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The Sheahan Diamond Literature Reference Compilation - Technical, Media and Corporate Articles based on Major Region - Kazakhstan
The Sheahan Diamond Literature Reference Compilation is compiled by Patricia Sheahan who publishes on a monthly basis a list of new scientific articles related to diamonds as well as media coverage and corporate announcements called the Sheahan Diamond Literature Service that is distributed as a free pdf to a list of followers. Pat has kindly agreed to allow her work to be made available as an online digital resource at Kaiser Research Online so that a broader community interested in diamonds and related geology can benefit. The references are for personal use information purposes only; when available a link is provided to an online location where the full article can be accessed or purchased directly. Reproduction of this compilation in part or in whole without permission from the Sheahan Diamond Literature Service is strictly prohibited. Return to Diamond Region Index
Sheahan Diamond Literature Reference Compilation - Scientific Articles by Author for all years
Each article reference in the SDLRC is tagged with one or more key words assigned by Pat Sheahan to highlight the main topics of the article. In addition most references have been tagged with one or more region words. In an effort to make it easier for users to track down articles related to a specific region, KRO has extracted these region words and developed a list of major region words presented in the Major Region Index to which individual region words used in the article reference have been assigned. Each individual Region Report contains in chronological order all the references with a region word associated with the Major Region word. Depending on the total for each reference type - technical, media and corporate - the references will be either in their own technical, media or corporate Region Report, or combined in a single report. Where there is a significant number of technical references there will be a technical report dedicated to the technical articles while the media and corporate references are combined in a separate region report. References that were added in the most recent monthly update are highlighted in yellow within the Region Report. The Major Region words have been defined by a scale system of "general", "continent", "country", "state or province" and "regional". Major Region words at the smaller scales have been created only when there are enough references to make isolating them worthwhile. References not tagged with a Region are excluded, and articles with a region word not matched with a Major Region show up in the "Unknown" report.
Kimberlite - diamondiferous
Lamproite - diamondiferous
Lamprophyre - diamondiferous
Other - diamondiferous
Kimberlite - non diamondiferous
Lamproite - non diamondiferous
Lamprophyre - non diamondiferous
Other - non diamondiferous
Kimberlite - unknown
Lamproite - unknown
Lamprophyre - unknown
Other - unknown
Future Mine
Current Mine
Former Mine
Click on icon for details about each occurrence. Works best with Google Chrome.
CITATION: Faure, S, 2010, World Kimberlites CONSOREM Database (Version 3), Consortium de Recherche en Exploration Minérale CONSOREM, Université du Québec à Montréal, Numerical Database on consorem.ca. NOTE: This publicly available database results of a compilation of other public databases, scientific and governmental publications and maps, and various data from exploration companies reports or Web sites, If you notice errors, have additional kimberlite localizations that should be included in this database, or have any comments and suggestions, please contact the author specifying the ID of the kimberlite: [email protected]
Langer, K., Robarick, E., Sobolev, N.V., Shatsky, V.S.
Single crystal spectra of garnets from Diamondiferous high pressure metamorphic rocks from Kazakhstan -indications for OH-,H2O, and FeTi chargetransfer.
European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 5, No. 6, Nov-Dec pp. 1091-1100.
Vendian Early Ordovician geodynamic evolution and model for exhumation of ultrahigh and high pressure rocks from the Kokchetav subduction collision zone.
Russian Geology and Geophysics, Vol. 47, 4, pp. 424-440.
Perraki, M., Korsakov, A.V., Smith, D.C., Mposkos, E.
Raman spectroscopic and microscopic criteria for the distinction of microdiamonds in ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks from diamonds in sample preparation materials.
Structural and microstructual regularities of the distribution of diamond in metamorphic rocks of the Kumdy-Kol and Barchi-Kol deposits, Kokchetav Massif, Northern Kazakhstan.
The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 49, 3, pp. 673-690.
Oxygen isotope variations of garnets and clinopyroxenes in a layered Diamondiferous calcsilicate rock from Kokchetav Massif, Kazakhstan: a window into geochemical
Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 162, 5, pp.1079-1092.
Prograde zonation in ultrapotassic clinopyroxene from ultrahigh pressure garnet clinopyroxene rocks from the Kumdy-Kol mine ( Kokchetav Massif, Kazakhstan).
Doklady Earth Sciences, Vol. 447, 2, pp. 1333-1337.
Mikhno, A., Shcheptova, O., Mikhailenko, D., Korsakov, A.
