviaCarbonatite, Alnoite, Geochronology
DS1975-0821
1978
Murthy, M.V.N., Murthy, S.R.N.A Geological Outline of the Indian and Other Shield Areas Of the Earth.India Geological Survey Records, Vol. 110, PT. 2, PP.1-38.India, Finland, Norway, England, Scandinavia, Russia, China, AfricaReview Paper
DS1982-0003
1982
Akimaa, H.Some Examples of Multi Channel Analyses of Land sat and Geophysical DataPhotogrammetric Journal of Finland, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 38-47FinlandSokli Carbonatite, Geophysics, Remote Sensing
DS1984-0600
1984
Punkari, M.The relations between glacial dynamics and tills in the eastern part of the Baltic Shield.Striae, Vol. 20, pp. 49-54.Finland, Karelia, Kola, Russia, ScandinaviaGeomorphology, Drumlin Fields
DS1986-0259
1986
Gaal, G.2200 million years of crustal evolution: the Baltic ShieldBulletin. Geological Survey Finland, Vol. 58, pt. 1, pp. 149-68.Finland, Baltic StatesTectonics
DS1986-0659
1986
Puustinen, K.Halpanen, a new carbonatite occurrence in Finland. *FINGeologi, *FIN., Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 1-5FinlandCarbonatite
DS1987-0398
1987
Laukkanen, J.The lamprophyres of central Finland. *FINTutkimusrap- Geol., *FIN., Vol. 76, pp. 91-98.VFinlandCamptonite, kersantite
DS1989-0584
1989
Hanski, E.J., Smolkin, V.F.Pechenga ferropicrites and other early Proterozoic picrites in the eastern part of the Baltic shieldPrecambrian Research, Vol. 45, No. 1-3, November pp. 63-82Finland, RussiaPicrites
DS1989-1240
1989
Precambrian ResearchSpecial issue: Proterozoic geochemistryPrecambrian Research, Vol. 45, No. 1-3, November pp. 1-250pCanada, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Africa, Ireland, ScotlandGeochemistry, Proterozoic
DS1989-1489
1989
TectonophysicsPaleozoic plate tectonics with emphasis on the European Caledonian and variscan beltsTectonophysics, Vol. 169, No. 4, pp. 221-350Europe, Finland, Norway, Scotland, ScandinaviaPlate tectonics, Caledonides, Tectonics
DS1990-0148
1990
BabelEvidence for early Proterozoic plate tectonics from seismic reflection profiles in the Baltic Shield.Nature, Vol. 348, Nov. 1, pp. 34-38.Finland, Norway, Sweden, Baltic StatesGeophysics - seismics, Tectonics, model, MOHO, subduction
DS1990-0891
1990
Kujansuu, R., Saarnisto, M.Glacial indicator tracingA.a. Balkema, 260pFinland, SwedenGeomorphology, Glacial tills
DS1990-1305
1990
Saverikko, M.Komatiitic explosive volcanism and its tectonic setting in Finland, the Fennoscandian (Baltic Shield).Bulletin. Geological Society Finland, Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 3-38.Finland, Baltic Shieldvolcanism.
DS1991-0034
1991
Arndt, N.T.High nickel in Archean tholeiitesTectonophysics, Vol. 187, pp. 411-419Australia, Greenland, Abitibi, FinlandNickel, Tholeiites
DS1991-0562
1991
Geological Survey of FinlandCurrent research 1989-1990Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper, No. 12, 240pFinlandCurrent activities, Table of contents
DS1991-0661
1991
Hanski, E., Huhma, H., Smolkin, V.F., Vaasjoki, M.The age of the ferropicritic volcanics and comagmatic nickel-bearing intrusion sat Pechenga, Kola Peninsula, U.S.S.R.Bulletin. Geological Society Finland, Vol. 62, pt. 2, pp. 123-133FinlandNickel, Pechenga
DS1991-0753
1991
Huhma, H., Claesson, S., Kinny, P.D., Williams, I.S.The growth of early Proterozoic crust- new evidence from Svecofenniandetrital zirconsTerra Nova, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 175-178Finland, Sweden, SvecofenniaProterozoic, Geochronology
DS1991-0930
1991
Kroner, A.Tectonic evolution in the Archean and ProterozoicTectonophysics, Vol. 187, pp. 393-410Canada, FinlandTectonics, Evolution -Archean, Proterozoic
DS1991-1038
1991
Makinen, J.Similarity analysis using rank in till geochemistryBulletin. Geological Society Finland, Vol. 63, pt. 1, pp. 49-57FinlandGeochemistry, Analysis
DS1991-1387
1991
Pulkkinen, E.Environmental geochemistry in northern EuropeGeological Survey of Finland Special Paper No. 9, 330pFinlandEnvironmental geochemistry, Book -table of contents
DS1991-1596
1991
Sipila, P.Mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks of the Raisduoddar Halti area in the Finnish Norwegian Caledonides.Geological Society Finland Bulletin., Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 15-24.Finland, ScandinaviaPetrography, mineralogy, geochemistry
DS1991-1617
1991
Smith, S.C., Parduh, N.L.Geochemical exploration short course notesParduhn, P.O. Box 18325, Reno, Nevada USA 89511, approx. 150p. approx. $ 100.00Australia, Washington, Nevada, Finland, ArizonaBiogeochemistry, Case histories
DS1991-1742
1991
Tourpin, S., Gruau, G., Blais, S., Fourcade, S.Resetting of rare earth elements (REE) and neodymium and Strontium isotopes during carbonization of a komatiite flow from FinlandChemical Geology, Vol. 90, No. 1-2 March 25, pp. 15-30FinlandKomatiite, Alteration
DS1991-1743
1991
Tourpin, S., Gruau, G., Blais, S., Fourcade, S.Resetting of rare earth elements (REE) and neodymium and StrontiumChemical Geology, Vol. 90, No. 1-2 March 25, pp. 15-30FinlandKomatiite, Alteration
DS1992-1187
1992
Perttunen, M.Glaciofluvial transport of clasts and heavy minerals from the Sokli carbonatite complex, Finnish Lapland.Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin. 366, 21p.FinlandGeomorphology, Carbonatite
DS1993-0561
1993
Gorbatschev, R.The Baltic shield... special volumePrecambrian Research, pp. 1-450Sweden, Finland, NorwayGeochronology, Petrology
DS1993-0849
1993
Kramm, U., Kogarko, L.N., Kononova, V.A., Vartiainen, H.The Kola alkaline province of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Finland: precise rubidium-strontium (Rb-Sr) agesLithos, Vol. 30, No. 1, April pp. 33-44Russia, Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), FinlandAlkaline rocks, Geochronology
DS1994-0762
1994
Henkel, H.Standard diagrams of magnetic properties and density - a tool for understanding magnetic petrologyJournal of Applied Geophysics, Vol. 32, pp. 43-53Norway, Finland, SwedenPetrology, Geophysics -magnetics
DS1994-0796
1994
Hustavsson, N., et al.Geochemical maps of FIn land and SwedenJournal of Geochem. Explor, Vol. 51, No. 2, July pp. 143-160Finland, Sweden, Kola Peninsula, KareliaGeochemistry, Maps
DS1994-0947
1994
Kramm, U.Isotope evidence for ijolite formation by fenitization - SR-Md dat a of ijolites from the type locality Iivaara, Finland.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 115, No.3, January pp. 279-286.FinlandIjolite, Geochronology
DS1994-0948
1994
Kramm, U.Isotope evidence for ijolite formation by fenitization: Sr-neodymium dat a of ijolites from the type locality Livara, Finland.Contr. Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 116, No. 3, pp. 279-286.FinlandIjolites
DS1994-1034
1994
Liipo, J.P., et al.Geikielite from the Naataniemi serpentine massif, Kuhmo greenstone belt, Finland.Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 32, No. 2, June pp. 327-332.FinlandMineralogy, Geikielite
DS1995-0647
1995
Gohl. K., Pederson, L.B.Collisional tectonics of the Baltic Shield in northern Gulf of Bothnia from seismic dat a BABEL projectGeophys. Journal of International, Vol. 120, No. 1, Jan. pp. 209-226.Finland, Sweden, Baltic ShieldTectonics, Geophysics -seismics
DS1995-0682
1995
Griffin, B.J., Rissanen, J., Pooley, G.D., Lee, DearnA new Diamondiferous eclogite bearing kimberlitic occurrence from FinlandProceedings of the Sixth International Kimberlite Conference Extended Abstracts, p. 198-200.FinlandEclogite
DS1995-0878
1995
Jari, M.Effects of grinding and chemical factors on the generation and composition of the till fine fraction:Journal of Geochemical Exploration, Vol. 54, No.1, Aug. 15, pp. 49-62FinlandGeochemistry, Sampling -tills
DS1995-0933
1995
Kempton, P.D., Downes, H., Beard, A.Petrology and geochemistry of xenoliths from the northern Baltic shield:evidence for partial melting...Lithos, Vol. 36, No. 3/4, Dec. 1, pp. 157-184.Baltic Shield, Norway, Finland, KolaArchean Terrane, Metasomatism, Xenoliths
DS1995-1003
1995
Korja, A., Heikkinen, P.J.Proterozoic extensional tectonics of the central Fennoscandian Shield:results from Baltic and BothnianTectonics, Vol. 14, No. 2, April pp. 504-517.Fennoscandia, Finland, SwedenTectonics, BABEL, Geophysics -seismics, lithosphere
DS1995-1428
1995
Papunen, H.Diamonds of northern Europe - a reviewSga Third Biennial Meeting, Aug. 1995, pp. 617-620.Europe, Finland, NorwayDiamonds
DS1995-1473
1995
Peltonen, P.Crystallization and reequilibrium of zoned chromite in ultramafic cumulates Vammala nickel-belt, southwest FinlandCanadian Mineralogist, Vol. 33, No. 3, June pp. 521-536FinlandMineralogy, layered intrusion, nickel, Deposit -Vammala
DS1995-1474
1995
Peltonen, P.Magma country rock interaction and the genesis of nickel-copper deposits in the Vammala nickel belt, southwest FinlandMineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 52, No. 1-2, pp. 1-24FinlandNickel, Deposit -Vammala
DS1995-1475
1995
Peltonen, P.Petrogenesis of ultramafic rocks in the Vammala nickel belt: Implications for crustal evolutionLithos, Vol. 34, No. 4, February pp. 253-274FinlandNickel, Proterozoic terrane -Svecofennian
DS1995-1476
1995
Peltonen, P.Petrogenesis of ultramafics Vammala nickel belt: implications for crustal evolution early Proterozoic.Lithos, Vol. 34, pp. 253-274FinlandSvecofennian arc terrane, Deposit -Vammala
DS1995-1872
1995
Tarvainen, T.The geochemical correlation between coarse and fine fractions of till in southern FinlandJournal of Geochemical Exploration, Vol. 54, No. 3, November pp. 187-198FinlandGeochemistry, Till fractions
DS1996-0375
1996
Donner, J.The Fennoscandian shield within FennoscandiaBulletin. Geological Society Finland, Vol. 68, 1, pp. 99-103.FinlandBaltic shield, Terminology - Fennoscandia
DS1996-1225
1996
Ruotoistenmaki, T.A schematic model of the plate tectonic evolution of Finnish bedrockGeological Survey of Finland, Report Inv. 133, 22p.FinlandTectonics, Orogeny
DS1996-1435
1996
Tontti, M., Gautneb, H., Grenne, T., et al.Map of ore deposits in central FennoscandiaFinland Geological Survey Map, 1: 1, 000, 000FinlandMetallogeny, Deposits
DS1996-1473
1996
Vassjoki, M.Explanation of the geochronological map of southern Finland: the development of the continental crust.Geological Survey of Finland, Report Inv. 135, 27p. map 1: 100, 000FinlandGeochronology, map, Svecofennian Orogeny
DS1997-0001
1997
4th. Biennial SGA MeetingReserve and resource estimations, part 1. and 2Sga., FinlandConference August 11-13, Exploration and research
DS1997-0539
1997
International Geological CongressEnergy and mineral resources for the 21st Century - geology of mineraldeposits, mineral economicsIgc 30th, Vol. 9, 550pChina, Korea, Finland, France, Japan, Colorado, ItalyBook - table of contents, Mineral deposits
DS1997-0620
1997
Korhonen, J.V., Kivekas, L.Petrophysical properties of kimberlites and rocks of Archean basement of central Fennoscandian shield.In: 4th. Biennial SGA Meeting, pp. 771-774.FinlandDiamond exploration, Sokli Carbonatite, Malmikaivos Oy
DS1997-0640
1997
Kulikov, V.S.Where is the southeastern boundary of Fennoscandia?Doklady Academy of Sciences, Vol. 356, No. 7, Sept-Oct. pp. 1130-3.Finland, Scandinavia, Kola PeninsulaGeology, Tectonics
DS1997-0642
1997
Lahtinen, R., Huhma, H.Isotopic and geochemical constraints on the evolution of 1.93 - 1.79 Ga Svecofennian crust and mantle.Precambrian Research, Vol. 82, No. 1-2, Mar. 1, pp. 13-34.FinlandGeochronology, Mantle
DS1997-0643
1997
Lahtinen, R., Huhma, H.Isotopic and geochemical constraints on the evolution of the 1.93-1.79 Ga Svecofennian crust and mantle.Precambrian Research, Vol. 82, No. 1-2, March pp. 13-34.FinlandTectonics, crust, mantle, Geochronology
DS1997-0644
1997
Lahtinent, R., Huhma, H.Isotopic and geochemical constraints on the evolution of the 1.93 and 1.79Ga Svecofennian crust and mantlePrecambrian Research, Vol. 82, pp. 13-34FinlandGeochronology, Geochemistry
DS1997-0737
1997
Marmo, J., Vilpas, L., Chernet, T., Nenonen. K.Study of the kimberlitic indicator minerals in Quaternary samples, eastern and northern Finland.Papunen: 4th. Biennial SGA Meeting, pp. 775-777.FinlandDiamond exploration, Geomorphology, till, esker sampling, geochemistry
DS1997-0856
1997
Noronin, M.The Svecofennian Orogen: a tectonic modelPrecambrian Research, Vol. 86, No. 1-2, Dec. 15, pp. 21-44.FinlandTectonics, Archean Craton
DS1997-0861
1997
O'Brien, H.E., Tyni, M.Petrology of an unusual ortho-pyroxene bearing minette suite from selenium - Al rich lamproites ... granitesPapunen: 4th. Biennial SGA Meeting, pp. 781-783.FinlandDiamond exploration, Malmikaivos Oy, orangeite
DS1997-0957
1997
Roberts, D., Olesen, O., Karpuz, M.R.Seismo- and neotectonics in Finnmark, Kola Peninsula and the southern Barents Sea: geological framework...Tectonophysics, Vol. 270, No. 1, 2, Feb. 28, pp. 1-14.Finland, Kola PeninsulaTectonics, Geophysics - seismics
DS1997-1050
1997
Sindern, S., Kramm, U.Cancrinite in ultrafenites: a critical mineral for rheomorphic formation of alkaline melts in Iivaara...Geological Association of Canada (GAC) Abstracts, FinlandAlkaline rocks, Deposit - Iivaara
DS1997-1068
1997
Smolkin, V.F.The Paleoproterozoic (2.5 - 1.7 Ga) Midcontinent rift system of the northeastern Fennoscandian Shield.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 34, No. 4, April, pp. 426-443.Finland, Norway, Baltic Shield, ScandinaviaGeochronology, Pechenga Varzuga Belt
DS1997-1177
1997
Tyni, M.Diamond prospecting in FIn land - a reviewPapunen: 4th. Biennial SGA Meeting, pp. 789-791.FinlandDiamond exploration, Ashton Mining
DS1997-1178
1997
Tyni, M., O'Brien, H.Prospecting for Diamondiferous kimberlites in FinlandVuoriteollisus, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 26-29.FinlandOverview, Prospecting
DS1998-0014
1998
Ahall, K.I., Cornell, D.H., Armstrong, R.Ion probe zircon dating of metasedimentary units across the Skagerrak: new constraints early Mesoproterozoic.Precambrian Research, Vol. 87, No. 3-4, Feb. 1, pp. 117-134Sweden, Norway, Finland, Baltic ShieldGeochronology
DS1998-0387
1998
Eklund, O., Konopelko, D., Shebanov, A.D.1.8 Ga Sevcofennian post-collisional shoshonitic magmatism in the Fennoscandian shield.Lithos, Vol. 45, Dec. pp. 87-108.Finland, Norway, Sweden, ScandinaviaGeochronology, Magmatism
DS1998-0472
1998
Garfunkel, Z., Greiling, R.O.A thin orogenic wedge upon thick foreland lithosphere and the missing foreland basin.Geol. Rundsch., Vol. 87, pp. 314-25.Scandinavia, Norway, Sweden, FinlandTectonics, Collisional orogen
DS1998-0495
1998
Geological Survey of FinlandList of guidebooks availableGeological Survey of Finland, FinlandGuidebooks - from 4th. biennial, Listing of books and costs
DS1998-0496
1998
Geological Survey of NorwayGeology of the eastern Finnmark - western Kola Peninsula regionNgu, Special Paper No. 7, ( approx. 295 NOK)Finland, Russia, Kola, FennoscandiaGeology - Archean, geochemistry, geochronology
DS1998-0521
1998
Goncharov, A., Drummond, B., Tripolsky, A., Wyborn, L.Average composition of the crust in the Australian, Fennoscandian and Ukrainian shields from refraction..Agso Research Newsletter, No. 28, May pp. 20-23Australia, Ukraine, Norway, Finland, SwedenGeophysics - seismics, Petrology
DS1998-0520
1998
Goncharov, A., et al.Average composition of the crust in the Australian, Fennoscandianvian and Ukrainian shields from refractionAgso News, No. 28, May pp. 20-23.Australia, Scandinavia, Norway, Finland, SwedenGeochemistry - crust
DS1998-0641
1998
Hornig-Kjarsgaard, B.A.Rare earth elements in sovitic carbonatites and their mineral phasesJournal of Petrology, Vol. 39, No. 11-12, Nov-Dec. pp. 2105-21.Quebec, Germany, Sweden, Finland, South Africa, BrazilCarbonatite - sovites, rare earth elements (REE) geochemistry
DS1998-0815
1998
Kukkonen, I.T., Peltonen, P.Geotherm and a rheological profile for the central Fennoscandianlithosphere.7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 478-9.Finland, KolaGeothermometry, Mantle xenoliths
DS1998-0875
1998
Line, C.E.R., Hobbs, R.W., Snyder, D.B.Estimates of upper crustal heterogeneity in the Baltic Shield from seismic scattering and borehole logs.Tectonophysics, Vol. 286, No. 1-4, Mar. 10, pp. 171-184.Baltic Shield, Sweden, Norway, FinlandGeophysics - seismic
DS1998-1088
1998
O'Brien, H.E., Tyni, M.Mineralogy and geochemistry of kimberlites and related rocks from FIn land #17th. Kimberlite Conference abstract, pp. 643-5.FinlandGeochemistry, Deposit - Kaavi, Kuopio
DS1998-1149
1998
Peltonen, P.Silicification of garnet peridotite xenoliths from the Lahtojoki kimberlitepipe, eastern FIn land #17th. Kimberlite Conference abstract, pp. 676-7.FinlandMineral chemistry, Deposit - Lahtojoki
DS1998-1150
1998
Peltonen, P., Huhma, H., Tyni, ShimizuGarnet peridotite xenoliths from kimberlites of Finland: nature of the lithospheric mantle at Archean7th. Kimberlite Conference abstract, pp. 678-80.FinlandCraton, Paleoproterozoic mobile belt
DS1998-1229
1998
Reimold, W.U.Exogenic and endogenic breccias: a discussion of major problematicsEarth Sci. Rev, Vol. 43, pp. 25-47South Africa, FinlandMelt breccia, impact cratering, tectonics, Classification - breccia
DS1998-1481
1998
Trautman, R.L., Griffin, B.J., Bulanova, G.P.Growth features and nitrogen aggregation properties of microdiamonds derived from kimberlitic diatremes.7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 926-8.Russia, Australia, Brazil, Finland, South AfricaCathodluminescence data, Micro diamonds
DS1998-1550
1998
Vogel, D.C., Vuollo, J.I., James, R.S.Tectonic, stratigraphic and geochemical comparisons between 2500-2440 Mamafic igneous events ...shieldPrecambrian Research, Vol. 92, No. 2, Oct. 1, pp. 89-116.Canada, FennoScandia, Finland, DenmarkTectonics - shield, Geochemistry
DS1998-1593
1998
Woodland, A.B., Peltonen, P.Ferric/ferrous iron contents of garnet and clinopyroexne and calculated oxygen fugacities...7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 963-4.Finland, easternPeridotite xenoliths
DS1998-1652
1998
Zuev, V.M., Serokurov, Y.N., Kalmykov, V.D.Assessment of Diamondiferous perspectives of east European Platform according to the dat a of sounding...7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 1034-6.Russia, East European Platform, Finland, Kola, Baltic StatesStructure, tectonics, Remote sensing
DS1999-0129
1999
Chernet, T., Marmo, J., Nissinen, A.Significantly improved recovery of slightly heavy minerals from Quaternary samples using GTK Modified ..Minerals Eng., Vol. 12, No. 12, Dec. pp. 1521-6.FinlandMineral processing - recovery, diamonds, gravity, 3Knelson preconcentrator
DS1999-0353
1999
Karukapp, R.Discussion of observed asymmetrical distribution of landforms of southeastern sector of Scandianavian...Gsa Mickelson And Attig, Glacial Processes, SP337, pp.187-92.Scandinavia, Baltic States, Russia, Sweden, Gulf FinlandGeomorphology - Weischelian glacier
DS1999-0366
1999
Klassen, R.A.A Quaternary geological perspective for geochemical exploration inglaciated terrain.Assocation of Exploration Geologists (AEG) 19th. Drift Exploration Glaciated, S.C., pp. 1-27.Canada, Northwest Territories, Finland, AlaskaGeomorphology, glacial, geochemistry, Drift prospecting - not specific to diamonds
DS1999-0373
1999
Konsa, M., Puura, V.Provenance of zircon of the lowermost sedimentary cover Estonia, East European craton.Geological Society Finland, Bulletin., Vol. 71, No. 2, pp. 253-73.FinlandZircons - not specific to diamonds, Craton
DS1999-0378
1999
Korsman, K., Toivo, K., Virransalo, P.The GGT SVEKA Transect: structure and evolution of the continental crust In the Paleoproterozoic SvecofennianInternational Geology Review, Vol. 41, No. 4, Apr. pp. 287-333.FinlandGeophysics - seismics, Geodynamics
DS1999-0381
1999
Kukkonen, I.T., Peltonen, P.Xenolith controlled geotherm for the central Fennoscandian shield:implications for lithosphere -Tectonophysics, Vol. 304, No. 4, Apr. 30, pp. 301-16.Scandinavia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Baltic StatesAsthenosphere, Geothermometry - xenoliths
DS1999-0393
1999
Langenhorst, F., Shafranovsky, Masaitis, KoivistoDiscovery of impact diamonds in a Fennoscandian crater and evidence #NAME? solid state transformation.Geology, Vol. 27, No. 8, Aug. pp. 747-50.Finland, Baltic StatesDiamond genesis, Lappajarvi Crater
DS1999-0394
1999
Larsen, T.B., Yuen, D.A., Storey, M.Ultrafast mantle plumes and implications for flood basalt volcanism in the northern Atlantic region.Tectonophysics, Vol. 311, No. 1-4, Sept. 30, pp. 31-82.Baltic States, Quebec, Ungava, Finland, Sweden, NorwayMantle plumes, Flood basalts - review
DS1999-0395
1999
Larsson, J.O.Europe: a new diamond province?North Atlantic Mineral Symposium, Sept., abstracts pp. 172-74.Finland, Russia, Kola, Sweden, Ireland, Baltic States, EuropeExploration - brief review
DS1999-0403
1999
Lee, M.J., Garcia, D., Moutte, Wall, Williams, WoolleyPyrochlore and whole rock chemistry of carbonatites and phoscorites at Sokli Finland.Stanley, SGA Fifth Biennial Symposium, pp. 651-4.FinlandCarbonatite, Deposit - Sokli
DS1999-0520
1999
O'Brien, H.E., Tyni, M.Mineralogy and geochemistry of kimberlites and related rocks from Finland7th International Kimberlite Conference Nixon, Vol. 2, pp. 625-36.FinlandHistory, mineral chemistry, analyses, Koidu, Aries
DS1999-0551
1999
Peltonen, P.Silicification of garnet peridotite xenoliths from the Lahtojoki kimberlite pipe, FIn land #27th International Kimberlite Conference Nixon, Vol. 2, pp. 659-63.FinlandMineral chemistry, Deposit - Lahtojoki
DS1999-0552
1999
Peltonen, P., Huhma, H., Tyni, M., Shimizu, N.Garnet peridotite xenoliths from kimberlites of Finland: nature of the continental mantle at Archean...7th International Kimberlite Conference Nixon, Vol. 2, pp. 664-76.Finland, Fennoscandia, Eastern FinlandTransition - Archean Craton - Proterozoic mobile belt, Petrography, analyses
DS1999-0700
1999
Spencer, R.The Grib pipe and diamonds in northwest EuropeProspectors and Developers Association of Canada (PDAC) abstract volume, p. 7, 8.Europe, Russia, Kola, Norway, Sweden, Baltic States, LaplandOverview, Deposit - Grib
DS1999-0773
1999
Vishnevskii, S.A., Palchik, N.A., Raitala, J.Diamonds in impactites of the Lappajarvi impact craterRussian Geology and Geophysics, Vol. 40, No. 10, pp. 1487-90.FinlandImpact crater
DS1999-0777
1999
Vuvollo, J.I., Salmirinne, H.The Eastern Fennoscandian mafic dyke swarms GIS database - a tool for integrated geoscientific studies.Geological Association of Canada (GAC) Geological Association of Canada (GAC)/Mineralogical Association of Canada (MAC)., Vol. 24, p. 133. abstractFinland, Russia, Kola PeninsulaDike swarm
DS1999-0807
1999
Woodland, A.B., Peltonen, P.Ferric iron contents of garnet and clinopyroxene and estimated oxygen fugacities of peridotite xenoliths ..7th International Kimberlite Conference Nixon, Vol. 2, pp. 904-11.Finland, EasternKimberlite province, mineral chemistry, Deposit - Kaavi cluster
DS2000-0009
2000
Ahall, K.I., Connelly, J.N., Brewer, T.S.Episodic rapakivi magmatism due to distal orogenesis? correlation of 1.69-1.50 Ga orogenic and inboard....Geology, Vol. 28, No. 9, Sept. pp. 823-6.Baltic Shield, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, KolaMagmatism, Orogenic growth
DS2000-0010
2000
Ahall, K.I., Larson, S.A.Growth related 1.85-1.55 Ga magmatism in the Baltic Shield: a review addressing tectonics characteristics.Gff., Vol. 122, pp. 193-206.Finland, Norway, Sweden, Baltic States, FennoscandiaTransscandinavian Igneous Belt, Magmatism, Tectonics
DS2000-0199
2000
Daly, J.S., Hjelt, S.E.Geometry and evolution of the northern Fennoscandian lithosphere - the Europrobe SVEKALAPKO project.Igc 30th. Brasil, Aug. abstract only 1p.Russia, Lapland, Kola, KareliaSvecofennian Orogen, Tomography, seismics
DS2000-0419
2000
Holtta, P., Huhma, H., Juhanoja, J.Petrology and geochemistry of mafic granulite xenoliths from the Lahtojoki kimberlite pipe, eastern Finland.Lithos, Vol. 51, No. 1-2, pp. 109-133.FinlandXenoliths
DS2000-0461
2000
Kaikkonen, P., Moisio, K., Heeremans, M.Thermomechanical lithospheric structure of the Central Fennoscandian ShieldPhysical Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 119, No.3-4, May. pp.209-35.Finland, Baltic Shield, FennoscandiaGeothermometry, Tectonics, seismicity
DS2000-0548
2000
Lahtinen, R.Archean Proterozoic transition: geochemistry, provenance, tectonic setting of metasedimentary rocksPrecambrian Research, Vol. 104, No. 3-4, Nov.pp. 147-74.Finland, FennoscandiaTectonics
DS2000-0641
2000
McClenaghan, M.B., Thorleifson, L.H., Dilabio, R.N.W.Till geochemical and indicator mineral methods in mineral exploration.pp. 157-159 on diamondJournal of Geochem. Exp., Vol. 69-70, pp.145-66.Finland, Canada, Fennoscandia, Northwest TerritoriesGeochemistry - diamonds, Glacial, geomorphology
DS2000-0676
2000
Moisio, K., Kaikkonen, P., Beekman, F.Rheological structure and dynamic response of the DSS profile Baltic in the southeast Fennoscandian Shield.Tectonophysics, Vol. 320, No. 3-4, May pp. 175-94.Finland, ScandinaviaGeodynamics, tectonics, Geophysics - seismics
DS2000-0755
2000
Perchuk, L.L., Gerya, T.V., Yu.M.Comparative petrology and metamorphic evolution of the Limpopo (South Africa) and Lapland ( Fennoscandia)...Min. Petrol., Vol. 69, No. 1-2, pp. 69-108.South Africa, Scandinavia, LaplandHigh grade terrains - comparison, Petrology, metamorphism
DS2000-0962
2000
Ulianov, A.G., Putintseva, E.V.Deep seated mineral association from kimberlites of the Kaavi district central Finland.IN RUSSIAN.Proceedings Russ. Min. Soc. *RUSS, Vol. 129, No. 2, pp. 10-28.FinlandKimberlite mineralogy, Deposit - Kaavi district
DS2000-0970
2000
Vaisanen, M., Mantarri, I., Kriegsman, L.M., Holtta, P.Tectonic setting of post collisional magmatism in the Paleoproterozoic Svecofennian Orogen, southwest Finland.Lithos, Vol. 54, No. 1-2, Oct. pp. 63-81.FinlandTectonics, mantle enrichment, magmatism
DS2001-0100
2001
Bell, K., Simonetti, A.A close look at magma chamber dynamics - in situ Sr Sr measurements of igneous minerals from la MC ICP MS.Geological Association of Canada (GAC) Annual Meeting Abstracts, Vol. 26, p.12, abstract.Quebec, FinlandCarbonatite, strontium, Oka, Sillinjarvi
DS2001-0369
2001
Geological Survey of FinlandGeological map of the Fennoscandian shield. email [email protected]Geological Survey of Finland, Finland, Fennoscandia, Kola PeninsulaMap - ad
DS2001-0443
2001
Hanski, E., Huhma, H., Rastas, P., Kamenetsky, V.S.The Paleoproterozoic komatiite picrite association of Finnish LaplandJournal of Petrology, Vol. 42, No. 5, pp. 855-76.Finland, LaplandPicrites, Petrology
DS2001-0543
2001
Jones, A.G.Information about the continental mantle from deep electromagnetic studiesProspectors and Developers Association of Canada (PDAC) Short Course, KEGS diamond workshop, 37p.Canada, Fennoscandia, Finland, Norway, Northwest TerritoriesGeophysics - seismics, Technology - techniques, methodology, electromagnetic, magnetotellur
DS2001-0554
2001
Juhojuntti, N., Juhlin, C.Crustal reflectivity underneath the Central Scandinavian CaledonidesTectonophysics, Vol. 334, No. 3-4, pp. 191-210.Scandinavia, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, FinlandGeophysics - seismics
DS2001-0604
2001
Kinnunen, K.A.Photographic interpretation of morphology and surface textures of diamond crystals from Kaavi kimberlite provinceGeological Survey of Finland, Vol. 31, pp. 41-6.FinlandDiamond morphology, Deposit - Kaavi
DS2001-0625
2001
Korhonen, J.V., Zhdanova, L., Chepik, A., Zuikova, J., Sazonov, K., Saavuori, H.Magnetic anomaly map of central FIn land - KareliaGeological Society of Finland [email protected], 1: 1 million scale approx. 15.00FinlandBlank
DS2001-0639
2001
Kukkonen, I.T., Lahtinen R.Variation of radiogenic heat production rate in 2.8 - 1.8 Ga old rocks in the central Fennoscandian shield.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 126, No. 3-4, Nov. 1, pp. 279-94.Finland, Sweden, Baltica, FennoscandiaGeothermometry
DS2001-0652
2001
Landen, L.S., Ramo, O.T.Silicic magmatism and Early Paleoproterozoic continental rifting, east FIn land and adjacent RussiaGeological Association of Canada (GAC) Annual Meeting Abstracts, Vol. 26, p.81.abstract.Finland, RussiaMagmatism
DS2001-0670
2001
Lee, M.J., Garcia, Moutte, Wall, Williams, WoolleyPyrochlore chemistry and the transition from Calcium carbonatites and phoscorites to magnesium-iron carbonatites..Journal of South African Earth Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 1, p. A 24 (abs)FinlandCarbonatite, Sokli Complex
DS2001-0790
2001
Moisio, K., Kaikkonen, P.Geodynamics and rheology of the lithosphere along the DSS profile SVEKA in theTectonophysics, Vol. 340, No. 1-2, pp. 61-77.Finland, Scandinavia, BalticaTectonics, Geophysics
DS2001-0842
2001
Nurmi, P.A.Explore the potential of Finland: platinum group elements (PGE),gold and diamonds.Diamonds one paragraph only.Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada (PDAC) Conference Preprint, March, 6p.FinlandLamproite dikes, Kostamuksha
DS2001-0843
2001
Nurmi, P.A.Explore the potential of Finland, platinum group elements (PGE), gold and diamondsProspectors and Developers Association of Canada (PDAC) 2001, 1p. abstractFinlandNews item
DS2001-0892
2001
Pasquale, V., Verdoya, M., Chiozzi, P.Heat flux and seismicity in the Fennoscandian ShieldPhysics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 126, No. 3-4, Nov. 1, pp. 147-62.Finland, Sweden, Baltica, FennoscandiaGeophysics - seismics, Geothermometry
DS2001-1214
2001
Wall, F., Williams, C.T., Woolley, A.R.Production of niobium deposits in weathered carbonatite: an example at Sokli northern Finland.Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (IMM) Transactions. Durham Meeting absts., Vol. 110, p. B48. abstractFinlandCarbonatite
DS2002-0001
2002
4th. Fennoscandian Exploration and MiningNordic countries and Russia... exploration, overviews, mining, financeFennoscandian Conference, Rovaniemi, Dec. 3-5FinlandConference - ad
DS2002-0441
2002
Evins, P.M., Mansfeld, J., Laajoki, K.Geology and geochronology of the Suomujarvi Complex: a new Archean gneiss region in the NE Baltic Shield, Finland.Precambrian Research, Vol. 116, No. 3-4, pp. 285-306.FinlandGeneral geology - not specific to diamonds
DS2002-0815
2002
Kaufmann, G., Wu, P.Glacial isostatic adjustment on a three dimensional laterally heterogeneous Earth: examples from Fennoscandia and the Barents Sea.American Geophysical Union, Geodynamics Series, Vol. 29, pp. 293-310.Scandinavia, Finland, Sweden, NorwayGeomorphology
DS2002-0885
2002
Korhonen, J.V., et al.Bouguer anomaly map of the Fennoscandian ShieldGeological Society of Finland [email protected], 1: 2 million scale approx. 30.00Finland, FennoscandiaBlank
DS2002-0886
2002
Korhonen, J.V., et al.Magnetic anomaly map of the Fennoscandian ShieldGeological Society of Finland [email protected], 1: 2 million scale approx. 30.00Finland, FennoscandiaBlank
DS2002-0932
2002
Lehtonen, M.L., Marmo, J.S.Exploring for kimberlites in glaciated terrains using chromite in Quaternary till - a regional case study from northern Finland.Journal of Geochemical Exploration, Vol. 76, 3, pp. 155-74.FinlandGeochemistry - chomites
DS2002-1239
2002
Peltonen, P., Kinnunen, K.A., Hihma, H.Petrology of two Diamondiferous eclogite xenoliths from the Lahtojoki kimberlite pipe, eastern Finland.Lithos, Vol. 63, pp. 151-164.FinlandPetrology, therombarometry, deformation, Deposit - Lahtojoki
DS2002-1240
2002
Peltonen, P., Manttari, I.An ion microprobe U Th Pb study of zircon xenocrysts from the Lahtojoki kimberlite pipe eastern Finland.Geological Society of Finland Bulletin, Vol. 73, 1/2, pp. 47-58.FinlandGeochronology, Deposit - Lahtojoki
DS2002-1416
2002
Scherneck, H-G., Johansson, J.M., et al.BIFROST: observing the three dimensional deformation of FennoscandiaAmerican Geophysical Union, Geodynamics Series, Vol. 29, pp. 69-94.Scandinavia, Finland, Sweden, NorwayGeophysics, tectonics
DS2002-1628
2002
Vaisanen, M., Manttari, I., Holtta, P.Svecofennian magmatic and metamorphic evolution in southwestern FIn land as revealed by U Pb zircon SIMS geochronology.Precambrian Research, Vol. 116, No.1-2, pp. 111-27.FinlandMagmatism, Geochronology
DS2003-0786
2003
Lee, Mi Jung, Garcia, D., Moutte, J., Lee, J.K.Phlogopite and tetraferri phlogopite from phoscorite and carbonatite associations in theGeosciences Journal, Vol. 7, 1, March pp. 9-20.FinlandCarbonatite, Deposit - Sokli
DS2003-0790
2003
Lehtonen, M.L., Marmo, J.S.Glacial dispersion study of kimberlitic material in Quaternary till from the Lahtojoki8 Ikc Www.venuewest.com/8ikc/program.htm, Session 8, POSTER abstractFinlandDeposit - Lahtojoki
DS2003-0791
2003
Lehtonen, M.L., O'Brien, H.E., Peltonen, P., Johanson, B.S., Pakkanen, L.K.Layered mantle at the edge of the Karelian craton: P-T of mantle xenocrysts and8 Ikc Www.venuewest.com/8ikc/program.htm, Session 6, POSTER abstractFinlandBlank
DS2003-1025
2003
O'Brien, H.E., Lehtonen, M.L., Spencer, R.G., Birnie, A.C.Lithospheric mantle eastern Finland, a 240 km 3D transect8 Ikc Www.venuewest.com/8ikc/program.htm, Session 8, AbstractFinlandDiamond exploration - geophysics, seismics
DS2003-1060
2003
Peltonen, P.Platinum group element geochemistry of eastern FIn land kimberlites and their mantle8ikc, Www.venuewest.com/8ikc/program.htm, Session 4, POSTER abstractFinlandMantle geochemistry
DS2003-1101
2003
Pratesi, G., Lo Giudice, A., Vishnevky, S., Manfredotti, C., Cipriani, C.Cathodluminescence investigations on the Popigai Ries and Lappajarvi impactAmerican Mineralogist, Vol. 88, pp. 1778-87.Russia, Siberia, FinlandMeteorite
DS2003-1110
2003
Prevec, S.A.Tectono geochemical controls on PGE sulphide and chromite mineralization inEconomic Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, No. 371, October, 18p.Finland, Russia, FennoscandiaMagmatism - not specific to diamonds
DS2003-1291
2003
Skridlaite, G., Willingshofer, E., Stephenson, R.P T t modelling of Proterozoic terranes in Lithuania: geodynamic implications forGff, Vol. 125, pp. 210-211.Finland, Sweden, LithuaniaBlank
DS2003-1352
2003
Svetov, S.A., Smolkin, V.F.Model P T conditions of high magnesia magma generation in the Precambrian of theGeochemistry International, Vol. 41, 8, pp. 799-811.Finland, Karelia, Kola PeninsulaPicrites, komatiites, magmatism
DS200412-0231
2004
Bruneton, M., Pedersen, H.A., Vacher, P., Kukkonenen, I.T., Arndt, N.T., Funke, S., Friederich, W., Farra, V.Layered lithospheric mantle in the central Baltic Shield from surface waves and xenolith analysis.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 226, 1-2, pp. 41-52.Baltic Shield, Norway, Finland, RussiaGeophysics - seismics, xenoliths
DS200412-1039
2002
Korhonen, J.V., et al.Bouguer anomaly map of the Fennoscandian Shield.Geological Society of Finland publication_sales @gtk.fi, 1: 2 million scale approx. 30.00Europe, Finland, FennoscandiaMap - geophysics, bouguer
DS200412-1040
2002
Korhonen, J.V., et al.Magnetic anomaly map of the Fennoscandian Shield.Geological Society of Finland publication_sales @gtk.fi, 1: 2 million scale approx. 30.00Europe, Finland, FennoscandiaMap - geophysics, magnetics
DS200412-1041
2001
Korhonen, J.V., Zhdanova, L., Chepik, A., Zuikova, J., Sazonov, K., Saavuori, H.Magnetic anomaly map of central FIn land - Karelia.Geological Society of Finland publication_sales @gtk.fi, 1: 1 million scale approx. 15.00Europe, FinlandMap - geophysics, magnetics
DS200412-1104
2003
Lee, Mi Jung, Garcia, D., Moutte, J., Lee, J.K.Phlogopite and tetraferri phlogopite from phoscorite and carbonatite associations in the Sokli Massif, northern Finland.Geosciences Journal, Vol. 7, 1, March pp. 9-20.Europe, FinlandCarbonatite, Deposit - Sokli
DS200412-1110
2003
Lehtonen, M.L., Marmo, J.S.Glacial dispersion study of kimberlitic material in Quaternary till from the Lahtojoki pipe, eastern Finland.8 IKC Program, Session 8, POSTER abstractEurope, FinlandDiamond exploration Deposit - Lahtojoki
DS200412-1111
2004
Lehtonen, M.L., O'Brien, H.E., Peltonen, B.S., Johanson, B.S., Pakkanen, L.K.Layered mantle at the Karelian Craton margin: P T of mantle xenocrysts and xenoliths from the Kaavi Kuopio kimberlites, Finland.Lithos, Vol. 77, 1-4, Sept. pp. 593-608.Europe, FinlandLithosphere, thermometry
DS200412-1112
2003
Lehtonen, M.L., O'Brien, H.E., Peltonen, P., Johanson, B.S., Pakkanen, L.K.Layered mantle at the edge of the Karelian craton: P-T of mantle xenocrysts and xenoliths from eastern FIn land kimberlites.8 IKC Program, Session 6, POSTER abstractEurope, FinlandMantle petrology
DS200412-1388
2004
Murrell, G.R., Andriessen, P.A.Unravelling a long term multi event thermal record in the cratonic interior of southern FIn land through apatite fission track thPhysics and Chemistry of the Earth Parts A,B,C, Vol. 29, 10, pp. 695-706.Europe, FinlandGeobarometry
DS200412-1456
2003
O'Brien, H.E., Lehtonen, M.L., Spencer, R.G., Birnie, A.C.Lithospheric mantle eastern Finland, a 240 km 3D transect.8 IKC Program, Session 8, AbstractEurope, FinlandDiamond exploration - geophysics, seismics
DS200412-1588
2003
Prevec, S.A.Tectono geochemical controls on PGE sulphide and chromite mineralization in Fennoscandian mafic rocks.Economic Geology Research Institute Information Circular, No. 371, October, 18p.Europe, Finland, Russia, Kola PeninsulaMagmatism - not specific to diamonds
DS200412-1849
2003
Skridlaite, G., Willingshofer, E., Stephenson, R.P T t modelling of Proterozoic terranes in Lithuania: geodynamic implications for accretion of southwestern Fennoscandia.GFF, Vol. 125, pp. 210-211.Europe, Finland, Sweden, LithuaniaGeothermometry, tectonics, East European Craton
DS200412-1955
2004
Svetov, S.A., Huhma, H., Svetova, A.I., Nazarova, T.N.The oldest adakites of the Fennoscandian shield.Doklady Earth Sciences, Vol. 397, 6, July-August pp. 878-882.Europe, Fennoscandia, Norway, FinlandAdakite
DS200412-1956
2003
Svetov, S.A., Smolkin, V.F.Model P T conditions of high magnesia magma generation in the Precambrian of the Fennoscandian Shield.Geochemistry International, Vol. 41, 8, pp. 799-811.Europe, FinlandPicrite, komatiites, magmatism
DS200512-0079
2005
Bergstrand, S., Scherneck, H.G., Milne, G.A., Johannseon, J.M.Upper mantle viscosity from continuous GPS baselines in Fennoscandia.Journal of Geodynamics, Vol. 39, 2, pp. 91-109.Europe, Finland, Sweden, Baltic ShieldGeophysics - seismics
DS200512-0258
2005
Eklund, O., Shebanov, A.Prolonged Post collisional shoshonitic magmatism in the southern Svecofennian domain - a case study of the Ava granite lamprophyre ring complex.Lithos, Vol. 80, 1-4, March pp. 229-247.Europe, FinlandRing dykes, geothermometry
DS200512-0321
2005
Gee, D.G., Pease, V.The Neoproterozoic Timanide Orogen of eastern Baltica.Geological Society of London, Memoir M0030 160p.Baltic Shield, Norway, Finland, RussiaBook - East European Craton, subduction
DS200512-0616
2005
Lehtonen, M.L., Marmo, J.S., Nissinen, A.J., Johanson, B.S., Pakkanen, L.K.Glacial dispersal studies using indicator minerals and till geochemistry around two eastern FIn land kimberlites.Journal of Geochemical Exploration, Vol. 87, 1, Oct. pp. 19-43.Europe, Finland, FennoscandiaKaavi-Kuopio, Kuhmo, geochemistry, Pipe 7, Karelian
DS200512-0617
2005
Lehtonen, M.L., Pakkanen, L.K., Johanson, B.S., Lallukka, H.M.EMP analyses of kimberlite indicator minerals from Pipe 7 and Dyke 16 kimberlites and the basal till surrounding them.Geological Survey of Finland, Open File M 41.2/2005/2.Europe, FinlandGeochemistry
DS200512-0689
2005
Martinec, Z., Wolf, D.Inverting the Fennoscandian relaxation time spectrum in terms of an axisymmetric viscosity distribution with a lithospheric root.Journal of Geodynamics, Vol. 39,2, March pp. 143-163.Europe, Fennoscandia, Norway, FinlandGlacial isostatic, geomorphology, mantle viscosity
DS200512-0795
2005
O'Brien, H.Diamond prospectivity of the Karelian Craton of Finland.PDAC 2005, Abstract 1p.Europe, FinlandBrief overview abstract
DS200512-0796
2005
O'Brien, H.E., Peltonen, P., Vartiainen, H.Kimberlites, carbonatites and alkaline rocks.Elsevier: Lehtinen, M., Nurmi, P.A., Rama, O.T. eds. Precambrian geology of Finland: key to the evolution, pp.Europe, Finland, FennoscandiaOverview
DS200512-0898
2005
Redfield, T.F., Osmundsen, P.T., Hendriks, B.W.H.The role of fault reactivation and growth in the uplift of western Fennoscandia.Journal of the Geological Society, Vol. 162, 6, pp. 1013-1030.Europe, FinlandTectonics
DS200512-1029
2005
Spencer, R.Northwest Europe: the last frontier.PDAC 2005, Abstract 1p.Europe, Finland, Kola Peninsula, Baltic ShieldBrief overview abstract
DS200512-1219
2004
Yiniemi, J., Kozlovskaya, E., Hjelt, S-E., Komminaho, K., Ushakov, A.Structure of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath southern FIn land revealed by analysis of local events registered by the SVEKALAPKO seismic array.Tectonophysics, Vol. 394, 1-2, pp. 41-110.Europe, FinlandGeophysics - seismic, tomography
DS200612-0023
2006
Anderson, U.B., Eklund, O., Frjd, S., Konopelko, D.1.8 Ga magmatism in the Fennoscandian Shield; lateral variations in subcontinental mantle enrichment.Lithos, Vol. 86, 1-2, pp. 110-136.Europe, Finland, Sweden, Kola PeninsulaMagmatism
DS200612-0203
2006
Bychkova, Ya.V., Kulikov, V.S., Kulikova, V.V., Vasiliev, M.V.Early Paleoproterozoic vulcano-plutonic komatiitic association of southeast Fennoscandia as mantle plume 'windybelt' realization.Vladykin: VI International Workshop, held Mirny, Deep seated magmatism, its sources and plumes, pp. 174-187.Europe, Finland, Sweden, Baltic Shield, FennoscandiaHotspots
DS200612-0233
2006
Chakhmouradian, A.R.High field strength elements in carbonatitic rocks: geochemistry, crystal chemistry and significance for constraining the sources of carbonatites.Chemical Geology, Vol. 235, 1-2, Nov. 30, pp. 138-160.Russia, Europe, Finland, Kola PeninsulaHFSE, metasomatism
DS200612-0444
2006
Geological Survey of FinlandResults from reconnaissance scale heavy mineral survey for kimberlitic minerals. Eastern FIn land - new area.Geological Survey of Finland, Oct. 15,Europe, FinlandGeochemistry - survey
DS200612-0755
2006
Kuusisto, M., Kukkonen, L.T., Heikkinen, P., Pesonen, L.J.Lithological interpretation of crustal composition in the Fennoscandian Shield with seismic velocity data.Tectonophysics, in pressEurope, Finland, FennoscandiaGeophysics - seismics, wide-angle reflection
DS200612-0757
2005
Lahti, I., Korja, T., Kaikkonen, P., Vaittinen, K.Decomposition analysis of the BEAR magnetotelluric data: implications for the upper mantle conductivity in the Fennoscandian Shield.Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 163, 3, Dec. pp. 900-914.Europe, Fennoscandia, Finland, SwedenGeophysics - magnetotelluric
DS200612-0758
2005
Lahti, S.I.Orbicular rocks in Finland..... brief mentions of peridotites.Geological Survey of Finland, 176p.Europe, FinlandBook - occurrences, features, terminology - not diamond
DS200612-0785
2006
Lee, M.J., Lee, J.I., Garcia, D., Moutte, J., Williams, C.T., Wall, F., Kim, Y.Pyrochlore chemistry from the Sokli phoscorite carbonatite complex, Finland: implications for the genesis of phoscorite and carbonatite association.Geochemical Journal, Vol. 40, 1, pp. 1-14.Europe, FinlandCarbonatite
DS200612-0791
2005
Lehtinen, M., Nurmi, P., Ramo, O.T.Precambrian geology of Finland.Elsevier , 750p. $ 190.00Europe, FinlandBook - geology
DS200612-0792
2005
Lehtonen, M.Kimberlites in Finland: information about the mantle of the Karelian Craton and implications for diamond exploration.Thesis, 'University of Helsiki, Academic Dissertation, 31p.Europe, FinlandLamproite, geochemistry, till, Kaavi, Kuopio
DS200612-0793
2005
Lehtonen, M.Rare earth element characteristics of pyrope garnets from the Kaavi-Kuopio kimberlites - implications for mantle metasomatism.Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin, Vol. 77, 1, pp. 31-47.Europe, FinlandMetasomatism
DS200612-0880
2006
Matsumoto, T., Maruoka, T., Matsuda, J-I., Shimoda, G., Yamamoto, K., Morishita, T., Arai, S.Isotopic compositions of noble gas and carbon in the Archean carbonatites from the Sillinjarvi mine, central Finland.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 70, 18, p. 21, abstract only.Europe, FinlandCarbonatite, geochronology
DS200612-0910
2006
Mertanen, S., Vuollo, J.I., Huhma, H., Arestova, N.A., Kovalenko, A.Early Paleoproterozoic Archean dykes and gneisses in Russian Karelia of the Fennoscandian Shield - new paleomagnetic, isotope age, geochemical investigations.Precambrian Research, Vol. 144, 3-4, Feb. 10, pp. 239-260.Russia, Europe, Finland, Sweden, Kola PeninsulaGeochronology
DS200612-0997
2004
O'Brien, H., Ramo, T., Gehor, S.Carbonatite-kimberlite-alkaline rock field trip to southern and central Finland.Siilinjarvi, Kaavi-Kuopio, Kuhmo, IivaaraFinland Field Trip Guidebook June 2-4, 2004, 30p.Europe, FinlandGuidebook
DS200612-1064
2006
Pedersen, H.A., Bruneton, M., Maupin, V., SVEKALAPKO Seismic Tomography Working GroupLithospheric and sublithospheric anisotropy beneath the Baltic Shield from surface wave array analysis.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 244, 3-4, Apr.30, pp. 590-05.Europe, Finland, Baltic ShieldGeophysics - seismics
DS200612-1068
2006
Peltonen, P., Brugmann, G.Origin of layered continental mantle ( Karelian craton, Finland): geochemical and Re-Os isotope constraints.Lithos, Vol. 89, 3-4, July pp. 405-423.Europe, Finland, FennoscandiaMetasomatism, geochronology, peridotite
DS200612-1069
2006
Peltonen, P., Manttari, I., Huhma, H., Whitehouse, M.J.Multi stage origin of the lower crust of the Karelian craton from 3.5 to 1.7 Ga based on isotopic ages of kimberlite derived mafic granulite xenoliths.Precambrian Research, Vol. 147, 1-2, June 10, pp. 107-123.Europe, FinlandGeochronology, kimberlite, mantle plume, craton
DS200612-1223
2005
Sarala, P.Till geochemistry in the ribbed moraine area of Perapohjola, Finland.Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 20, pp. 1714-1736.Europe, FinlandGeochemistry - not specific to diamonds
DS200712-0313
2007
Fennoscandian Exploration and Mining Conference6th. Fennoscandian conference.lapinliitto.fi/fem2007, Europe, FinlandConference
DS200712-0483
2007
Janik, T., Kozlovskaya, E., Yliniemi, J.Crust mantle boundary in the central Fennoscandian shield: constraints from wide angle P and S wave velocity models and new results of reflection profiling in FinlandJournal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 112, B4, B04302.Europe, FinlandGeophysics - seismics
DS200712-0568
2007
Kontinen, A., Kapyaho, A., Huhma, H., Karhu, J., Matukov, D.I., Larionov, A., Sergeev, S.A.Nurmes paragneisses in eastern Finland, Karelian Craton: provenance, tectonic setting and implications for Neoarchean craton correlation.Precambrian Research, Vol. 152, 3-4, pp. 119-148.Europe, FinlandKarelian Craton
DS200712-0581
2007
Kravtsov, T., Woodard, J.Petrology of shoshonitic lamprophyres and related carbonatites in the Svecofennian Domain.Plates, Plumes, and Paradigms, 1p. abstract p. A521.Europe, FinlandLake Syvari
DS200712-0740
2006
Moisio, K., Kaikkonen, P.Three dimensional numerical thermal and rheological modelling in the central Fennoscandian Shield.Journal of Geodynamics, Vol. 42, 4-5, Nov-Dec. pp. 95-210.Europe, Finland, SwedenGeothermometry
DS200712-0788
2007
Olsson, S., Roberts, R.G., Boovarsson, R.Analysis of waves converted from S to P in the upper mantle beneath the Baltic Shield.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 257, 1-2, May 15, pp. 37-46.Europe, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Kola PeninsulaGeophysics - seismics
DS200712-0825
2007
Pehkonen-Ollila, A.R., Gehor, S.Mineral chemistry of pyrochlore in residually inherited Fe P Nb laterite ore bodies at Sokli carbonatite complex.Plates, Plumes, and Paradigms, 1p. abstract p. A771.Europe, FinlandSokli
DS200712-1091
2007
Torppa, O.A., Karhu, J.A.Ancient subduction recorded in the isotope characteristics of ~1.8 Ga Fennoscandian carbonatites.Plates, Plumes, and Paradigms, 1p. abstract p. A1032.Europe, Fennoscandia, FinlandCarbonatite
DS200712-1176
2007
Woodward, J., Eklund, O.Storage of crustal forming events in lamprophyres: examples from the Fennoscandian Shield.Plates, Plumes, and Paradigms, 1p. abstract p. A1127.Europe, Fennoscandia, Finland, Kola PeninsulaLamprophyre
DS200812-0315
2008
Eklund, O.Generation, transportation and emplacement of post and anorogenic magmas in the Fennoscandian Shield.Geotectonic Research, Vol. 95, suppl. 1 pp. 41-42.Europe, Finland, NorwayMagmatism
DS200812-0592
2008
Korja, A., Heikkinen, P.J.Seismic images of Paleoproterozoic microplate boundaries in the Fennoscandian Shield.Geological Society of America Special Paper, 440, pp. 229-248.Europe, Finland, FennoscandiaGeophysics - seismic
DS200812-0614
2008
Kukkonen, I.T., Kuusisto, M., Lehonen, M., Peltonen, P.Delamination of eclogitized lower crust: control on the crust-mantle boundary in the central Fennoscandian shield.Tectonophysics, Vol. 457, pp. 111-127.Europe, FinlandKimberlites discussed
DS200812-0625
2008
Laine, H.M., O'Brien, H.E.Alteration and primary kimberlite rock type classification for Lahtojoki kimberlite, Finland.9IKC.com, 3p. extended abstractEurope, FinlandDeposit - Lahtojoki
DS200812-0809
2008
O'Brien, H.E., Bradley, J.New kimberlite discoveries in Kuusamo, northern Finland.9IKC.com, 3p. extended abstractEurope, FinlandDeposit - Kuusamo field
DS200812-0810
2008
O'Brien, H.E., Legtonen, M.L., Grimmer, S.G., McNulty, K., Peltonen, P., Kontinen, A.Kimberlites in Finland. Geology of kimberlites, carbonatites and alkaline rocks. Seitapera kimberlite and Jormua ophiolite complex.9th. IKC Field Trip Guidebook, CD 58p.Europe, FinlandGuidebook - kimberlites, carbonatites
DS200812-1263
2008
Woodard, J., Hetherington, C.J., Huhma, H.Sr Sm and Nd isotope geochemistry and U Th Pb geochronology of the Naantali carbonatite, SW Finland.Goldschmidt Conference 2008, Abstract p.A1033.Europe, FinlandCarbonatite
DS200912-0334
2009
Janik, T., Kozlovskaya, E., Helikkinen, P., Tliniemi, J.Evidence for preservation of crustal root beneath the Proterozoic Lapland-Kola orogen ( northern Fennoscandian shield) derived from P and S wave models.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 114. B 6, B06308.Europe, Finland, Kola PeninsulaGeophysics - seismics
DS200912-0850
2009
Zhamaletdinov, A.A., Shevtsov, Kortkova et al.International FENICS experiment on the tensor frequency electromagnetic sounding of the lithosphere in the eastern Baltic ( Fennoscandian) Shield.Doklady Earth Sciences, Vol. 427, 2, pp. 979-984.Europe, Finland, NorwayGeophysics
DS201012-0360
2010
Kietavainen, R., Woodard, J., Eklund, O., Boettcher, I.Apatite composition in post-collisional lamprophyres and carbonatites in the Fennoscandinavian Shield: insight into their petrogenesis.International Dyke Conference Held Feb. 6, India, 1p. AbstractEurope, FinlandCarbonatite
DS201012-0432
2009
Lehtonen, M., O'Brien, H.Mantle transect of the Karelian craton from margin to core based on P-T dat a from garnet and clinopyroxene xenocrysts in kimberlites.Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, Vol. 81, pp. 79-102.Europe, FinlandGeochemistry
DS201012-0825
2010
Vrevskii, A.B.Geochemical and isotopic signatures of non subduction mechanisms of formation of the NeoArchean continental lithosphere of the Fennoscandian shield.Doklady Earth Sciences, Vol. 429, 2, pp. 1575-1579.Europe, Finland, NorwayGeochronology
DS201112-0917
2011
Savko, A.D., Shevyrev, L.T.Analysis of the mineral composition of the Phanerozoic sediments of the Voronezh anteclise cover: implication for the primary diamond potential.Lithology and Mineral Resources, Vol. 46, 3, pp. 282-298.Russia, Archangel, Kola Peninsula, Karelia, Europe, FinlandIndicator Mineralogy
DS201112-1042
2011
Tichomirowa, M., EIMF, Whitehouse, M.Formation and transformation of zircon grains from the Archean carbonatite Siilinjarvi - evidence from cathodluminescence, rare earth elements and U/Pb geochrPeralk-Carb 2011, workshop held Tubingen Germany June 16-18, PosterEurope, FinlandCarbonatite
DS201112-1043
2011
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M.Formation and transformation of zircon grains from the Archean carbonatite Siilinjarvi ( Finland) - evidence from cathodluminescence, rare earth elements and U/TbPeralk-Carb 2011... workshop June 16-18, Tubingen, Germany, Abstract p.151-152.Europe, FinlandSiilinjarvi
DS201112-1044
2011
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M.Formation and transformation of zircon grains from the Archean carbonatite Siilinjarvi ( Finland) - evidence from cathodluminescence, rare earth elements and U/TbPeralk-Carb 2011... workshop June 16-18, Tubingen, Germany, Abstract p.151-152.Europe, FinlandSiilinjarvi
DS201212-0457
2012
McNulty, W.K., O'Brien, H.E.Seitapera Group II kimberlite/olivine lamproite: large 1200 Ma Diamondiferous pipe in Kuhmo, eastern Finland.10th. International Kimberlite Conference Held Bangalore India Feb. 6-11, Poster abstractEurope, FinlandDeposit - Seitapera
DS201212-0526
2012
O'Brien, H., Lehtonen, M.Craton mantle formation and structure of eastern FIn land mantle: evidence from kimberlite-derived mantle xenoliths, xenocrysts and diamonds.Springer Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences From the Earth's core to Outer space, editor Haapala, I., Vol. 137, pp. 61-80.Europe, FinlandKimberlite xenoliths
DS201212-0742
2012
Vaittinen, K., Korja, T., Kaikkonen, P., Lahti, I., Smirnov, M.Yu.High resolution magnetotelluric studies of the Archean Proterozoic border zone in the Fennoscandian shield, FinlandGeophysical Journal International, inpress availableEurope, FinlandGeophysics, magetics
DS201212-0823
2012
Zhao, S., Lambeck, K., Lidberg, M.Lithosphere thickness and mantle viscosity inverted from GPS - derived deformation rates in Fennoscandia.Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 190, 1, pp. 278-292.Europe, Finland, SwedenGeophysics - seismics
DS201312-0013
2013
Al Ani, T., Sarapaa, O.Geochemistry and mineral phases of REE in Jammi carbonatite veins and fenites, southern end of the Sokli complex, NE Finland.Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, Vol. 13, 2, pp. 217-224.Europe, FinlandCarbonatite
DS201312-0361
2013
Hanski, E., Kamenetsky, V.S.Chrome spinel hosted melt inclusions in Paleoproterozoic primitive volcanic rocks, northern Finland: evidence for coexistence and mixing of komatiitic and picritic magmas.Chemical Geology, Vol. 343, pp. 25-37.Europe, FinlandMagmatism, melting
DS201312-0459
2013
Kargin, A.V., Nosova, A.A., Kovalchuk, E.V.Four types of olivine from orangeites of Kostomuksha-Lentiro area, Russia, Finland.Goldschmidt 2013, AbstractRussia, Europe, FinlandOrangeites
DS201312-0914
2013
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M.J., Gerdes, A., Gotze, J., Schulz, B., Belyatsky, B.V.Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: evidence from U-Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition ( Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia.Chemical Geology, Vol. 353, pp. 173-198.Europe, Finland, SwedenCarbonatite
DS201412-0991
2014
Woodard, J., Hetherington, C.J.Carbonatite in a post collisional tectonic setting: geochronology and emplacement conditions at Naantali, SW Finland.Precambrian Research, Vol. 240, pp. 94-107.Europe, FinlandCarbonatite
DS201412-0992
2014
Woodard, J., Kietavainen, R., Eklund, O.Svecofennian post-collisional shoshonitic lamprophyres at the margin of the Karelia Craton: implications for mantle metasomatism.Lithos, Vol. 205, pp. 379-393.Europe, FinlandShoshonite
DS201501-0012
2014
Grad, M., Tiira, T., Olsson, S., Komminaho, K.Seismic lithosphere asthenosphere boundary beneath the Baltic Shield.GFF, Vol. 136, 4, pp. 581-598.Europe, Finland, Sweden, NorwayGeophysics - seismic

