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SDLRC - Scientific Articles all years by Author - Fo+


The Sheahan Diamond Literature Reference Compilation
The Sheahan Diamond Literature Reference Compilation is compiled by Patricia Sheahan who publishes on a monthly basis a list of new scientific articles related to diamonds as well as media coverage and corporate announcementscalled the Sheahan Diamond Literature Service that is distributed as a free pdf to a list of followers. Pat has kindly agreed to allow her work to be made available as an online digital resource at Kaiser Research Online so that a broader community interested in diamonds and related geology can benefit. The references are for personal use information purposes only; when available a link is provided to an online location where the full article can be accessed or purchased directly. Reproduction of this compilation in part or in whole without permission from the Sheahan Diamond Literature Service is strictly prohibited. Return to Diamond Resource Center
Sheahan Diamond Literature Reference Compilation - Scientific Articles by Author for all years
A-An Ao+ B-Bd Be-Bk Bl-Bq Br+ C-Cg Ch-Ck Cl+ D-Dd De-Dn Do+ E F-Fn Fo+ G-Gh Gi-Gq Gr+ H-Hd He-Hn Ho+ I J K-Kg Kh-Kn Ko-Kq Kr+ L-Lh
Li+ M-Maq Mar-Mc Md-Mn Mo+ N O P-Pd Pe-Pn Po+ Q R-Rh Ri-Rn Ro+ S-Sd Se-Sh Si-Sm Sn-Ss St+ T-Th Ti+ U V W-Wg Wh+ X Y Z
Sheahan Diamond Literature Reference Compilation - Media/Corporate References by Name for all years
A B C D-Diam Diamonds Diamr+ E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Tips for Users
Posted/Published Reference CodesThe SDLRC provides 3 types of references identified in the reference code. DS for scientific article, DM for a media article, and DC for a corporate announcement. Consider DS0512-0001. The DS stands for "diamond scientific". 05 stands for 2005, the year the reference was posted. 12 represents the month the reference was posted. For all years prior to 2015 the default month is 12. -0001 is the reference's identifier and it does not mean anything. The number below the refence code, ie 2015, is the year the article was published. Note that the posted year may sometimes be later than the published year.
Sort OrderReferences are sorted by the "author" name and when the reference was posted to the compilation.
Most RecentIf the reference code is highlighted yellow, the reference was made available through the most recent monthly compilation of new literature. Use this to check out new references. When new references are posted, we make it our priority to track down an online link and obtain an abstract. With regard to older references, tracking down an abstract and an online link is a work in progress.
Link to external location of article: If the title has a link, it means we have found a location online where you can either retrieve the full article free, or purchase access to it. The Sheahan Diamond Literature Service is not a technical article procurement service; if you want a restricted article, you must deal directly with the vendor who controls the copyright to the article.
Searching this page for a specific term or authorIn your Firefox browser click Edit in the menu bar and then Find. In the Find box that shows up at the bottom of the web page enter your search term. Firefox will highlight all occurrences. This is particularly helpful when the author you are seeking was not the lead author by whom the compilation is sorted.
Sending or sharing a referenceThe left column (Posted/Published) has an embedded hyperlink for each reference. In Firefox, if you right click on it, you can obtain the link url for that reference's location within the page, which you can copy and paste into an email or any other document. You can also use the "share this link" option to tweet, facebook etc the link.
Author Index
A-An Ao+ B-Bd Be-Bk Bl-Bq Br+ C-Cg Ch-Ck Cl+ D-Dd De-Dn Do+ E F-Fn Fo+ G-Gh Gi-Gq Gr+ H-Hd He-Hn Ho+ I J K-Kg Kh-Kn Ko-Kq Kr+ L-Lh
Li+ M-Maq Mar-Mc Md-Mn Mo+ N O P-Pd Pe-Pn Po+ Q R-Rh Ri-Rn Ro+ S-Sd Se-Sh Si-Sm Sn-Ss St+ T-Th Ti+ U V W-Wg Wh+ X Y Z
Sheahan Diamond Literature Reference Compilation - Scientific Articles by Author for all years - Fo+
Posted/
Published
AuthorTitleSourceRegionKeywords
DS1860-0888
1895
Foa, E.Foa, E.Les Mines de Diamants du CapParis: Librairie Plon., 32P.Africa, South Africa, Cape ProvinceGeology
DS202204-0529
2022
Fockenberg, T.Massonne, H-J., Fockenberg, T.Melting of phengite-bearing eclogite at pressures of 4 and 9 GPA relevant to deep regions of a subduction zone.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 584, 14p. 117475Mantlesubduction

Abstract: Melting experiments undertaken with finely ground powder of phengite-bearing eclogite yielded solidus temperatures of about 970 °C at 4 GPa and 1250 °C at 9 GPa. Additional experiments with a rock powder of psammopelitic composition established a solidus at 9 GPa at a temperature of 1350 °C. Initial melts produced from both rocks are rich in potassium. The melts generated from eclogite tend to become richer in Na and Ca with rising temperature due to increasing decomposition of clinopyroxene. At the maximum temperatures of the experiments with eclogite, up to 450 °C above the solidus at 4 GPa, this phase is still present in the restite together with abundant garnet. In the temperature interval of 1100-1300 °C, when 22-30% of the studied eclogite was melted, the melts are quartz monzonitic in composition. According to the reported experimental results, we suggest that partial melting of oceanic crust is unlikely in a subduction zone. However, ascending melange diapirs, composed of material from the upper portion of a deep-seated subducted oceanic slab, can partially melt in the hot mantle wedge. The thus generated melts further ascend to contribute to lavas of magmatic arc systems.
DS1993-1511
1993
Foden, J.Song, S.H., Foden, J.Geochemical evolution of lithospheric mantle beneath Southeast South Australia.The Xenolith window into the lower crust, abstract volume and workshop, p. 18AustraliaGeochemistry, Mantle
DS1997-1176
1997
Foden, J.Turner, S., Foden, J., Hawkesworth, C.State of the Arc'97 Island Arc magma genesis workshopGeol. Society of Australia Abstracts, No. 45, 115p. approx. 50.00AustraliaBook - table of contents, Island arc magma
DS2000-0705
2000
Foden, J.Neumann, N., Sandiford, M., Foden, J.Regional geochemistry and continental heat flow implications for the origin of the South Australian....Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol.183, No.1-2, Nov.30, pp.107-20.Australia, southHeat flow anomaly
DS2002-0464
2002
Foden, J.Foden, J., Song, Turner, Elburg, Smith, VandersteldtGeochemical evolution of lithospheric mantle beneath southeast South AustraliaChemical Geology, Vol.182, 2-4, Feb.15, pp.663-95.Southeast AustraliaGeochemistry
DS2002-0465
2002
Foden, J.Foden, J., Song-Suck-Hwan, Turner, S., Elburg, M., Smith, P.B., Van der StedtGeochemical evolution of lithospheric mantle beneath S.E. South AustraliaChemical Geology, Vol. 182, No. 2-4, pp. 663-95.AustraliaMagmatism
DS200612-0401
2006
Foden, J.Foden, J.Ultra depletion of the mantle and the development of boninite on the initiation of subduction.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 70, 18, p. 1, abstract only.MantleBoninites
DS200812-0360
2008
Foden, J.Foden, J., Tappert, R., Wills, K.The source and origin of the Mesozoic kimberlites in South Australia.9IKC.com, 3p. extended abstractAustraliaDeposit - Eurelia
DS200912-0748
2009
Foden, J.Tappert, R., Foden, J., Stachel, T., Muehlenbacher, K., Tappert, M., Wills, K.Deep mantle diamonds from South Australia: a record of Pacific subduction at the Gondwanan margin.Geology, Vol. 37, 1, pp. 43-46.Australia, South AustraliaDiamond genesis
DS200912-0749
2009
Foden, J.Tappert, R., Foden, J., Stachel, T., Muehlenbachs, K., Tappert, M., Wills, K.The diamonds of South Australia.Lithos, In press available 49p.AustraliaDiamond inclusions
DS200912-0750
2009
Foden, J.Tappert, R., Foden, J., Wills, K.The petrology of kimberlites in South Australia.Goldschmidt Conference 2009, p. A1315 Abstract.AustraliaDeposit - Eurelia
DS201112-1031
2011
Foden, J.Tappert, R., Foden, J., Muehlenbachs, K., Wills, K.Garnet peridotite xenoliths and xenocrysts from the Monk Hill kimberlite, South Australia: insights into the lithospheric mantle beneath the Adelaide fold belt.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 52, no. 10, pp. 1965-1986.AustraliaDeposit - Monk Hill
DS201904-0787
2019
Foden, J.Tappert, R., Foden, J., Heaman, L., Tappert, M.C., Zurevinski, S.E., Wills, K.The petrology of kimberlites from South Australia: linking olivine macrocrystic and micaceous kimberlites.Journal of Volacnology and Geothermal Research, Vol. 373, pp. 68-96.Australia, South Australiadeposit - Eurelia