Sulfides in ultrahigh pressure rocks of the Kokchetav Massif.
V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences International Symposium Advances in high pressure research: breaking scales and horizons ( Courtesy of N. Poikilenko), Held Sept. 22-26, 2p. Abstract
Russian Geology and Geophysics, Vol. 56, 1-2, pp. 64-80.
Russia, Kazakhstan
Kokchetav massif
Abstract: We present data on different aspects of geology, mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology of diamond-bearing metamorphic rocks of the Kumdy-Kol terrane, which show the similarity of their protolith to the sedimentary rocks of the Kokchetav microcontinent. The structural location of the studied objects in the accretion-collision zone evidences that the subduction of the Kokchetav microcontinent beneath the Vendian-Cambrian Ishim-Selety island arc is the main mechanism of transport of graphite-bearing terrigenous-carbonate rocks to zones of their transformation into diamond-bearing metamorphic rocks. The sedimentary rocks of the Kokchetav microcontinent, which are enriched in graphite and iron sulfides and carbonates, contain all components necessary for diamond crystallization in deep-seated subduction zone. This is in agreement with the experimental data and the compositions of fluid-melt inclusions in the minerals of diamond-bearing rocks.
Shertl, H.P., Neuser, R.D., Logvinova, A.M., Wirth, R., Sobolev, N.V.
Cathodluminescence microscopy of the Kokchetav ultra high pressure calcsilicate rocks: what can we learn from silicates, carbon hosting minerals and diamond?
Russian Geology and Geophysics, Vol. 56, 1-2, pp. 100-112.
Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 169, 19p.
Russia, Kazakhstan
Diamondiferous tourmaline
Abstract: Tourmaline was synthesized in the system MgO-Al2O3-B2O3-SiO2-KCl-NaCl-H2O from an oxide mixture and excess fluid at 500-700 °C and 0.2-4.0 GPa to investigate the effect of pressure, temperature, and fluid composition on the relative incorporation of Na and K in dravitic tourmaline. Incorporation of K at the X-site increases with pressure, temperature, and KCl concentration; a maximum of 0.71 K pfu (leaving 0.29 X-vacant sites pfu) was incorporated into K-dravite synthesized at 4.0 GPa, 700 °C from a 4.78 m KCl, Na-free fluid. In contrast, Na incorporation depends predominately on fluid composition, rather than pressure or temperature; dravite with the highest Na content of 1.00 Na pfu was synthesized at 0.4 GPa and 700 °C from a 3.87 m NaCl and 1.08 m KCl fluid. All synthesized crystals are zoned, and the dominant solid solution in the Na- and K-bearing system is between magnesio-foitite [?(Mg2Al)Al6Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)3OH] and dravite [NaMg3Al6Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)], with the dravitic component increasing with the concentration of Na in the fluid. In the K-bearing, Na-free system, the dominant solid solution is between magnesio-foitite and K-dravite [KMg3Al6Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)], with the K-dravitic component increasing with pressure, temperature, and the concentration of K in the fluid. The unit-cell volume of tourmaline increases with K incorporation from 1555.1(3) to 1588.1(2) Å3, reflecting the incorporation of the relatively large K+ ion. Comparison of our results to the compositional data for maruyamaite (K-dominant tourmaline) from the ultrahigh-pressure rocks of the Kokchetav Massif in Kazakhstan suggests that the latter was formed in a K-rich, Na-poor environment at ultrahigh-pressure conditions near the diamond-stability field.
Abstract: Abundant multiphase solid inclusions (MSI) were found in garnet in an ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) paragneiss from the Kokchetav complex, Kazakhstan. The MSI are composed of mineral associations that include rock-forming and accessory minerals, which crystallized during exhumation. We present experimental and analytical protocols for how such inclusions can be homogenized to glass and analysed for major and trace elements. After homogenization we identified two types of glass. One type is present in garnet porphyroblasts in the melanocratic part of the sample and represents a high-pressure melt formed close to peak conditions of >45 kbar, 1000°C. These inclusions are characterized by high concentrations of light rare earth elements (LREE), Th and U. Extraction of these melts resulted in a pronounced depletion of the Kokchetav gneisses in those elements. Measured partition coefficients of large ion lithophile elements (LILE) between phengite inclusions and melt inclusions are DRb?=?1•9-2•5, DBa?=?1•1-6•9 and DCs?=?0•6-0•8, resulting in limited depletion of these elements during partial melting in the presence of phengite. The Nb concentration in melts (27?ppm) is about double that in the restite (15?ppm), indicating slightly incompatible behaviour during UHP anatexis, despite the presence of residual accessory rutile and phengite. A second type of inclusion occurs in garnet from the leucocratic part of the rock and represents a late-stage melt formed during exhumation at 650-750°C and crustal pressures. These inclusions are characterized by low LREE and Nb and high U. Zircon domains formed during high-temperature melting are characterized by high Ti content (100-300?ppm) and unfractionated Th/U (0•4-0•8), whereas the low-temperature domains display low Ti (10?ppm) and Th/U (0•08). The composition of UHP melts with moderate enrichment in LILE, no depletion in Nb and extreme enrichment in LREE and Th is remarkably different from the trace element signature of arc basalts, arguing against involvement of this type of melting in the generation of arc crust. The composition of the UHP melt inclusions is similar to that of melt inclusions from HP crustal xenoliths from Pamir and also to some shoshonites from Tibet. UHP anatexis, as observed in the Kokchetav massif, might be related to the formation of shoshonitic alkaline igneous rocks, which are common in collisional settings.
Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, dor.org/10.1007/ d00269-018-0987-5 13p.
Russia, Kazakhstan, Alps
coesite, UHP
Abstract: The high-pressure silica polymorphs coesite and stishovite were synthesized under water-saturated conditions from a natural granitic composition doped with Li and B. Experiments were performed in a Multi-Anvil apparatus between 4 and 9.1 GPa and 900 and 950 °C, based on the conditions of a subducting continental crust as realistic for the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic units Dora Maira and Kochetav massifs. Run products consisted of coesite/stishovite?+?kyanite?±?phengite?±?omphacite, and quench material. The synthesized silica polymorphs were successively analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, electron microprobe, and Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS). No hydrous defects were observed in coesite synthesized at 4 GPa and 900 °C, whereas coesite grown at higher pressures revealed a triplet of infrared absorptions bands at 3575, 3523, and 3459 cm??1, two minor bands at 3535 and 3502 cm??1, and a small band at 3300 cm??1 that was only visible at 7.7 GPa. The total amount of Al was charge-balanced by H and the other monovalent cations. However, the band triplet could not be associated with AlOH defects, while the band doublet was inferred to BOH defects and the small band probably corresponded to interstitial H. Stishovite displayed one dominant band at 3116 cm??1 with a shoulder at 3170 cm??1, and a minor band at 2665 cm??1, probably all associated with AlOH defects. BOH defects were not observed in stishovite, and LiOH defects were neither observed in coesite nor stishovite, probably because of preferentially partition of Li in other phases such as omphacite. The total amount of defect protons increased with pressure and with metal impurity concentrations. The general increase in OH defects in silica polymorphs with increasing pressure (this study) contrasted the negative pressure trend of OH in quartz observed previously from the same starting material, and revealed an incorporation minimum of OH in silica polymorphs around the quartz/coesite phase transition.
Abstract: U-Pb geochronological, trace?element and Lu-Hf isotopic studies have been made on zircons from ultrahigh?pressure (UHP) mafic eclogite from the Kumdy?Kol area, one of the diamond?facies domains of the Kokchetav Massif (northern Kazakhstan). The peak eclogitic assemblage equilibrated at >?900?°C, whereas the bulk sample composition displays light rare?earth element (LREE) and Th depletion evident of partial melting. Zircons from the eclogite are represented by exclusively newly formed metamorphic grains and have U-Pb age spread over 533-459?Ma, thus ranging from the time of peak subduction burial to that of the late post?orogenic collapse. The major zircon group with concordant age estimates have a concordia age of 508.1?±4.4?Ma, which corresponds to exhumation of the eclogite?bearing UHP crustal slice to granulite? or amphibolite?facies depths. This may indicate potentially incoherent exhumation of different crustal blocks within a single Kumdy?Kol UHP domain. Model Hf isotopic characteristics of zircons (?Hf(t) +1.5 to +7.8, Neoproterozoic model Hf ages of 1.02-0.79?Ga) closely resemble the whole?rock values of the Kumdy?Kol eclogites and likely reflect in situ derivation of HFSE source for newly formed grains. The ages coupled with geochemical systematics of zircons confirm that predominantly late zircon growth occurred in Th-LREE?depleted eclogitic assemblage, that experienced incipient melting and monazite dissolution in melt at granulite?facies depths, followed by amphibolite?facies rehydration during late?stage exhumation?related retrogression.