Abstract: The problem of the existence of the asthenosphere for old Precambrian cratons is still discussed. In order to study the seismic lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) beneath the Baltic Shield, we used records of nine local earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from 2.7 to 5.9. To model the LAB, original data were corrected for topography and Moho depth using a reference model with a 46-km-thick crust. For two northern events at Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya, we observe a low-velocity layer, 60-70-km-thick asthenosphere, and the LAB beneath Barents Sea was found at depth of c. 200 km. Sections for other events show continuous first arrivals of P-waves with no evidence for "shadow zone" in the whole range of registration, which could either be interpreted as the absence of the asthenosphere beneath the central part of the Baltic Shield, or that the LAB in this area occurs deeper (>200 km). The relatively thin low-velocity layer found beneath southern Sweden, 15 km below the Moho, could be interpreted as small-scale lithospheric heterogeneities, rather than asthenosphere. Differentiation of the lower lithosphere velocities beneath the Baltic Shield could be interpreted as regional heterogeneity or as anisotropy of the Baltic Shield lithosphere, with high velocities approximately in the east-west direction, and slow velocities approximately in the south-north direction.
DS201604-0620
2015
O'Brien, H.Mineral Deposits of FIn land Chapter 4.4 Kimberlite hosted diamonds in FIn land.Mineral Deposits of Finland, pp. 345-375.Europe, FinlandKimberlite - deposits