Abstract: Kimberlites of Jurassic age occur in various parts of South Australia. Thirty-nine of these kimberlites, which are mostly new discoveries, were studied to characterize their structural setting, their petrography, and the composition of their constituent minerals. Although some of the kimberlites in South Australia occur on the Archean to Paleoproterozoic Gawler Block, most are part of a northwest-trending, semi-continuous kimberlite dike swarm located in the Adelaide Fold Belt. The kimberlites typically occur as dikes or sills, but diatremes are also present. In the Adelaide Fold Belt, diatremes are restricted to the hinge zones of regional-scale folds within thick sedimentary sequences of the Adelaidean Supergroup. Despite widespread and severe alteration, coherent and pyroclastic kimberlites can be readily distinguished. U-Pb and Sr/Nd isotopic compositions of groundmass perovskite indicate that all kimberlites belong to the same age group (177-197?Ma) and formed in a near-primitive mantle environment (87Sr/86Sr: 0.7038-0.7052, ?Nd: ?0.07 to +2.97). However, the kimberlites in South Australia are compositionally diverse, and range from olivine-dominated varieties (macrocrystic kimberlites) to olivine-poor, phlogopite-dominated varieties (micaceous kimberlites). Macrocrystic kimberlites contain magnesium-rich groundmass phlogopite and spinel, and they are typically olivine macrocryst-rich. Micaceous kimberlites, in contrast, contain more iron- and titanium-rich groundmass phlogopite and less magnesian spinel, and olivine macrocrysts are rare or absent. Correlations between phlogopite and spinel compositions with modal abundances of olivine, indicate that the contrast between macrocrystic and micaceous kimberlites is primarily linked to the amount of mantle components that were incorporated into a compositionally uniform parental mafic silicate melt. We propose that assimilation of xenocrystic magnesite and incorporation of xenocrystic olivine from dunitic source rocks were the key processes that modified the parental silicate melt and created the unique hybrid (carbonate-silicate) character of kimberlites. Based on the composition of xenoliths and xenocrysts, the lithospheric mantle sampled by the South Australian kimberlites is relatively uniform, and extends to depths of 160-170?km, which is slightly below the diamond stability field. Only beneath the Eurelia area does the lithosphere appear thicker (>175?km), which is consistent with the presence of diamonds in some of the Eurelia kimberlites.
DS201709-1954
2017
Foden, J.D.Armistead, S.E., Collins, A.S., Payne, J.L., Foden, J.D., De Waele, B., Shaji, E., Santosh, M.A re-evaluation of the Kumta Suture in western peninsular India and its extension into Madagascar,Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, in press available, 47p.India, Africa, Madagascartectonis

Abstract: It has long been recognised that Madagascar was contiguous with India until the Late Cretaceous. However, the timing and nature of the amalgamation of these two regions remain highly contentious as is the location of Madagascar against India in Gondwana. Here we address these issues with new U-Pb and Lu-Hf zircon data from five metasedimentary samples from the Karwar Block of India and new Lu-Hf data from eight previously dated igneous rocks from central Madagascar and the Antongil-Masora domains of eastern Madagascar. New U-Pb data from Karwar-region detrital zircon grains yield two dominant age peaks at c. 3100 Ma and c. 2500 Ma. The c. 3100 Ma population has relatively juvenile ?Hf(t) values that trend toward an evolved signature at c. 2500 Ma. The c. 2500 Ma population shows a wide range of ?Hf(t) values reflecting mixing of an evolved source with a juvenile source at that time. These data, and the new Lu-Hf data from Madagascar, are compared with our new compilation of over 7000 U-Pb and 1000 Lu-Hf analyses from Madagascar and India. We have used multidimensional scaling to assess similarities in these data in a statistically robust way. We propose that the Karwar Block of western peninsular India is an extension of the western Dharwar Craton and not part of the Antananarivo Domain of Madagascar as has been suggested in some models. Based on ?Hf(t) signatures we also suggest that India (and the Antongil-Masora domains of Madagascar) were palaeogeographically isolated from central Madagascar (the Antananarivo Domain) during the Palaeoproterozoic. This supports a model where central Madagascar and India amalgamated during the Neoproterozoic along the Betsimisaraka Suture.
DS201709-2032
2017
Foden, J.D.Meredith, A.S., Collins, A.S., Williams, S.E., Pisarevsky, S., Foden, J.D., Archibald, D.B., Blades, M.L., Alessio, B.L., Armistead, S., Plavsa, D., Clark, C., Muller, R.D.A full plate global reconstruction of the Neoproterozoic.Gondwana Research, Vol. 50, pp. 84-134.Globalneoproterozoic