Abstract: Mineral inclusions in cubic diamonds from garnet-clinopyroxene rock of the Kokchetav massif were studied. The coexistence of fluid and silicate inclusions in the central part of the diamond of the G0 sample was revealed by means of transmission electron microscopy. Silicate inclusions are represented by intergrowths of garnet and mica, which are spatially related with the carbonate and fluid inclusions. The first finding of silicate inclusions in the cubic diamonds from the UHP complex discovered over 50 years of their study is apparently due to a selective capture of the silicate minerals in the process of the diamond crystallization from the carbonate-bearing C-O-H fluid. The processes of diamond crystallization in the metamorphic deeply subducted rocks and upper mantle rocks, which are carried to the surface as xenoliths by kimberlite melts, have much in common.
Abstract: This study highlights the usefulness of rutile when applied for reconstruction of the metamorphic evolution of ultrahigh-pressure rocks containing diamond. Within the diamondiferous kyanite gneiss (Kokchetav massif, Northern Kazakhstan), rutile shows three distinct textural positions: (i) rounded/irregular-shaped grains in the rock matrix; (ii) monomineralic inclusions in garnet, kyanite, quartz, and zircon; and (iii) grains in polyphase inclusions within garnet and kyanite porphyroblasts. High Nb (1990-3197 ppm) and relatively low Cr (404-703 ppm) concentrations in rutile indicate its metapelitic derivation. The Zr content in rutile varies from 480 to 798 ppm and the average temperature estimates yielded by the Zr-in-rutile geothermometer for 5 GPa are 880 °C. Rutile-hosted Zn-rich (up to 1.74 wt% ZnO) staurolite is interpreted as a record of the prograde metamorphic stage formed as a result of gahnite+pyrophyllite+diaspore breakdown at 0.3-0.8 GPa, 400-450 °C. Inclusions of diamond±CO2 ± carbonate±garnet in rutile originated near the peak of metamorphism (~5 GPa and ~ 880 °C). U-Pb ID-TIMS dating of a representative rutile separate yielded a concordant age of 519 ± 1.6 Ma that is younger than the previously estimated U-Pb crystallization ages of the peak metamorphic assemblages of the Kokchetav massif (528 ± 3 Ma). The obtained age represents the timing of cooling to the closure temperature for Pb diffusion in rutile (Tc; 420-640 °C). The cooling of the rocks from the peak temperatures to Tc occurred with the rates of 27-51 °C/Ma, whereas the exhumation rates (from 880 °C and 5 GPa to 420-640 °C and 0.5-1 GPa) were 1.3-1.5 cm/year. The peak temperature estimates as well as rapid cooling and exhumation rates reported here are in agreement with published data on zircon from similar diamondiferous Kokchetav gneisses. This work demonstrates that rutile provides a beneficial tool in studies dealing with reconstruction of the metamorphic evolution of diamondiferous rocks.
Russian Geology and Geophysics, Vol. 62, pp. 547-556, pdf
Russia, Kazakhstan
deposit - Kokchetav
Abstract: The isotope-geochemical features of diamondiferous metamorphic rocks of the Kokchetav subduction–collision zone (KSCZ) show that both the basement rocks and the sediments of the Kokchetav massif were their protoliths. A whole-rock Sm–Nd isochron from the diamondiferous calc-silicate, garnet–pyroxene rocks and migmatized granite-gneisses of the western block of the KSCZ yielded an age of 1116 ± 14 Ma, while an age of 1.2–1.1 Ga was obtained by U–Pb dating of zircons from the granite-gneiss basement of the Kokchetav microcontinent. Based on these data, we assume that the protoliths of the calc-silicate, garnet–pyroxene rocks and the granite-gneisses of the KSCZ were the basement rocks sharing an initially single Nd source, which was not influenced by high- to ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism (~530 Ma). Therefore, their geochemical features are probably not directly related to ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism. The corresponding rock associations lack isotope-geochemical evidence of partial melting that would occur during ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism, which suggesting that they were metamorphosed under granulite-facies conditions. At the same time, the high-alumina diamondiferous rocks of the Barchi area (garnet–kyanite–mica schists and granofelses), which were depleted to different degrees in light rare-earth elements (REE) and K, have yielded a Sm–Nd whole-rock isochron age of 507 ± 10 Ma indicating partial melting of these rocks during their exhumation stage. The close ?Nd (1100) values of the basement rocks and garnet–kyanite–mica schist with geochemical characteristics arguing against its depletion during high-pressure metamorphism indicate that the basement rocks were a crustal source for high-alumina sediments.