Abstract: The levels of brilliance (brightness and contrast), fire (flashes of rainbow color), and scintillation (intense sparkles when moved) of diamonds are unmatched by any other gemstone. Also diamonds of gem size and quality are relatively rare. As a result, gem diamonds are extremely valuable, yet the supply of diamonds is ultimately limited. This reality has pushed diamond exploration and mining into extreme environments, from the far Arctic North to the deserts of southern Africa and onto the ocean bed off the coast of Namibia. About two-thirds of the annual production of diamonds by weight comes from ancient volcanoes that consist of the rock types kimberlite, orangeite, or lamproite. Tracking down the remnants of these small volcanoes requires sophisticated and efficient collection and processing of samples for kimberlite indicator minerals (i.e., peridotite constituent minerals) and evaluation of enormous amounts of mineral data to constrain the diamond prospectivity of a region, cluster of pipes, or particular diatreme. The exploration sampling stage is usually followed by aero- or ground-geophysical measurements, target evaluation, and, finally, drill testing. Diamond exploration is expensive, but the rewards can be great. Diamond exploration in Finland started in 1985, and has been continuous, albeit with varying levels of activity, since that time. As a result, diamondiferous rocks have been found in three regions—namely, the Kuhmo-Lentiira area hosting a group of 1200 Ma orangeites, the Kuusamo-Hossa area containing several 760 Ma kimberlites, and the Kaavi-Kuopio area with a cluster of ?600 Ma kimberlites. Driven by the needs of these exploration activities, our understanding of the makeup of the Karelian craton, and our understanding of the magmas that have transported diamonds to the surface in this part of the world have benefitted enormously.
DS201705-0874
2017
Smart, K.A., Cartigny, P., Tappe, S., O'Brien, H., Klemme, S.Lithospheric diamond formation as a consequence of methane rich volatile flooding: an example from Diamondiferous eclogite xenoliths of the Karelian craton ( Finland).Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 206, pp. 312-342.Europe, FinlandDeposit - Lahtojoki