Abstract: Neoproterozoic tectonic geography was dominated by the formation of the supercontinent Rodinia, its break-up and the subsequent amalgamation of Gondwana. The Neoproterozoic was a tumultuous time of Earth history, with large climatic variations, the emergence of complex life and a series of continent-building orogenies of a scale not repeated until the Cenozoic. Here we synthesise available geological and palaeomagnetic data and build the first full-plate, topological model of the Neoproterozoic that maps the evolution of the tectonic plate configurations during this time. Topological models trace evolving plate boundaries and facilitate the evaluation of “plate tectonic rules” such as subduction zone migration through time when building plate models. There is a rich history of subduction zone proxies preserved in the Neoproterozoic geological record, providing good evidence for the existence of continent-margin and intra-oceanic subduction zones through time. These are preserved either as volcanic arc protoliths accreted in continent-continent, or continent-arc collisions, or as the detritus of these volcanic arcs preserved in successor basins. Despite this, we find that the model presented here still predicts less subduction (ca. 90%) than on the modern earth, suggesting that we have produced a conservative model and are likely underestimating the amount of subduction, either due to a simplification of tectonically complex areas, or because of the absence of preservation in the geological record (e.g. ocean-ocean convergence). Furthermore, the reconstruction of plate boundary geometries provides constraints for global-scale earth system parameters, such as the role of volcanism or ridge production on the planet's icehouse climatic excursion during the Cryogenian. Besides modelling plate boundaries, our model presents some notable departures from previous Rodinia models. We omit India and South China from Rodinia completely, due to long-lived subduction preserved on margins of India and conflicting palaeomagnetic data for the Cryogenian, such that these two cratons act as ‘lonely wanderers’ for much of the Neoproterozoic. We also introduce a Tonian-Cryogenian aged rotation of the Congo-São Francisco Craton relative to Rodinia to better fit palaeomagnetic data and account for thick passive margin sediments along its southern margin during the Tonian. The GPlates files of the model are released to the public and it is our expectation that this model can act as a foundation for future model refinements, the testing of alternative models, as well as providing constraints for both geodynamic and palaeoclimate models.
DS201904-0715
2019
Foden, J.D.Armistead, S.E., Collins, A.S., Redaa, A., Gilbert, S., Jepson, G., Gillespie, J., Blades, M.L., Foden, J.D., Razakamana, T.Structural evolution and medium temperature thermochronology of central Madagascar: implications for Gondwana amalgamation.Journal of the Geological Society of London, in press available 25p.Africa, Madagascarthermochronology

Abstract: Madagascar occupied an important place in the amalgamation of Gondwana, and preserves a record of several Neoproterozoic events that can be linked to orogenesis of the East African Orogen. We integrate remote sensing and field data to unravel complex deformation in the Ikalamavony and Itremo domains of central Madagascar. The deformation sequence comprises a gneissic foliation (S1), followed by south to south-west directed, tight to isoclinal, recumbent folding (D2). These are overprinted by north-trending upright folds that formed during a ~E-W shortening event. Together these produced type 1 and type 2 fold interference patterns throughout the Itremo and Ikalamavony domains. Apatite U-Pb and muscovite and biotite Rb-Sr thermochronometers indicate that much of central Madagascar was thermally reset to at least ~500oC at c. 500 Ma. Deformation in west-central Madagascar occurred between c. 750 Ma and c. 550 Ma, and we suggest this deformation formed in response to the c. 650 Ma collision of Azania with Africa along the Vohibory Suture in southwestern Madagascar. In eastern Madagascar, deformation is syn- to post-550 Ma, which formed in response to the final closure of the Mozambique Ocean along the Betsimisaraka Suture that amalgamated Madagascar with the Dharwar Craton of India.
DS202010-1826
2020
Foden, J.D.Armistead, S.E., Collins, A.S., Redaa, A., Jepson, G., Gillespie, J., Gilbert, S., Blades, M.L., Foden, J.D., RazakMnN, T.Structural evolution and medium temperature thermochronology of central Madagascar: implications for Gondwana amalagamation.Journal of the Geological Society, Vol. 177, pp. 784-798.Africa, Madagascargeothermometry

Abstract: Madagascar occupied an important place in the amalgamation of Gondwana and preserves a record of several Neoproterozoic events that are linked to orogenesis of the East African Orogen. In this study, we integrate remote sensing, field data and thermochronology to unravel complex deformation in the Ikalamavony and Itremo domains of central Madagascar. The deformation sequence comprises a gneissic foliation (S1), followed by south- to SW-directed, tight to isoclinal, recumbent folding (D2). These are overprinted by north-trending upright folds that formed during an approximately east-west shortening event (D3). Together these produced type 1 and type 2 fold interference patterns throughout the Itremo and Ikalamavony domains. We show that the Itremo and Ikalamavony domains were deformed together in the same orogenic system, which we interpret as the c. 630 Ma collision of Azania with Africa along the Vohibory Suture in southwestern Madagascar. In eastern Madagascar, deformation is syn- to post-550 Ma, and probably formed in response to final closure of the Mozambique Ocean along the Betsimisaraka Suture that amalgamated Madagascar with the Dharwar Craton of India. Apatite U-Pb and novel laser ablation triple quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-QQQ-ICP-MS) muscovite and biotite Rb-Sr thermochronology indicates that much of central Madagascar cooled through c. 500°C at c. 500 Ma.
DS202103-0367
2021
Foden, J.D.Armistad, S.E., Collins, A.S., Schmitt, R.S., Costa, R.L., De Waele, B., Razakamanana, T., Payne, J.L., Foden, J.D.Proterozoic basin evolution and tectonic geography of Madagascar: implications for an East Africa connection during the Paleoproterozoic. ( zircon analyses link Tanzania craton and India)Tectonics, doi/epdf/10. 10292020Tc006498 Africa, Madagascarcraton

Abstract: Madagascar hosts several Paleoproterozoic sedimentary sequences that are key to unravelling the geodynamic evolution of past supercontinents on Earth. New detrital zircon U-Pb and Hf data, and a substantial new database of ?15,000 analyses are used here to compare and contrast sedimentary sequences in Madagascar, Africa and India. The Itremo Group in central Madagascar, the Sahantaha Group in northern Madagascar, the Maha Group in eastern Madagascar, and the Ambatolampy Group in central Madagascar have indistinguishable age and isotopic characteristics. These samples have maximum depositional ages > 1700 Ma, with major zircon age peaks at c. 2500 Ma, c. 2000 Ma and c. 1850 Ma. We name this the Greater Itremo Basin, which covered a vast area of Madagascar in the late Paleoproterozoic. These samples are also compared with those from the Tanzania and the Congo cratons of Africa, and the Dharwar Craton and Southern Granulite Terrane of India. We show that the Greater Itremo Basin and sedimentary sequences in the Tanzania Craton of Africa are correlatives. These also tentatively correlate with sedimentary protoliths in the Southern Granulite Terrane of India, which together formed a major intra?Nuna/Columbia sedimentary basin that we name the Itremo?Muva?Pandyan Basin. A new Paleoproterozoic plate tectonic configuration is proposed where central Madagascar is contiguous with the Tanzania Craton to the west and the Southern Granulite Terrane to the east. This model strongly supports an ancient Proterozoic origin for central Madagascar and a position adjacent to the Tanzania Craton of East Africa.
DS201705-0854
2017
Foden, J.F.Merdith, A.S., Collins, A.S., Williams, S.E., Pisarevsky, S., Foden, J.F., Archibald, D., Blades, M.L., Alessio, B.L., Armistead, S., Plavsa, D., Clark, C., Muller, R.D.A full plate global reconstruction of the Neoproterozoic.Gondwana Research, in press available 155p.Gondwana, RodiniaGeodynamics

Abstract: Neoproterozoic tectonic geography was dominated by the formation of the supercontinent Rodinia, its break-up and the subsequent amalgamation of Gondwana. The Neoproterozoic was a tumultuous time of Earth history, with large climatic variations, the emergence of complex life and a series of continent-building orogenies of a scale not repeated until the Cenozoic. Here we synthesise available geological and palaeomagnetic data and build the first full-plate, topological model of the Neoproterozoic that maps the evolution of the tectonic plate configurations during this time. Topological models trace evolving plate boundaries and facilitate the evaluation of “plate tectonic rules” such as subduction zone migration through time when building plate models. There is a rich history of subduction zone proxies preserved in the Neoproterozoic geological record, providing good evidence for the existence of continent-margin and intra-oceanic subduction zones through time. These are preserved either as volcanic arc protoliths accreted in continent-continent, or continent-arc collisions, or as the detritus of these volcanic arcs preserved in successor basins. Despite this, we find that the model presented here still predicts less subduction (ca. 90%) than on the modern earth, suggesting that we have produced a conservative model and are likely underestimating the amount of subduction, either due to a simplification of tectonically complex areas, or because of the absence of preservation in the geological record (e.g. ocean-ocean convergence). Furthermore, the reconstruction of plate boundary geometries provides constraints for global-scale earth system parameters, such as the role of volcanism or ridge production on the planet's icehouse climatic excursion during the Cryogenian. Besides modelling plate boundaries, our model presents some notable departures from previous Rodinia models. We omit India and South China from Rodinia completely, due to long-lived subduction preserved on margins of India and conflicting palaeomagnetic data for the Cryogenian, such that these two cratons act as ‘lonely wanderers’ for much of the Neoproterozoic. We also introduce a Tonian-Cryogenian aged rotation of the Congo-São Francisco Craton relative to Rodinia to better fit palaeomagnetic data and account for thick passive margin sediments along its southern margin during the Tonian. The GPlates files of the model are released to the public and it is our expectation that this model can act as a foundation for future model refinements, the testing of alternative models, as well as providing constraints for both geodynamic and palaeoclimate models.
DS202104-0612
2020
Fodor, C.Varga, P., Fodor, C.About the energy and age of the plate tectonics.Terra Nova, 10.1111/ter.12518 7p. PdfMantleplate tectonics

Abstract: Recently, a number of research findings have come to light about the age of plate tectonics, and energies are needed to operate it. The aim of present study is to investigate whether the energy of plate tectonics process was different during the Phanerozoic (Pz) and in earlier eons, and if there is such a discrepancy, whether it can be justified by changes in the processes that able to move the plates. The study will track temporal changes in important components of plate tectonics such as length of mid?ocean ridges, subduction zones and relative oceanic crust coverage during Phanerozoic. Next, it will be examined how the knowledge gained in this way can be reconciled with the results of studies of previous eons. It was found that the temporal variation in kinetic energy of axial rotation due to changes in length of day (LOD) can be assumed as a determining energy which acts on the tectonic plates as in the Phanerozoic as earlier in Archean (Arch) and Proterozoic (Ptz).
DS1997-0354
1997
Fodor, D.Fodor, D.Investigations concerning the viability, the reduction and closure of Mines in Romania17th. World Mining Congress Oct. Mexico, pp. 609-630RomaniaEnvironment, Mine closure
DS200412-0094
2004
Fodor, I.Bardossy, G., Fodor, I.Evaluation of uncertainties and risks in geology. New mathematical approaches for their handling.Springer, 221p. approx. $ 130.TechnologyBook - evaluations
DS1970-0471
1972
Fodor, K.K.Aoki, K., Fodor, K.K., Dowty, E.Tremolite with High Richterite-molecule Content in Kimberlite from Buell Park, Arizona.American MINERALOGIST., Vol. 57, PP. 1889-1893.ArizonaKimberlite, Colorado Plateau, Rocky Mountains
DS1990-0476
1990
Fodor, R.V.Fodor, R.V., Sial, A.N., Mukasas, S.B., McKee, E.H.Petrology, isotope characteristics and K-Ar ages of the Maranhao northernBrasil, Mesozoic basalt provinceContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 104, No. 5, pp. 555-567BrazilGeochronology, Basalt
DS1990-0477
1990
Fodor, R.V.Fodor, R.V., Stal, A.N., Mukasa, S.B., McKee, E.H.Petrology, isotope characteristics, and K-Ar ages Of the Maranhao, Northern Brasil, Mesozoic basaltprovinceContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 104, No. 5, pp. 555-567BrazilBasalt, Maranhao
DS1991-0493
1991
Fodor, R.V.Fodor, R.V., Dobosi, G.Magma fractionation, replenishment and mixing as inferred from green ore clinopyroxenes in Pliocene basanite, southern SlovakiaGeological Society of America Annual Meeting Abstract Volume, Vol. 23, No. 5, San Diego, p. A 443Hungary, CzechoslovakiaBasanite, Petrology
DS1991-0494
1991
Fodor, R.V.Fodor, R.V., Gandhok, G.R., Sial, A.N.Vertical sampling of mantle beneath northeastern Brasil as represented by ultramafic xenoliths and megacrysis in Tertiary basaltsProceedings of Fifth International Kimberlite Conference held Araxa June 1991, Servico Geologico do Brasil (CPRM) Special, pp. 101-102BrazilXenoliths, Mantle peridotite
DS1991-1579
1991
Fodor, R.V.Sial, A.N., Fodor, R.V., Long, L.E.Mantle xenoliths of northeast BrasilFifth International Kimberlite Conferences Field Excursion Guidebook, Servico Geologico do Brasil (CPRM) Special, pp. 3-16BrazilMantle, Xenoliths
DS1998-0436
1998
Fodor, R.V.Fodor, R.V., Mukasa, S.B., Sial, A.N.Isotopic and trace element indications of lithospheric and asthenospheric components Tertiary alkalic basaltsLithos, Vol. 43, No. 4, Sept. 1, pp. 197-218BrazilAlkaline rocks, Geochronology
DS2002-0466
2002
Fodor, R.V.Fodor, R.V., Sial, A.N., Gandhok, G.Petrology of spinel peridotite xenoliths from northeastern Brasil: lithosphere with a high geothermal gradient imparted by Fernando de Nornha plume.Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol.15,2,June pp. 183-98.BrazilGeothermometry, Hot spots
DS2002-0467
2002
Fodor, R.V.Fodor, R.V., Sial, A.N., Gandhok, G.Petrology of spinel peridotite xenoliths from northeastern Brasil: lithosphere with a high geothermal gradient imparted by Fernando de Noronha plume.Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 199-214.BrazilTectonics, Xenoliths
DS2002-0468
2002
Fodor, R.V.Fodor, R.V., Sial, A.N., Gandhok, G.Petrology of spinel peridotite xenoliths from northeastern Brasil: lithosphere with a high geothermal gradient imparted by Fernando de Noronha plume.Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol.15,2,June pp. 199-214.Brazil, northeastMagmatism, hot spots, Geothermometry
DS1999-0221
1999
Foerster, A.Foerster, A., Merriam, D.F.Present heat flow along a profile across Western Canada sedimentary basin:the extent of hydrodynamic influenceGeothermics, Computer applications earth sciences, pp. 61-79.Western CanadaBasin - sedimentary
DS202104-0576
2021
Foerster, M.W.Foerster, M.W., Selway, K.Melting of subducted sediments reconciles geophysical images of subduction zones.Nature Communications, Vol. 12, 1, doi:10.10.1038/ s41467-021-21657-8 8p. PdfMantlegeophysics - seismic