Abstract: A collection of 61 xenocrystic and 12 eclogite xenolith-derived diamonds from the 600 Ma Lahtojoki kimberlite in central Finland has been investigated. Calculated pressure and temperature conditions for the diamondiferous eclogites are in excess of 5.5 GPa and 1300 °C, suggesting residence depths greater than 180 km, near the base of the Karelian cratonic mantle lithosphere. Geochemically, the eclogite xenoliths have gabbroic compositions showing positive Eu and Sr anomalies, relatively low ?REE and elevated Al2O3 contents, yet garnets have ambiguous ?18O values of 5.7‰ and 5.9‰. Gabbroic eclogite formation could therefore be linked to either subduction processes during the 1.9 Ga Svecofennian orogeny or to cumulate processes during 2.1 Ga rift-induced magmatism. Determination of the oxygen fugacity of Lahtojoki eclogite xenoliths from both this work and previous studies suggests that diamond-bearing eclogites may be more reduced (?FMQ-3.5) compared to barren eclogites (?FMQ-1.7). While recycled oceanic crust protoliths for the eclogites remain a possibility, the carbon isotopic compositions and nitrogen abundances of the Lahtojoki diamonds indicate mantle-derived volatile sources. All diamonds (i.e., loose and eclogite xenolith-derived) display a restricted range of ?13C values from ?7.8‰ to ?3.7‰ that overlaps with the carbon isotopic composition of Earth’s mantle. The Lahtojoki diamond ?13C values form a negatively skewed distribution, indicating diamond growth from reduced mantle-derived carbon sources such as methane- (CH4) bearing fluids. Nitrogen contents of the Lahtojoki diamonds range from 40 to 1830 atomic ppm with a mean of ?670 atomic ppm; these elevated nitrogen contents combined with the close association to eclogites suggest an eclogitic or crustal volatile source. However, the Karelian craton was periodically intruded by ultramafic alkaline magmas since at least 1.8 Ga, noting in particular the occurrence of phlogopite-rich kimberlites and olivine lamproites between 1200 and 700 Ma. We argue that this punctuated volatile-rich magmatism simultaneously metasomatised the cratonic mantle lithosphere, forming nitrogen enriched phlogopite-bearing metasomes. We propose that reduced, carbon-bearing and nitrogen-rich fluids were remobilized to form the Lahtojoki diamonds. The diamond-forming event(s) most probably occurred during or shortly prior to the entraining kimberlite magmatism as indicated by the diamond nitrogen aggregation systematics. Involvement of reduced diamond-forming fluids is supported by both the negative skewness of Lahtojoki diamond ?13C values and the more reduced nature of the diamondiferous Lahtojoki eclogites compared with their more oxidized barren counterparts. Our results from the diamondiferous eclogites derived from the deepest parts of the Karelian cratonic mantle root are in support of methane being the stable carbon volatile species at the base of thick continental lithosphere.
DS201706-1100
2017
Pufahl, P.K., Groat, L.A.Sedimentary and igneous phosphate deposits: formation and exploration: an invited paper. ( carbonatite)Economic Geology, Vol. 112, pp. 483-516.Russia, Kola Peninsula, Europe, Finland, Canada, British Columbiadeposit - Khibina, Fir, Siilinjarvi