Abstract: ediments play a key role in subduction. They help control the chemistry of arc volcanoes and the location of seismic hazards. Here, we present a new model describing the fate of subducted sediments that explains magnetotelluric models of subduction zones, which commonly show an enigmatic conductive anomaly at the trenchward side of volcanic arcs. In many subduction zones, sediments will melt trenchward of the source region for arc melts. High-pressure experiments show that these sediment melts will react with the overlying mantle wedge to produce electrically conductive phlogopite pyroxenites. Modelling of the Cascadia and Kyushu subduction zones shows that the products of sediment melting closely reproduce the magnetotelluric observations. Melting of subducted sediments can also explain K-rich volcanic rocks that are produced when the phlogopite pyroxenites melt during slab roll-back events. This process may also help constrain models for subduction zone seismicity. Since melts and phlogopite both have low frictional strength, damaging thrust earthquakes are unlikely to occur in the vicinity of the melting sediments, while increased fluid pressures may promote the occurrence of small magnitude earthquakes and episodic tremor and slip.
DS202108-1289
2021
Foerster, M.W.Hu, Z., Zeng, L., Foerster, M.W., Li, S., Zhao, L., Gao, L., Li, H., Yang, Y.Recycling of subducted continental crust: geochemical evidence from syn-exhumation Triassic alkaline mafic rocks of the southern Liaodong Peninsula, China.Lithos, 10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106353 13p. Chinaalkaline rocks

Abstract: Syn-exhumation mafic magmatism during continental collision provides insights into the crust-mantle reaction during deep subduction and the nature of orogenic lithospheric mantle in collisional orogens. In this study, we present a comprehensive data set of zircon U-Pb ages and whole-rock major-trace elements as well as Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes of alkaline mafic rocks from the southern Liaodong Peninsula, eastern China. Zircon U-Pb analyses yield Late Triassic age of 213 ± 3 to 217 ± 3 Ma, younger than the Middle Triassic ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks of the Dabie-Sulu orogen. Thus, the alkaline mafic rocks are products of syn-exhumation magmatism during continental collision of the South and North China blocks. The rocks show shoshonitic affinities with high K2O (3.78-5.23 wt%) and K2O/Na2O (0.71-1.22). They are characterized by arc-like trace-element patterns with enriched LILE, Pb, and LREE, and depleted HFSE. They exhibit enriched Sr-Nd isotopic compositions with high initial 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios of 0.7058-0.7061 and negative ?Nd(t) values of ?13.0 to ?15.1. These results suggest involvement of recycled continental crust in their mantle source. The mantle source likely formed by the metasomatic reaction of subducted continental crust-derived melts with the overlying subcontinental lithospheric mantle during the Triassic continental collision. Decompressional melting of this metasomatized mantle formed syn-exhumation mafic magmas during the transition from convergent to extensional tectonics in the Late Triassic. Accordingly, mafic rocks from the southern Liaodong Peninsula provide a geochemical record of the subduction and recycling of continental crust into the mantle and melt-mantle reaction induced metasomatism within the orogen.
DS201807-1490
2018
Fofana, M.Fofana, M., Steyn, T.Monitoring the performance of DMS circuits using RhoVol technology.SAIMM Diamonds - source to use 2018 Conference 'thriving in changing times'. June 11-13., pp. 113-126.Africa, South Africadeposit - Venetia
DS202008-1391
2019
Fofana, M.Fofana, M., Steyn, T.Monitoring the performance of DMS circuits using RhoVol technology. ( DMC)The Journal of the Southern African Insitute of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol. 119, Feb. 6p. PdfAfrica, South AfricaDMC

Abstract: The petrology and bulk-rock sulphur isotopic compositions of kimberlite samples from four localities (Bultfontein, De Beers, Kimberley, Wesselton) of the archetypal Kimberley cluster, South Africa, were used to investigate the origin(s) of S in kimberlites and gain insights into the occurrence of recycled crustal material in the source of Mesozoic kimberlites. The samples, which show variable degrees of alteration, are all hypabyssal and were derived from coherent root-zones as well as dykes and sills. Typical sulphide minerals are Cu-Fe-Ni-sulphides with less common pyrite, galena, sphalerite, and djerfisherite. They occur in a variety of textural associations, for example as groundmass phases, secondary inclusions in olivine, inclusions in matrix phases (e.g., phlogopite), or in carbonate-serpentine segregations. Barite is the most commonly observed sulphate phase. Bulk-sample ?34SVCDT values of sulphides in fresh kimberlites, which mostly do not contain barite, vary from - 2.0 to -5.7 ‰. Slightly altered kimberlite samples, in which sulphides were generally associated with serpentine, returned somewhat higher bulk-sulphide ?34SVCDT (-3.8 to +1.1 ‰). One sample from the Wesselton Water Tunnel Sills complex contains abundant barite and pyrite in its groundmass, with the latter having ?34SVCDT (+0.2 to +1.9 ‰) similar to altered kimberlites. Two further altered samples returned ?34SVCDT values (-10.1 to -13.0 ‰) that suggest a contribution from the local country rocks (Dwyka shale: ?34SVCDT from -10.2 to -10.5 ‰). All samples have near-zero ?33S values, suggesting that material displaying mass-independent fractionation has not played an important role. The negative ?34SVCDT values of fresh kimberlites from Kimberley suggest the involvement of recycled crustal material in their source, which is consistent with radiogenic isotope compositions. Overall, it appears that most kimberlitic sulphide S isotopic compositions can be explained by the action of a few typical magmatic/hydrothermal processes. One of the most important performance indicators of a dense medium cyclone (DMC) circuit is the Tromp curve, and by extension the separation density and Ecart Probable (Ep) values. The densimetric profiles of DMC product streams have been traditionally acquired using heavy liquid sinkfloat analysis, which has certain disadvantages, such as the associated safety and health risks. More recently, non-toxic media such as lithium hetero-polytungstates (LST) have been used, with the desired densities being achieved by maintaining the solutions at specific temperatures. However, the high costs of these liquids can be prohibitive. The long turnaround time of the sink-float analysis is a further disadvantage for timeous interventions to the operating set-points of the DMC process. The RhoVol technology can generate the density distribution of a batch of particles in a rapid, accurate, repeatable, and safe manner. Additional data of interest, such as particle size and shape, are also measured and reported on a per-particle basis. Furthermore, samples can be sorted into discrete sorting bins based on any of the measured parameters of the particle, making further analyses of the material possible. This technology has applications across all commodities that use the DMC, particularly in the size fractions 25 +8 mm and 8 +3 mm. To date, laboratory results have proved very encouraging separation densities are within 5% of traditional sink-float results, and the technology is being introduced to diamond DMC plants.
DS2003-1351
2003
Fofanov, A.D.Svetov, S.A., Fofanov, A.D., Smolkin, V.F., Moshkina, E.V., Repnikova, E.A.Real structure and physical properties of chromites as an indicator of their genesisDoklady Earth Sciences, Kola PeninsulaBlank
DS200412-1954
2003
Fofanov, A.D.Svetov, S.A., Fofanov, A.D., Smolkin, V.F., Moshkina, E.V., Repnikova, E.A., Kevlich, V.I.Real structure and physical properties of chromites as an indicator of their genesis.Doklady Earth Sciences, Vol. 393A, 9, pp. 1272-1275.Russia, Kola PeninsulaSpinel mineralogy
DS200612-0822
2005
Fogel, M.Lindsay, J.F., Brasier, M.D., McLoughlin, N., Green, O.R., Fogel, M., Steele, A., Mertzman, S.A.The problem of deep carbon - an Archean paradox.Precambrian Research, Vol. 143,1-4, Dec. 15, pp. 1-22.AustraliaCarbon dykes, geochronology
DS201112-0713
2011
Fogel, M.L.Mysen, B.O., Kumamoto, K., Cody, G.D., Fogel, M.L.Solubility and solution mechanisms of C-O-H volatiles in silicate melt with variable redox conditions and melt composition at upper mantle temperatures and pressures.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 75, 9, pp. 6183-6199.MantleUHP
DS201312-0064
2013
Fogel, M.L.Bebout, G.E., Fogel, M.L., Cartigny, P.Nitrogen and its (biogeocosmo) chemical cycling: nitrogen: highly volatile yet surprisingly compatible.Elements, Vol. 9, pp. 333-338.TechnologyNitrogen
DS1991-0125
1991
Fogel, R.Blacic, J.D., Mathez, E.A., Maggiore, C., Mitchell, T.E., Fogel, R.Oxygen in diamond by the nuclear microprobe: analytical technique and initial resultsProceedings of Fifth International Kimberlite Conference held Araxa June 1991, Servico Geologico do Brasil (CPRM) Special, pp. 20-22GlobalMicroprobe, Oxygen analyses
DS1993-0980
1993
Fogel, R.A.Mathez, E.A., Blacic, J.D., Maggiore, C., Mitchell, T.E., Fogel, R.A.The determination of the O content of diamond by microactivationAmerican Mineralogist, Vol. 78, No. 7-8, July-August pp. 753-761.South Africa, Botswana, ZaireKimberlites, Deposit -Monastery, Finsch, Orapa, Muji Mayi
DS1995-1178
1995
Fogel, R.A.Mathez, E.A., Fogel, R.A., Hutcheon, I.D., Marshintsev, V.Carbon isotopic composition and origin of SIC from kimberlites of Russia.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 59, No. 4, Feb. pp. 781-792.Russia, YakutiaGeochronology
DS1960-1102
1969
Fogelman, N.A.Fogelman, N.A.Mineralized Explosion Breccias of Cryptovolcanic SystemsDoklady Academy of Science USSR, Earth Science Section., Vol. 188, No. 1-6, PP. 121-123.RussiaKimberlite, Diatreme
DS1910-0045
1910
Fogg, F.P.Fogg, F.P.Genuine Diamond MinesNational Magazine, Vol. 32, SEPTEMBER PP. 604-615.United States, Gulf Coast, Arkansas, PennsylvaniaBlank
DS1996-0230
1996
Fogg, G.E.Carle, S.F., Fogg, G.E.Transition probability based indicator geostatisticsMath. Geol, Vol. 28, No. 4, May pp. 453-477GlobalGeostatistics, Kriging, co-kriging
DS1997-0162
1997
Fogg, G.E.Carle, S.F., Fogg, G.E.Modeling spatial variability width one and multidimensional continuous lag Markov chainsMath. Geol, Vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 891-918GlobalGeostatistics, Kriging, cokriging
DS200412-1952
2004
Fogson, R.E.Sutherland, F.L., Hollis, J.D., Birch, W.D., Fogson, R.E., Raynor, L.R.Cumulate rich xenolith suite in Late Cenozoic basaltic eruptives Hepburn Lagoon, Newlyn in relation to western Victorian lithospAustralian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 51, 3, June pp. 319-338.AustraliaXenoliths
DS1993-0447
1993
Fohlmeister, I.F.Fohlmeister, I.F.Hotspots, mantle convection and plate tectonics towards a synthesisAmerican Geophysical Union, EOS, supplement Abstract Volume, October, Vol. 74, No. 43, October 26, abstract p. 598.MantleHotspots, Tectonics
DS2002-0469
2002
Fohlmeister, J.F.Fohlmeister, J.F., Renka, R.J.Distribution of mantle up welling determined from plate motions: a case for large scale Benard Convection.Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 29, 10, DOI 10.1029/2001GL014625MantleHot spots, plumes
DS1900-0552
1907
Fohs, F.J.Fohs, F.J.Fluorspar Deposits of KentuckyKentucky Geological Survey Bulletin., No. 9, 296P.United States, Kentucky, Central StatesGemstones
DS1910-0046
1910
Fohs, F.J.Fohs, F.J.The Fluorspar, Lead and Zinc Deposits of Western KentuckyEconomic Geology, Vol. 5, PP. 377-386.United States, Kentucky, Central StatesBlank
DS1989-0266
1989
Foin, P.Chorowicz, J., Kim, J., Manoussis, S., Rudant, J-P., Foin, P.A new technique for recognition of geological and geomorphological patterns in digital terrain modelsRemote Sensing of the Environment, Vol. 29, pp. 229-239GlobalRemote sensing, Geomorphology
DS1987-0216
1987
Foit, F.F.Foit, F.F., Hooper, R.L., Rosenberg, P.E.An unusual pyroxene, melilite and iron oxide mineral assemblage in a coalfire buchite from Buffalo WyomingAmerican Mineralogist, Vol. 72, No. 1-2, Jan-Feb. pp. 137-147WyomingUSA, Melilite
DS200812-1028
2008
Fokin, A.A.Schwertfeger, H., Fokin, A.A., Schrteiner, P.R.'Diamonds are a chemists best friend'' (in German)Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 120, 6, pp. 1038-1053.TechnologyMineral chemistry
DS2002-1497
2002
Fokin, M.Sinha, A.K., Fokin, M.Mantle plumes and the breakup of supercontinent Rodinia16th. International Conference On Basement Tectonics '02, Abstracts, 1p.abst., 1p.abst.Virginia, North CarolinaGrenville Age basement rocks
DS200512-0567
2004
Fokin, P.A.Korotaev, M.V., Ershov, A.V., Fokin, P.A.Syncompressional lithosphere folding in the East European Craton.Moscow University Geology Bulletin, Vol. 59, 1, pp. 1-12.EuropeTectonics
DS2003-1410
2003
Fokkema, J.T.Van der Kruk, J., Wapenaar, C.P.A., Fokkema, J.T., Van den Berg, P.M.Three dimensional imaging of multicomponent ground penetrating radar dataGeophysics, Vol. 68, 4, pp. 1241-54.GlobalGeophysics - radar not specific to diamonds
DS200412-2036
2003
Fokkema, J.T.Van der Kruk, J., Wapenaar, C.P.A., Fokkema, J.T., Van den Berg, P.M.Three dimensional imaging of multicomponent ground penetrating radar data.Geophysics, Vol. 68, 4, pp. 1241-54.TechnologyGeophysics - radar not specific to diamonds
DS1981-0082
1981
Foland, K.A.Bergman, S.C., Foland, K.A., Spera, F.J.On the Origin of an Amphibole Rich Vein in a Peridotite Inclusion from the Lunar Crater Volcanic Fields, Nevada, United States (us)Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 56, PP. 343-361.United States, NevadaGreat Basin, Mineral Chemistry
DS1986-0247
1986
Foland, K.A.Foland, K.A., Henderson, C.M.B.Crustal contamination during genesis of the Mont. St. Hilairealkaline igneous complex, QuebecEos, Vol. 67, No. 16, April 22, p. 389. (abstract.)QuebecNepheline syenite, Alkaline rocks
DS1986-0290
1986
Foland, K.A.Gilbert, L.A., Foland, K.A.The Mont St. Hilaire plutonic complex: occurrence of excess 40Ar and short intrusion historyCanadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 23, No. 7, July pp. 948-958QuebecCarbonatite
DS1989-0435
1989
Foland, K.A.Foland, K.A., Chen, J.-F, Linder, J.S., Henderson, C.M.B., WhillansHigh resolution 40Ar/39Ar chronology of multiple intrusion igneouscomplexes, . Application to the Cretaceous Mount Brome complex, Quebec, CanadaContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 102, No. 2, pp. 127-137QuebecMount Brome, Igneous complex
DS1989-0622
1989
Foland, K.A.Henderson, C.M.R., Pendlebury, K., Foland, K.A.Mineralogy and petrology of the Red Hill alkaline igneous complex, NewHampshire, United States (US)Journal of Petrology, Vol. 30, No. 3, June pp. 627-666GlobalAlkaline rocks, Red Hill complex
DS1991-0262
1991
Foland, K.A.Chen Jiangfeng, Foland, K.A., Xing Fengming, Xu Xiang, Zhou TaixiMagmatism along the southeast margin of the Yangtse block: Precambrian collision of the Yangtse and Cathysia blocks of ChinaGeology, Vol. 19, No. 8, August, pp. 815-818ChinaTectonics, Ophiolites
DS1991-0745
1991
Foland, K.A.Hubacher, F.A., Foland, K.A.40Ar/39Ar ages for Cretaceous intrusions of the White Mountain magmaseries, northern New England and their tectonic implicationsGeological Society of America Abstracts, Vol. 23, No. 1, February p. 47Quebec, MaineTectonics, Geochronology
DS1992-0968
1992
Foland, K.A.Luttinen, A.V., Zhang, X., Foland, K.A.159 Ma Kjakebeinet lamproites ( Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica) and theirGeological Magazine, Vol. 139, 5, pp. 525-39.Antarctica, Dronning Maud LandLamproites, Tectonics
DS1994-0291
1994
Foland, K.A.Chen, J., Henderson, C.M.B., Foland, K.A.Open system, subvolcanic magmatic evolution: constraints on the petrogenesis Mount Brome alkaline C.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 1127-1153.QuebecAlkaline complex, Deposit -Mount Brome
DS1994-0529
1994
Foland, K.A.Foland, K.A., Landoll, .J.D., Henderson, C.M.B.Some consequences of interaction between mantle magmas and crust in the formation of epizonal alkaline complexes.Geological Association of Canada (GAC) Abstract Volume, Vol. 19, p.MantleAlkaline rocks
DS1994-0976
1994
Foland, K.A.Landoll, J.D., Foland, K.A., Chen, J-F., Henderson, C.M.B.The role of crustal contamination in the formation of silica oversaturated rocks in the Montregian Hills province, Quebec.Geological Association of Canada (GAC) Abstract Volume, Vol. 19, p. posterQuebecAlkaline rocks, Montregian Hills
DS1996-0622
1996
Foland, K.A.Henderson, C.M.B., Foland, K.A.Barium and Titanium rich primary biotite from the Brome alkaline igneous complex, Montregian Hills: substitution ...Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 34, pt. 6, pp. 1241-52.QuebecSpectroscopy, Mechanisms -substitution
DS1996-0804
1996
Foland, K.A.Landol, J.D., Foland, K.A.The formation of quartz syenite by crustal contamination at Mont Shefford and other MontregianCanadian Mineralogist, Vol. 34, pt. 2, April pp. 301-324.QuebecMetasomatism, Montregian Complexes
DS1997-1093
1997
Foland, K.A.Spped, R.C., Sharp, W.D., Foland, K.A.Late Paleozoic granitoid gneisses of northeastern Venezuela and the North america Gondwana collision zoneJournal of Geology, Vol. 105, No. 4, July, pp. 475-470VenezuelaTectonics
DS2002-1299
2002
Foland, K.A.Rahl, J.M.,McGrew, A.J., Foland, K.A.Transition from contraction to extension in the northeastern Basin and Range: new evidence from...Journal of Geology, Vol.110,1,pp. 179-94.NevadaTectonics, Copper Mountains area
DS200512-0201
2004
Foland, K.A.Dahl, P.S., Hamilton, M.A., Wooden, J.L., Tracy, R.J., Loehn, C.W., Jones, C.L., Foland, K.A.Do 2450-2480 mineral ages from Wyoming cratonic margins (USA) indicate incipient breakup of supercontinet Kenorland?Geological Society of America Annual Meeting ABSTRACTS, Nov. 7-10, Paper 142-8, Vol. 36, 5, p. 340.United States, WyomingGeochronology
DS200712-0212
2007
Foland, K.A.Dahl, P.S., Hamilton, M.A., Wooden, J.L., Foland, K.A., Frei, R., McCombc, J.A., Holm, D.K.2480 Ma mafic magmatism in the northern Black Hills, South Dakota: a new link connecting the Wyoming and Superior Cratons.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 43, 10, pp. 1579-1600.United States, Wyoming, Canada, AlbertaMagmatism
DS1994-0093
1994
Folden, C.A.Balaban, A.T., Klein, D.J., Folden, C.A.Diamond graphite hybridsChem. P. Letters, Vol. 217, No. 3, Jan. 14, pp. 266-270. # MR402GlobalMineralogy, Graphite
DS202005-0721
2020
Foley, B.J.Bauer, A.M., Reimink, J.R., Chacko, T., Foley, B.J., Shirey, S.B., Pearson, D.G.Hafnium isotopes in zircons document the gradual onset of mobile-lid tectonics. ( Pilbara, Zimbabwe, Slave, Singhbhum, Rae, Wyoming, Jack HillsGeochemical Perspectives Letters, Vol. 14, pp. 1-6.GlobalTectonics