Abstract: Phosphorus is the central ingredient in fertilizer that allows modern agriculture to feed the world’s population. This element, also critical in a host of industrial applications, is a nonrenewable resource that is sourced primarily from the phosphatic mineral apatite, hosted in sedimentary and igneous ores. World phosphate resources are estimated by the U.S. Geological Survey at ca. 300,000 Mt, of which 95% are sedimentary and 5% are igneous. Current known USGS reserve estimates are sufficient for a maximum of 200 to 300 years; the exploration and discovery of new resources, enhanced mining technologies, and new technologies aimed at the recovery and recycling of P from sewage and agricultural runoff will all contribute to extending P production. Igneous ores are generally associated with Phanerozoic carbonatites and silica-deficient alkalic intrusions that typically average 5 to 15 wt % P2O5, which can be beneficiated to high-grade concentrates of at least 30 wt % P2O5 with few contaminants. Carbonatites are typically the smallest and youngest parts of a carbonatite-alkaline rock complex that formed during fractional crystallization of a calcic parental alkaline silicate melt, or from liquid immiscibility of a carbonate-rich nephelinite that underwent magmatic fractionation and differentiation during ascent from the mantle source. Fluorapatite generally crystallizes early, near the liquidus, and over a small temperature interval below the apatite saturation temperature that varies strongly with temperature, SiO2 and CaO concentrations, and the aluminosity of the melt. Carbonatite-alkaline rock complexes commonly possess a concentric, zonal structure thought to reflect caldera volcanism. Pathfinder elements in soils, sediments, tills, and vegetation include Nb, rare earth elements (REEs), P, Ba, Sr, F, U, and Th, and in water, F, Th, and U are indicators. Remote sensing techniques with the ability to identify minerals rich in CO3, REEs, and Fe2+ that are characteristic of carbonatites are also important exploration tools that may provide vectors to ore. Sedimentary phosphorite is a marine bioelemental sedimentary rock that contains >18 wt % P2O5. While small peritidal phosphorites formed in Precambrian coastal environments, economically significant upwelling-related phosphorite did not accumulate until the late Neoproterozoic and continued through the Phanerozoic. Coastal upwelling delivered deep, P-rich waters to continental shelves and in epeiric seas to drive phosphogenesis and form the largest phosphorites on Earth. High-grade deposits formed as a result of hydraulic concentration of phosphate grains to form granular beds with minimal gangue. The amalgamation of these beds into decameter-thick, stratiform ore zones is generally focused along the maximum flooding surface, which is a primary exploration target in upwelling-related phosphorite. In addition to P, other elements concentrated in igneous and sedimentary phosphorites are Se, Mo, Zn, Cu, and Cr, which are important agricultural micronutrients. Other saleable by-products include U and REEs. The U concentration in sedimentary phosphorite is generally between 50 and 200 ppm, but can be as high as 3,000 ppm, making it an increasingly important source of U for the nuclear industry. The concentration of REEs in some sedimentary phosphorites is comparable to the world’s richest igneous and Chinese clay-type REE deposits. The source of the dissolved P in upwelling ocean water is ultimately derived from the chemical weathering of continental rocks, the process that links igneous and sedimentary phosphorites through time and space. The covarying temporal relationship of igneous and sedimentary deposits suggests that plate tectonics and the concentration of apatite in a progressively more felsic crust underpins the feedback processes regulating the biogeochemical cycling of P. Critical to the generation of greenfield exploration targets is the recognition that large P deposits emerged in the late Neoproterozoic. The geological environments conducive for exploration can be constrained from an understanding of ore-forming processes by the use of complementary petrological techniques, including fieldwork, petrography, sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy, and geochemistry.
DS201708-1564
2017
Abersteiner, A., Kamanetsky, V.S., Pearson, D.G., Kamenetsky, M., Ehrig, K., Goemann, K., Rodemann, T.Monticellite in group I kimberlites: implications for evolution of parallel melts and post emplacement CO2 degassing. Leslie, Pipe 1Chemical Geology, in press available, 54p.Canada, Northwest Territories, Europe, Finlanddeposit, Leslie

Abstract: Monticellite is a magmatic and/or deuteric mineral that is often present, but widely varying in concentrations in Group-I (or archetypal) kimberlites. To provide new constraints on the petrogenesis of monticellite and its potential significance to kimberlite melt evolution, we examine the petrography and geochemistry of the minimally altered hypabyssal monticellite-rich Leslie (Canada) and Pipe 1 (Finland) kimberlites. In these kimberlites, monticellite (Mtc) is abundant (25–45 vol%) and can be classified into two distinct morphological types: discrete and intergrown groundmass grains (Mtc-I), and replacement of olivine (Mtc-II). Monticellite in group-I kimberlites: Implications for evolution of parental melts and post-emplacement CO 2 degassing (PDF Download Available).
DS201708-1736
2017
Phillips, D.A comparison of geochronology methods applied to kimberlites and related rocks from the Karelian craton, Finland.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, PosterEurope, Finlandgeochronology
DS201709-1964
2017
Broom-Fendley, S., O'Neill, M., Wall, F.Are carbonate-fluorapatite rocks in carbonatite complexes the result of hydrothermal processes or weathering? Sokli, KovdorGoldschmidt Conference, abstract 1p.Europe, Finland, Russiacarbonatites, Sokli, Kovdor

Abstract: Carbonate-fluorapatite (also known as staffelite and/or francolite) can become a rock-forming mineral in the upper levels of some carbonatite complexes, such as at Sokli, Finland, and Kovdor, Russia. Carbonate-fluorapatite rocks are recognised as an important phosphate resource, but there is little consensus on their genesis. Two principal models are favoured: (1) a hydrothermal origin, from a late-stage, carbonatite-derived fluid or, (2) formation through supergene dissolution of carbonate and re-precipitation of apatite. In this contribution, we have investigated the texture and composition of different carbonate-fluorapatite generations (using cathodoluminescence microsopy and LA ICP MS) in order to evaluate the aforementioned formation mechanisms. Four carbonate-fluorapatite growth generations were identified: (1) primary apatite grains, with a rounded/euhedral habit and luminescing purple; (2) strongly luminescent epitactic rims on primary grains; (3) ‘aggregate’ apatite, forming a fine-grained groundmass, typically luminescing blue; (4) botryoidal growth zones, commonly luminescing blue, but in places green or non-luminescent. REE contents in secondary carbonate-fluorapatite generations (2–4) are markedly low, with some analyses below detection limit (typically <1 ppm). Furthermore, many of these analyses exhibit both positive and negative Ce anomalies, indicative of an oxidising environment. The low REE contents of the different carbonatefluorapatite generations indicates that negligible REE transfer occurred between different growth events, contrasting with hydrothermal apatite in other carbonatite complexes. Furthermore, the lack of any significant fractionation between subsequent carbonate-fluorapatite generations is interpreted as circumstantial evidence that these rocks did not form through hydrothermal alteration. This is compounded by the presence of a Ce anomaly, which is commonly interpreted as a weathering feature. While hydrothermal formation under different conditions, causing complete removal of the REE, cannot be ruled out, we conclude that the locations were, most-likely, formed in a supergene environment. Continued investigation of weathered carbonate-fluorapatite material from other localities is underway to assess this conclusion.
DS201709-2029
2017
Maier, W.D., O'Brien, H., Peltonen, P., Barnes, S-J.Platinum group element contents of Karelian kimberlites: implications for the PGE budget of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, in press available, 14p.Europe, Finlanddeposit - Kaavi

Abstract: We present high-precision isotope dilution data for Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Pd and Re in Group I and Group II kimberlites from the Karelian craton, as well as 2 samples of the Premier Group I kimberlite pipe from the Kaapvaal craton. The samples have, on average, 1.38 ppb Pt and 1.33 ppb Pd, with Pt/Pd around unity. These PGE levels are markedly lower, by as much as 80%, than those reported previously for kimberlites from South Africa, Brazil and India, but overlap with PGE results reported recently from Canadian kimberlites. Primitive-mantle-normalised chalcophile element patterns are relatively flat from Os to Pt, but Cu, Ni and, somewhat less so, Au are enriched relative to the PGE (e.g., Cu/Pd > 25.000). Pd/Ir ratios are 3,6 on average, lower than in most other mantle melts. The PGE systematics can be largely explained by two components, (i) harzburgite/lherzolite detritus of the SCLM with relatively high IPGE (Os-Ir-Ru)/PPGE (Rh-Pt-Pd) ratios, and (ii) a melt component that has high PPGE/IPGE ratios. By using the concentrations of iridium in the kimberlites as a proxy for the proportion of mantle detritus in the magma, we estimate that the analysed kimberlites contain 3–27% entrained and partially dissolved detritus from the sub-continental lithospheric mantle, consistent with previous estimates of kimberlites elsewhere (Tappe S. et al., 2016, Chem. Geol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.08.019). The other major component in the samples is melt, modelled to contain an average of 0.85 ppb Pt and 1.09 ppb Pd. Assuming that Group II kimberlites are derived from relatively metasomatised SCLM, our data suggest that the metasomatised Karelian SCLM is relatively poor in Pt and Pd. If our data are representative of other Group II kimberlites elsewhere, this result could imply that the PGE enrichment in certain continental large igneous provinces, including Bushveld, is not derived from melting of metasomatised SCLM.
DS201710-2244
2017
Maier, W.D., O'Brien, H., Peltonen, P., Barnes, S-J.Platinum group element contents of Karelian kimberlites: implications for the PGE budget of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 216, pp. 358-371.Europe, Finlanddeposit - Karelian

Abstract: We present high-precision isotope dilution data for Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Pd and Re in Group I and Group II kimberlites from the Karelian craton, as well as 2 samples of the Premier Group I kimberlite pipe from the Kaapvaal craton. The samples have, on average, 1.38 ppb Pt and 1.33 ppb Pd, with Pt/Pd around unity. These PGE levels are markedly lower, by as much as 80%, than those reported previously for kimberlites from South Africa, Brazil and India, but overlap with PGE results reported recently from Canadian kimberlites. Primitive-mantle-normalised chalcophile element patterns are relatively flat from Os to Pt, but Cu, Ni and, somewhat less so, Au are enriched relative to the PGE (e.g., Cu/Pd > 25.000). Pd/Ir ratios are 3,6 on average, lower than in most other mantle melts. The PGE systematics can be largely explained by two components, (i) harzburgite/lherzolite detritus of the SCLM with relatively high IPGE (Os-Ir-Ru)/PPGE (Rh-Pt-Pd) ratios, and (ii) a melt component that has high PPGE/IPGE ratios. By using the concentrations of iridium in the kimberlites as a proxy for the proportion of mantle detritus in the magma, we estimate that the analysed kimberlites contain 3-27% entrained and partially dissolved detritus from the sub-continental lithospheric mantle, consistent with previous estimates of kimberlites elsewhere (Tappe S. et al., 2016, Chem. Geol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.08.019). The other major component in the samples is melt, modelled to contain an average of 0.85 ppb Pt and 1.09 ppb Pd. Assuming that Group II kimberlites are derived from relatively metasomatised SCLM, our data suggest that the metasomatised Karelian SCLM is relatively poor in Pt and Pd. If our data are representative of other Group II kimberlites elsewhere, this result could imply that the PGE enrichment in certain continental large igneous provinces, including Bushveld, is not derived from melting of metasomatised SCLM.
DS201802-0217
2018
Abersteiner, A., Kamenetsky, V.S., Pearson, D.G., Kamenetsky, M., Goemann, K., Ehrig, K., Rodemann, T.Monticellite in group I kimberlites: implications for evolution of parental melts and post emplacement CO2 degassing.Chemical Geology, Vol. 478, pp. 76-88.Canada, Northwest Territories, Europe, Finlanddeposit - Leslie, Pipe 1

Abstract: Monticellite is a magmatic and/or deuteric mineral that is often present, but widely varying in concentrations in Group-I (or archetypal) kimberlites. To provide new constraints on the petrogenesis of monticellite and its potential significance to kimberlite melt evolution, we examine the petrography and geochemistry of the minimally altered hypabyssal monticellite-rich Leslie (Canada) and Pipe 1 (Finland) kimberlites. In these kimberlites, monticellite (Mtc) is abundant (25-45 vol%) and can be classified into two distinct morphological types: discrete and intergrown groundmass grains (Mtc-I), and replacement of olivine (Mtc-II). Primary multiphase melt inclusions in monticellite, perovskite and Mg-magnetite contain assemblages dominated by alkali (Na, K, Ba, Sr)-enriched Ca-Mg-carbonates, chlorides, phosphates, spinel, silicates (e.g. olivine, phlogopite) and sulphides. These melt inclusions probably represent snapshots of a variably differentiated kimberlite melt that evolved in-situ towards carbonatitic and silica-poor compositions. Although unconstrained in their concentration, the presence of alkali-carbonates and chlorides in melt inclusions suggests they are a more significant component of the kimberlite melt than commonly recorded by whole-rock analyses. We present petrographic and textural evidence showing that pseudomorphic Mtc-II resulted from an in-situ reaction between olivine and the carbonate component of the kimberlite melt in the decarbonation reactio. This reaction is supported by the preservation of abundant primary inclusions of periclase and to a lesser extent Fe-Mg-oxides in monticellite, perovskite and Mg-magnetite. Based on the preservation of primary periclase inclusions, we infer that periclase also existed in the groundmass, but was subsequently altered to brucite. We suggest that CO2 degassing in the latter stages of kimberlite emplacement into the crust is largely driven by the observed reaction between olivine and the carbonate melt. For this reaction to proceed, CO2 should be removed (i.e. degassed), which will cause further reaction and additional degassing in response to this chemical system change (Le Chatelier's principle). Our study demonstrates that these proposed decarbonation reactions may be a commonly overlooked process in the crystallisation of monticellite and exsolution of CO2, which may in turn contribute to the explosive eruption and brecciation processes that occur during kimberlite magma emplacement and pipe formation.
DS201805-0959
2018
Luttinen, A.V.Bilateral geochemical asymmetry in the Karoo large igneous province. ( also mentions Finland.)University of Helsinki, Scientific Report, Vol. 8, 1, DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-23661-3Africa, Europe, Finlandmagmatism

Abstract: In the Karoo large igneous province, the geochemical assessment of mantle source variability and structure is hampered by probable crustal contamination overprinting of compositionally diverse flood basalts. Mantle source characteristics have been defined only for exceptional, primitive rock types. Here I use a compiled dataset for over 800 samples to demonstrate that the abundance of Nb relative to Zr, Ti, and Y provides a useful geochemical tracer of mantle sources for variably contaminated rock types of the Karoo province. Variations in the relative abundance of Nb reveal emplacement of distinctive, Nb-undepleted and Nb-depleted magmas in the North Karoo and South Karoo sub-provinces, respectively, and clarify correlation between flood basalts and previously proposed mantle source components. Judging from plate tectonic reconstructions and the compositions of plausible mantle source components, the geochemical bilateral asymmetry in Karoo may reflect tapping of contrasting plume and upper mantle reservoirs in the two sub-provinces.
DS201805-0967
2007
O'Brien, H., Philippips, D., Spencer, R.Isotopic ages of Lentiira-Kuhmo-Kostomuksha olivine lamproite - Group II kimberlites NOTE Date of publ. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Finland, Vol. 79, 2, pp. 203-215.Europe, Finlanddeposit - Lentiira Kuhmo