Abstract: The tectonic regime of the early Earth has proven enigmatic due to a scarcity of preserved continental crust, yet how early continents were generated is key to deciphering Earth’s evolution. Here we show that a compilation of data from 4.3 to 3.4 Ga igneous and detrital zircons records a secular shift to higher 176Hf/177Hf after ~3.8-3.6 Ga. This globally evident shift indicates that continental crust formation before ~3.8-3.6 Ga largely occurred by internal reworking of long-lived mafic protocrust, whereas later continental crust formation involved extensive input of relatively juvenile magmas, which were produced from rapid remelting of oceanic lithosphere. We propose that this secular shift in the global hafnium isotope record reflects a gradual yet widespread transition from stagnant-lid to mobile-lid tectonics on the early Earth.
DS201312-0044
2013
Foley, N.Ayuso, R., Tucker, R., Peters, S., Foley, N., Jackson, J., Robinson, S., Bove, M.Preliminary radiogenic isotope study on the origin of the Khanneshin carbonatite complex, Helmand Province, Afghanistan.Journal of Geochemical Exploration, Vol. 133, pp. 6-14.AfghanistanCarbonatite
DS201112-0615
2010
Foley, N.K.Long, K.R., Van Gosen, B.S., Foley, N.K., Cordier, D.The principal rare earth elements deposits of the United States - a summary of domestic deposits and a global perspective.U.S. Geological Survey, United StatesREE
DS1982-0210
1982
Foley, S.Foley, S.Petrology, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Alkaline Intrusive Rocks from East Labrador.Msc., Memorial University Newfoundland., Canada, Quebec, LabradorBlank
DS1990-0478
1990
Foley, S.Foley, S.The origin of olivine lamproites- first results from the diamond stabilityfieldTerra, Abstracts of Experimental mineralogy, petrology and, Vol. 2, December abstracts p. 73AustraliaLamproite, Diamond genesis
DS1990-0601
1990
Foley, S.Green, D.H., Taylor, W.R., Foley, S.The earth's upper mantle as a source for volatilesUniversity of Western Australia Publishing, Proceedings on Conference on stable isotopes and, No. 23, pp. 17-34GlobalMantle, Geochemistry
DS1991-0495
1991
Foley, S.Foley, S.high pressure stability of the fluor and hydroxy end members of pargasite and K-richteriteGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 55, pp. 2689-2694GlobalLamproite, Experimental petrology
DS1992-0471
1992
Foley, S.Foley, S.Petrological characterization of the source components of potassic magmas -geochemical and experimental constraints (review)Lithos, Vol. 28, No. 3-6. November pp. 187-204GlobalPetrology, Potassic magmas
DS1992-0472
1992
Foley, S.Foley, S.Vein-plus-wall-rock melting mechanism in the lithosphere and the origin of potassic alkaline magmasLithos, Vol. 28, No. 3-6. November pp. 435-453GlobalPotassic rocks
DS1994-0530
1994
Foley, S.Foley, S., Hofer, H., Brey, G.high pressure synthesis of Priderite and members of Lindsleyite-mathiasite and hawthornite-Yimengite seriesContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 117, No. 2, July, pp. 164-174.GlobalMineralogy, Priderite
DS1998-1621
1998
Foley, S.Zack, T., Foley, S., Rivers, T.Trace element partitioning between hydrous minerals ( phengite, zoisite, amphibole) and omphacite: hydrationMineralogical Magazine, Goldschmidt abstract, Vol. 62A, p. 1679-80.GlobalSubduction, Eclogites
DS2003-1380
2003
Foley, S.Tiepolo, M., Zanetti, A., Oberti, R., Brumm, R., Foley, S., Vannucci, R.Trace element partitioning between synthetic potassic richterites and silicate melts, andEuropean Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 15, 2, pp. 329-40.GlobalMineralogy
DS200412-0563
2004
Foley, S.Foley, S., Vannucci, R., Jacob, D., Tiepolo, M.The geochemical signature and origin of Archean TTG gneisses: melting of amphibolite or eclogite?Lithos, ABSTRACTS only, Vol. 73, p. S38. abstractTechnologySubduction
DS200412-1992
2003
Foley, S.Tiepolo, M., Zanetti, A., Oberti, R., Brumm, R., Foley, S., Vannucci, R.Trace element partitioning between synthetic potassic richterites and silicate melts, and contrasts with the partitioning behaviEuropean Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 15, 2, pp. 329-40.TechnologyMineralogy
DS200812-0361
2008
Foley, S.Foley, S.A trace element perspective on Archean crust formation and on the presence oor absence of Archean subduction.Geological Society of America Special Paper, 440, pp. 31-51.MantleSubduction
DS201112-0323
2011
Foley, S.Foley, S.Mantle migmatites and alkaline rock genesis.Peralk-Carb 2011, workshop held Tubingen Germany June 16-18, AbstractMantleGenesis - overview
DS201910-2310
2019
Foley, S.Yaxley, G., Foley, S.Mantle metasomatism, oxidation and kimberlite magma genesis.Goldschmidt2019, 1p. AbstractMantlediamond genesis