Abstract: The Lentiira-Kuhmo-Kostomuksha triangle, along the Finland - Russian border and within the central part of the Archean Karelian craton, contains numerous examples of phlogopite-rich, ultramafic, mantle-xenocryst-bearing and, in some cases, diamond-bearing dike rocks. Laser probe Ar-Ar data on phlogopite from 3 dike rocks on the Finnish side (Lentiira, Kuhmo) all gave ages within error of each other, 1202 ± 3 Ma (2?), 1199 ± 3 Ma (2?) and 1204 ± 4 Ma (2?) while a fourth sample produced mixed ages. Published Rb-Sr dates on mineralogically and chemically similar dikes from the Russian side (Kostomuksha) are 1232 ± 5 Ma. The question remains open whether these represent two distinct age populations or whether differences in isotopic system behavior are the reason for the 30 m.y. age difference.
DS201805-0970
2001
Peltonen, P., Manttari, I.An ion microprobe U Th Pb study of zircon xenocrysts from the Lahtojoki kimberlite pipe, eastern Finland. NOTE Date of publ.Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Finland, Vol. 73, 1-2, pp. 47-58.Europe, Finlanddeposit - Lahtojoki

Abstract: Eleven relatively large (diameter 1-2 mm) zircon grains extracted from the Lahtojoki kimberlite pipe (Eastern Finland Kimberlite Province) have been analysed by the ion microprobe NORDSIM for their U- and Pb- isotopic composition. The 207Pb/206Pb ages fall into two concordant age groups: 2.7 Ga and 1.8 Ga. Discordant ages between these two groups are believed to result from partial resetting of Archaean grains in the 1.8 Ga thermal event. Since other datingmethods imply that kimberlites emplaced c. 0.6 Ga ago it is clear that the analysed zircons are xenocrysts inherited from older sources and do not provide the age of the kimberlite magmatism. Their unusual size and morphology, together with very low U- and Pb-concentrations, suggest, however, that these zircon grains are not derived from typical Archaean gneisses. More likely, they originate from lower crustal mafic pegmatites and from hydrous coarse-grained veins within the uppermost lithospheric mantle. The predominance of 1.8 Ga old xenocrystic grains, together with the recovery of mafic granulite xenoliths of similar age in the kimberlites (Hölttä et al. 2000), emphasises the importance of post-collisional lower crustal growth and reworking in central Fennoscandia.
DS201809-1988
2015
Airo, M.L.Geophysical signatures of mineral deposit types ( mentions diamonds).Finland Geological Survey, http://tupa.gtk.fi /julkaisu/ specialpaper/ sp_058.pdfFinlandgeophysics

Abstract: In this Special Paper volume, the review of physical properties of ore deposit types or mineralization styles is mainly based on published information, in particular on the key note speeches and presentations that were given at two geosciences conferences: Exploration07 held in Toronto in 2007 (proceedings by Milkereit (ed.) 2007), and the SGA meeting held in Uppsala in 2013 (proceedings by Johnsson et al. (eds.) 2013). Diamonds referred to on p. 13.
DS201809-2006
2018
Castillo-Oliver, M., Giuliani, A., Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y.Characterisation of primary and secondary carbonates in hypabyssal kimberlites: an integrated compositional and Sr-isotopic approach. Mineralogy and Petrology, doi.org/10.1007/s00710-018-0626-3 13p.Africa, South Africa, Australia, Europe, Finland, Canada, Northwest Territoriesdeposit - Wesselton, De Beers, Bultfontein, Benfontein, Jagersfontein, Cullinan, Melita, Pipe 1, Grizzley, Koala

Abstract: Carbonates in fresh hypabyssal kimberlites worldwide have been studied to understand their origin [i.e. primary magmatic (high T) versus deuteric (‘low T’) versus hydrothermal/alteration (‘low T’)] and identify optimal strategies for petrogenetic studies of kimberlitic carbonates. The approach presented here integrates detailed textural characterisation, cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging, in situ major- and trace-element analysis, as well as in situ Sr-isotope analysis. The results reveal a wide textural diversity. Calcite occurs as fine-grained groundmass, larger laths, segregations, veins or as a late crystallising phase, replacing olivine or early carbonates. Different generations of carbonates commonly coexist in the same kimberlite, each one defined by a characteristic texture, CL response and composition (e.g., variable Sr and Ba concentrations). In situ Sr isotope analysis revealed a magmatic signature for most of the carbonates, based on comparable 87Sr/86Sr values between these carbonates and the coexisting perovskite, a robust magmatic phase. However, this study also shows that in situ Sr isotope analysis not always allow distinction between primary (i.e., magmatic) and texturally secondary carbonates within the same sample. Carbonates with a clear secondary origin (e.g., late-stage veins) occasionally show the same moderately depleted 87Sr/86Sr ratios of primary carbonates and coexisting perovskite (e.g., calcite laths-shaped crystals with 87Sr/86Sr values identical within uncertainty to those of vein calcite in the De Beers kimberlite). This complexity emphasises the necessity of integrating detailed petrography, geochemical and in situ Sr isotopic analyses for an accurate interpretation of carbonate petrogenesis in kimberlites. Therefore, the complex petrogenesis of carbonates demonstrated here not only highlights the compositional variability of kimberlites, but also raises concerns about the use of bulk-carbonate C-O isotope studies to characterise the parental melt compositions. Conversely, our integrated textural and in situ study successfully identifies the most appropriate (i.e. primary) carbonates for providing constraints on the isotopic parameters of parental kimberlite magmas.
DS201809-2088
2018
Smart, K.A., Cartigny, P., Tappe, S., O'Brien, H., Klemme, S.Reduced volatile sources for Karelian diamonds linked to punctuated ultramafic magmatism. LahtojokiGoldschmidt Conference, 1p. AbstractEurope, FinlandDeposit - Lahtojoki

Abstract: Diamond xenocrysts and eclogite-hosted diamonds from the Lahtojoki kimberlite (Karelian craton, Finland) indicate metasomatism of the deep lithosphere by N-rich, relatively reduced fluids. P-T-fO2 constraints show that all eclogites were derived from near the base of the lithospheric mantle (>5 GPa), but only the diamond-bearing samples are relatively reduced (?FMQ-3.5 vs. -1.7 for barren eclogites). The Lahtojoki diamonds show evidence of formation from reduced mantle-derived carbon, based on the restricted range of ?13C values (-3 and -7.8 ‰; n = 67) that form a negativelyskewed distribution. This reduced CHO fluid was also anomalously N-rich, based on the diamond N contents that range up to 1830 at. ppm. While N-rich sources for eclogiteassociated diamonds are often linked to recycled crustal materials, in this case we prefer derivation from K-rich cratonic mantle metasomes due to lack of firm crustal geochemical signatures in the eclogites (?18O = 5.7 - 5.9 ‰), in addition to the magmatic history of the Karelian craton. The Karelian craton has been periodically intruded by Krich alkaline lamprophyres, Group-2 kimberlites and olivine lamproites from 1800 to 700 Ma. Such K-rich ultramafic alkaline magmatism is likely linked to phlogopite-rich metasomes, which may represent significant repositories of N (NH4+ substitution for K+). Because the Lahtojoki eclogites resided near the base of the lithospheric mantle, they would have been susceptible to interaction with ascending asthenosphere-derived C-bearing fluids/melts, which were reducing. Following ingress into and interaction with the Krich metasomatised Karelian mantle lithosphere, the increasingly N-enriched, CH4-bearing fluids precipitated diamond during interaction with relatively oxidized eclogite wall rock. In contrast to the prevalent oxidizing effects of mantle metasomatism as identified within cratonic lithosphere-derived samples from worldwide locations, the eclogite-hosted diamonds at Lahtojoki represent a natural example of metasomatic overprinting that was highly reducing.
DS201811-2588
2018
Lehtonen, M.Gemstones of Finland. Diamond bearing kimberlites pp. 175-193.Geological Survey of Finland, 344p. Europe, Finlandgemology
DS201906-1291
2019
Elliott, H.A.L., Broom-Fendley, S., Wall, F.Fenite exploration criteria surrounding carbonatite hosted critical metal deposits.3rd International Critical Metals Meeting held Edinburgh, 1p. Abstract p. 38.Europe, Finlanddeposit - Sokli
DS201907-1561
2019
Mattsson, H.B., Hogdahl, K., Carlsson, M., Malehmir, A.The role of mafic dykes in the petrogenesis of the Archean Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, east central Finland.Lithos, in press available, 37p.Europe, Finlandcarbonatites

Abstract: The Archean (~2.6?Ga) Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex in east-central Finland is crosscut by a few ultramafic lamprophyre dykes, together with a broad array of more evolved mafic dykes that range in composition from foidites to various types of alkali basalts. A possible genetic link between the primitive lamprophyres and the carbonatite complex has previously been hypothesised, but their exact relations have been unclear due to the regional metamorphic overprint (i.e., greenschist facies). Here we focus on the petrology and petrography of the mafic dykes, and integrate the data to present a coherent model that can explain the genesis of the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. Field-relations, in combination with petrography and geochemistry, indicate that there are at least three generations of mafic dykes present. The oldest dykes (Generation I) are strongly deformed, and inferred to have been emplaced shortly after the formation of the complex itself. These dykes can be divided into two groups (i.e., ultramafic lamprophyres and Group A), where Group A comprises foidites characterised by low SiO2 (41.4-51.5?wt%) and high alkali (>10?wt% K2O) content. We interpret the foiditic magmas to have evolved from primitive ultramafic lamprophyres by fractionating a clinopyroxene-olivine dominated mineral assemblage that was devoid of feldspar. This fractionation path forced alkali-enrichment in the magmas belonging to Group A, which pushed them into the miscibility gap, and resulted in liquid immiscibility that produced moderately alkaline conjugate carbonatite(s). Subsequent fractionation of the conjugate carbonatite by predominantly calcite and apatite produced the mineralogically homogeneous carbonatite cumulate that is exposed at Siilinjärvi. Younger, less deformed, mafic dykes (belonging to Generations II and III) exhibit trace element characteristics, broadly similar to basaltic dyke swarms in the region. The younger dykes are characterised by the presence of large plagioclase crystals in thin sections. Crystallisation of a feldspar-bearing mineral assemblage resulted in only moderate enrichment of alkalis with increased fractionation, which caused the younger dykes to evolve along the more common basalt-to-trachyte series. Thus, the magmas belonging to Generations II and III at Siilinjärvi never fulfilled the conditions required to produce carbonatites by liquid immiscibility.
DS201910-2253
2019
Dalton, H., Giuliani, A., Phillips, D., Hergt, J., O'Brien, H.Petrographic and geochemical variations in the Kaavi-Kuopio kimberlite field, Finland: the role of mantle assimilation.Goldschmidt2019, 1p. AbstractEurope, Finlanddeposit - Kaavi-Kuopio

Abstract: Kimberlites are silica-poor, volatile-rich (CO2 ± H2O), volcanic rocks that are often described as ‘hybrid’, because their parental magmas include abundant xenocrystic (crustand mantle-derived) components. Unravelling the influence of mantle assimilation on kimberlite melt compositions represents an outstanding question of kimberlite petrology. To address this issue, we have carried out a comprehensive geochemical and petrographic investigation of nine kimberlites from the Kaavi-Kuopio field in Finland, that were emplaced on the southern margin of the Karelian Craton in the Neoproterozoic (~550-600 Ma). Olivine is the dominant mineral phase in kimberlites (~50 vol.%) with cores mainly derived from the disaggregation of mantle peridotite. In contrast, olivine rims crystallise directly from the kimberlitic melt and their Mg# (Mg/(Mg+Fe)) typically show remarkable homogeneity within and between kimberlites of a single cluster and field (e.g., Lac de Gras). The Kaavi-Kuopio kimberlites appear to represent a unique case where there is a (statistically) significant difference between the average Mg# of olivine rims in different pipes (89.9 ± 0.2 to 88.5 ± 0.3). Importantly, the Mg# of olivine rims exhibit a strong correlation with the Mg# of olivine cores. Furthermore, the compositions of olivine cores (and rims) exhibit a strong correlation with those of spinel (e.g., Mg#, TiO2 contents). These geochemical variations correlate with the modal mineralogy of the kimberlites: for example, higher abundances of monticellite and lower abundances of ilmenite are associated with higher Mg# olivine. The robust relationship between entrained and assimilated lithospheric mantle material (i.e. olivine cores) and magmatic components (i.e. olivine rims, spinel, and other groundmass minerals) suggests that assimilation of lithospheric mantle has impacted the compositions of kimberlitic melts to a greater extent than previously recognised. These new data also suggest significant variations in the composition of the mantle lithosphere beneath the Kaavi-Kuopio kimberlites, which are spaced less than 10 km apart.
DS202002-0173
2019
Dalton, H., Giuliani, A., O'Brien, H., Phillips, D., Hergt, J.The role of lithospheric heterogeneity on the composition of kimberlite magmas from a single field: the case of Kaavi-Kuopio, Finland.Lithos, in press available, 61p. PdfEurope, Finlanddeposit - Kaavi-Kuopio

Abstract: Kimberlites are complex, ‘hybrid’ igneous rocks because their parental magmas entrain abundant crust- and mantle-derived components that can be readily assimilated during ascent to surface. Recent studies of olivine zonation patterns have shown compositional relationships between xenocrystic cores and magmatic rims, suggesting that kimberlite melt compositions might be controlled by assimilation of mantle material during emplacement. However, the nature and extent to which this process, as well as assimilation of crustal material, influences melt compositions within single kimberlite fields remains unclear. To address this issue, we have conducted a comprehensive geochemical and petrographic investigation of kimberlites from eight pipes in the Kaavi-Kuopio field in Finland, which were emplaced on the southern margin of the Karelian craton during the Neoproterozoic (~550-600 Ma). While magmatic olivine rims are usually homogeneous in composition within and between kimberlites of a single cluster and field (e.g., Lac de Gras), the Kaavi-Kuopio kimberlites appear to represent a unique case where there are statistically significant differences between the average Mg# of olivine rims in different pipes (89.9 ± 0.2 to 88.5 ± 0.3). Importantly, the Mg# of magmatic olivine rims exhibit a strong correlation with the Mg# of their mantle-derived xenocrystic cores. Furthermore, the compositions of olivine cores and rims exhibit a robust relationship with those of magmatic spinel (e.g., Mg#, TiO2 contents). These geochemical variations also align with the mineralogy of the kimberlites: whereby abundances of phlogopite and oxides (e.g., spinel) are negatively correlated with olivine rim Mg#. The robust relationship between entrained and assimilated lithospheric mantle material (i.e. olivine cores) and magmatic components (i.e. olivine rims, spinel, and groundmass mineral abundance), combined with numerical modelling suggests that up to 10 wt% assimilation of lithospheric mantle material has modified the compositions of the Kaavi-Kuopio kimberlites. These new data are also consistent with significant variations in the lithospheric mantle composition of the Karelian craton beneath the closely spaced (<10 km) kimberlites. Finally, in addition to mantle assimilation, formation of Si-Fe-rich mica in some of the examined kimberlites might be linked to late-stage increases in oxygen fugacity potentially enhanced by crustal contamination. This study shows for the first time that variable assimilation of mantle and crustal material can generate significant variations in kimberlites derived from seemingly similar sources.
DS202002-0174
2019
Dalton, H., Giuliani, A., O'Brien, H., Phillips, D., Maas, R. Petrogenesis of a hybrid cluster of evolved kimberlites and ultramafic lamprophyres in the Kuusamo area, Finland. Kasma 45, Kasma 45 south, Kasma 47, Kalettomanpuro, Kattaisenvaara, Dike 15 and LampiJournal of Petrology, in press available, 79p. PdfEurope, Finlanddeposit - Kuusamo

Abstract: Kimberlites are often closely associated, both in time and space, with a wide variety of alkaline ultramafic rock types; yet the question of a genetic relationship between these rock types remains uncertain. One locality where these relationships can be studied within the same cluster is the Karelian craton in Finland. In this study we present the first petrographic, mineral and whole-rock geochemical results for the most recently discovered kimberlite cluster on this craton, which represents an example of the close spatial overlap of kimberlites with ultramafic lamprophyres. The Kuusamo cluster incorporates seven bodies (Kasma 45, Kasma 45 south, Kasma 47, Kalettomanpuro (KP), Kattaisenvaara (KV), Dike 15 and Lampi) distributed along a 60?km NE-SW corridor. Hypabyssal samples from KV, KP, Kasma 45 and Kasma 47 consist of altered olivine macrocrysts and microcrysts and phlogopite phenocrysts in a groundmass of perovskite, apatite, spinel, ilmenite, serpentine, and calcite. These petrographic features combined with mineral (e.g., Mg-rich ilmenite, Al-Ba-rich, Ti-Fe-poor mica) and whole-rock incompatible trace element compositions (La/Nb = 0.8 ± 0.1; Th/Nb = 0.07 ± 0.01; Nb/U = 66 ± 9) are consistent with these rocks being classified as archetypal kimberlites. These Kuusamo kimberlites are enriched in CaO and poor in MgO, which combined with the absence of chromite and paucity of olivine macrocrysts and mantle-derived xenocrysts (including diamonds), suggest derivation from differentiated magmas after crystal fractionation. Samples from Lampi share similar petrographic features, but contain mica with compositions ranging from kimberlitic (Ba-Al-rich cores) to those more typical of orangeites/lamproites (increasing Si-Fe, decreasing Al-Ti-Ba), and have higher bulk-rock SiO2 contents than the Kuusamo kimberlites. These features, combined with the occurrence of quartz and titanite in the groundmass, indicate derivation from a kimberlite magma that underwent considerable crustal contamination. This study shows that crustal contamination can modify kimberlites by introducing features typical of alkaline ultramafic rock types. Dike 15 represents a distinct carbonate-rich lithology dominated by phlogopite over olivine, with lesser amounts of titaniferous clinopyroxene and manganoan ilmenite. Phlogopite (Fe-Ti-rich) and spinel (high Fe2+/Fe2++Mg) compositions are also distinct from the other Kuusamo intrusions. The petrographic and geochemical features of Dike 15 are typical of ultramafic lamprophyres, specifically, aillikites. Rb-Sr dating of phlogopite in Dike 15 yields an age of 1178.8 ± 4.1?Ma (2?), which is considerably older than the ?750?Ma emplacement age of the Kuusamo kimberlites. This new age indicates significant temporal overlap with the Lentiira-Kuhmo-Kostomuksha olivine lamproites emplaced ?100?km to the southeast. It is suggested that asthenospheric aillikite magmas similar to Dike 15 evolved to compositions akin to the Karelian orangeites and olivine lamproites through interaction with and assimilation of MARID-like, enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle. We conclude that the spatial coincidence of the Kuusamo kimberlites and Dike 15 is likely the result of exploitation of similar trans-lithospheric corridors.
DS202008-1383
2020
Dalton, H., Giuiani, A., Phillips, D., Hergt, J., Maas, R., Woodhead, J., Matchan, E., O'Brien, H.Kimberlite magmatism in Finland: distinct sources and links to the breakup of Rodinia.Goldschmidt 2020, 1p. AbstractEurope, Finlanddeposit - Kuusamo

Abstract: The Karelian Craton in Finland is host to (at least) two distinct pulses of kimberlite magmatism. Twenty kimberlite occurrences have so far been discovered on the southwest margin of the craton at Kaavi-Kuopio and seven kimberlites are located in the Kuusamo area within the core of the craton. Comprehensive radiometric age determinations (U-Pb, Ar- Ar and Rb-Sr) reveal that all kimberlite activity was restricted to the Proterozoic. The Kaavi-Kuopio field was emplaced over a protracted period from ~610 to 550 Ma and is predated by the Kuusamo cluster that represents a relatively short pulse of magmatism at ~750 to 730 Ma. The emplacement of kimberlites globally has recently been linked to supercontinent reorganisation and we propose a similar scenario for these Finnish occurrences which, at the time of kimberlite emplacement, were situated on the Baltica paleo-continent. This land mass was contiguous with Laurentia in the Proterozoic and together formed part of Rodinia. The breakup of Rodinia is considered to have commenced at ~750 Ma and initiation of the opening of the Iapetus ocean at ~615 Ma. Contemporaneous with Kaavi-Kuopio magmatism, this latter period of Neoproterozoic crustal extension also includes the emplacement of kimberlites and related rocks in areas that were linked with Baltica as part of Rodinia - West Greenland and eastern North America. Both the initial and final periods of Rodinia’s breakup have been linked to mantle upwellings from the core-mantle boundary. We suggest that kimberlite magmatism in Finland was promoted by the influx of heat from mantle upwellings and lithospheric extension associated with the demise of Rodinia. Although both magmatic episodes are potentially linked to the breakup of Rodinia, whole-rock and perovskite radiogenic isotope compositions for the Kuusamo kimberlites (?Nd(i) +2.6 to +3.3, ?Hf(i) +3.1 to +5.6) are distinct from the Kaavi-Kuopio kimberlites (?Nd(i) -0.7 to +1.8, ?Hf(i) -6.1 to +5.2). The spread in Hf isotope compositions for the Kaavi-Kuopio magmas may be linked to variable assimilation of diverse mantle lithologies.
DS202009-1671
2020
Tiira, T., Janik, T., Skrzynik, T., Komminaho, K., Heinonen, A., Veikkolainen, T., Vakeva, S., Korja, A.Full scale crustal interpretation of Kokkola-Kymi ( KOKKY) seismic profile, Fennoscandian shield.Pure and Applied Geophysics, Vol. 177, 8, pp. 3775-3795. pdfEurope, Finlandgeophysics - seismics

Abstract: The Kokkola-Kymi Deep Seismic Sounding profile crosses the Fennoscandian Shield in northwest-southeast (NW-SE) direction from Bothnian belt to Wiborg rapakivi batholith through Central Finland granitoid complex (CFGC). The 490-km refraction seismic line is perpendicular to the orogenic strike in Central Finland and entirely based on data from quarry blasts and road construction sites in years 2012 and 2013. The campaign resulted in 63 usable seismic record sections. The average perpendicular distance between these and the profile was 14 km. Tomographic velocity models were computed with JIVE3D program. The velocity fields of the tomographic models were used as starting points in the ray tracing modelling. Based on collected seismic sections a layer-cake model was prepared with the ray tracing package SEIS83. Along the profile, upper crust has an average thickness of 22 km average, and P-wave velocities (Vp) of 5.9-6.2 km/s near the surface, increasing downward to 6.25-6.40 km/s. The thickness of middle crust is 14 km below CFGC, 20 km in SE and 25 km in NW, but Vp ranges from 6.6 to 6.9 km/s in all parts. Lower crust has Vp values of 7.35-7.4 km/s and lithospheric mantle 8.2-8.25 km/s. Moho depth is 54 km in NW part, 63 km in the middle and 43 km in SW, yet a 55-km long section in the middle does not reveal an obvious Moho reflection. S-wave velocities vary from 3.4 km/s near the surface to 4.85 km/s in upper mantle, consistently with P-wave velocity variations. Results confirm the previously assumed high-velocity lower crust and depression of Moho in central Finland.
DS202101-0007
2020
Decree, S., Savolainen, M., Mercadier, J., Debaille, V., Hohn, S., Frimmel, H., Baele, J-M.Geochemical and spectroscopic investigation of apatite in the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex: keys to understanding apatite forming processes and assessing potential for rare earth elements.Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 123, 104778 17p. PdfEurope, Finlanddeposit - Siilinjarvi

Abstract: The Siilinjärvi phosphate deposit (Finland) is hosted by an Archean carbonatite complex. The main body is composed of glimmerite, carbonatite and combinations thereof. It is surrounded by a well-developed fenitization zone. Almost all the rocks pertaining to the glimmerite-carbonatite series are considered for exploitation of phosphate. New petrological and in-situ geochemical as well as spectroscopic data obtained by cathodoluminescence, Raman and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy make it possible to constrain the genesis and evolution of apatite through time. Apatite in the glimmerite-carbonatite series formed by igneous processes. An increase in rare earth elements (REE) content during apatite deposition can be explained by re-equilibration of early apatite (via sub-solidus diffusion at the magmatic stage) with a fresh carbonatitic magma enriched in these elements. This late carbonatite emplacement has been known as a major contributor to the overall P and REE endowment of the system and is likely connected to fenitization and alkali-rich fluids. These fluids - enriched in REE - would have interacted with apatite in the fenite, resulting in an increase in REE content through coupled dissolution-reprecipitation processes. Finally, a marked decrease in LREE is observed in apatite hosted by fenite. It highlights the alteration of apatite by a REE-poor fluid during a late-magmatic/hydrothermal stage. Regarding the potential for REE exploitation, geochemical data combined with an estimation of the reserves indicate a sub-economic potential of REE to be exploited as by-products of phosphate mining. Spectroscopic analyses further provide helpful data for exploration, by determining the P and REE distribution and the enrichment in carbonatite and within apatite.
DS202103-0386
2021
Hall, A.M., Putkinen, N., Hietala,, S., Lindsberg, E., Holma, M.Ultra-slow cratonic denudation in Finland since 1.5 Ga indicated by tiered unconformities and impact structures.Precambrian Research, Vol. 352, 106000, 18p. PdfEurope, Finlandgeothermometry

Abstract: The Earth’s cratons are traditionally regarded as tectonically stable cores that were episodically buried by thin sedimentary covers. Cratonic crust in southern Finland holds seven post-1.7 Ga tiered unconformities, with remnants of former sedimentary covers. We use the geometries of the tiered unconformities, along with previously dated impact structures and kimberlite and carbonatite pipes, to reconstruct the erosion and burial history of the craton and to derive estimates of depths of erosion in basement and former sedimentary rocks. The close vertical spacing (<200 m) of the unconformities and the survival of small (D ? 5 km) Neoproterozoic and Early Palaeozoic impact structures indicate minor later erosion. Average erosion rates (<2.5 m/Ma) in basement and cover are amongst the lowest reported on Earth. Ultra-slow erosion has allowed the persistence in basement fractures of Phanerozoic fracture coatings and Palaeogene groundwater and microbiomes. Maximum thicknesses of foreland basin sediments in Finland during the Sveconorwegian and Caledonide orogenies are estimated as ~1.0 km and <0.68-1.0 km, respectively. Estimated losses of sedimentary cover derived from apatite fission track thermochronology are higher by factors of at least 2 to 4. A dynamic epeirogenic history of the craton in Finland, with kilometre-scale burial and exhumation, proposed in recent thermochronological models is not supported by other geological proxies. Ultra-slow erosion rates in southern Finland reflect long term tectonic stability and burial of the craton surface for a total of ~1.0 Ga beneath generally thin sedimentary cover.
DS202105-0760
2021
Dalton, H.Temporal evolution of kimberlite magmatism in Finland: an evaluation of geochronological methods commonly applied to kimberlites.Vancouver Kimberlite Cluster , May 25, 6pm PSTEurope, Finlandmagmatism
DS202107-1130
2021
Slabunov, A.I., Balagansky, V.V., Shchipansky, A.A.Mesoarchean to Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution of the Belomorian Province, Fennoscandian Shield, and the tectonic setting of eclogites.Russian Geology and Geophysics, Vol. 62, pp. 525-546. pdfEurope, Finland, Swedeneclogites

Abstract: The Belomorian Province (BP) of the Fennoscandian Shield is a high-grade belt composed of Meso- to Neoarchean tonalite- trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) gneisses with subordinate supracrustal complexes. The Belomorian crust is underlined by a thick mantle keel, a structural element typical of Archean cratons. Belomorian rocks were metamorphosed under conditions of mainly high-pressure amphibolite to granulite facies in both Archean and Paleoproterozoic times. The TTG gneisses contain numerous blocks of almost completely retrogressed eclogite (eclogite-1). This paragenetic association of eclogite-1 and gneisses can be classified as an Archean eclogite-TTG gneiss mélange, a component of the Belomorian continental crust produced by subductional, accretionary, and collisional processes of the Belomorian collisional orogeny 2.9-2.66 Ga. The Paleoproterozoic history of the BP comprises of two prominent tectonic periods: (i) early Paleoproterozoic (~2.5-2.4 Ga), related to a superplume, and (ii) late Paleoproterozoic (2.0-1.85 Ga), resulted from crustal reworking during the Lapland-Kola collisional orogeny that produced strong penetrative metamorphic and local deformational overprint. The Paleoproterozoic highest-grade metamorphic overprint is represented by patches of eclogites (eclogite-2) in Paleoproterozoic mafic dikes and eclogite-1. Field relations between eclogite-1 and eclogite-2 are described in the Gridino area of the western coast of the White Sea. So, the BP is a high-grade polymetamorphic belt formed by a superposition of the Neoarchean Belomorian and Paleoproterozoic Lapland-Kola orogenies, whose characteristic features are eclogites produced by subduction and collision.
 
 

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