Abstract: High pressure experimental studies investigating the petrogenesis of kimberlites have focussed on the effects of CO2 and/or H2O on deep, partial melting of peridotite, or on locating the point of multiple saturation of peridotite phases on the liquidus of putative “primary” kimberlite melts in pressure-temperature space. These studies have failed to reach consensus regarding the source mineralogy or the pressure-temperature conditions of partial melting. An alternative hypothesis is that precursor melts to Group I kimberlites formed under conditions too reducing for carbonate stability, around the iron-wüstite (IW) buffer in the asthenospheric mantle below the cratonic lithosphere. The few experimental constraints on the nature of partial melts produced under these conditions suggest they are hydrous, highly olivine-normative and may contain a small dissolved carbonate component; they are not yet kimberlites at this early stage. Kimberlites have sampled large vertical sections of the cratonic lithospheric mantle in many locations, as garnet peridotite xenoliths. Studies of these xenoliths show that the cratonic mantle decreases in oxygen fugacity (ƒO2) with depth, reaching values ? IW near the base of the lithosphere at 6-7 GPa. However, many deep samples were metasomatically enriched and oxidised to ƒO2 values at which carbonate phases are stable [1,2]. Metasomatism in the deep cratonic mantle may also lead to enrichment in K2O, CaO, CO2 and H2O as modal metasomatic phases such as carbonates, phlogopite and clinopyroxene [3]. The asthenosphere-derived, reduced precursor melts to kimberlites may segregate from their source region and interact with this metasomatised lithosphere, dissolving these metasomatic components and evolving to high K/Na, CaO, CO2 and H2O-rich melts, which on modification during transport to the surface, may erupt as kimberlites.
DS202102-0188
2020
Foley, S.Fiorentini, M.L., O'Neill, C., Giuliani, A., Choi, E., Maas, R., Pirajno, F., Foley, S.Bushveld superplume drove Proterozoic magmatism and metallogenesis in Australia. Nature Scientific Reports, doi.org/10.1038/ s41598-020-76800-0 10p. PdfAustralia, Africa, South Africaalkaline magmatism

Abstract: Large-scale mantle convective processes are commonly reflected in the emplacement of Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs). These are high-volume, short-duration magmatic events consisting mainly of extensive flood basalts and their associated plumbing systems. One of the most voluminous LIPs in the geological record is the ~?2.06 billion-year-old Bushveld Igneous Complex of South Africa (BIC), one of the most mineralised magmatic complexes on Earth. Surprisingly, the known geographic envelope of magmatism related to the BIC is limited to a series of satellite intrusions in southern Africa and has not been traced further afield. This appears inconsistent with the inferred large size of the BIC event. Here, we present new radiometric ages for alkaline magmatism in the Archean Yilgarn Craton (Western Australia), which overlap the emplacement age of the BIC and indicate a much more extensive geographic footprint of the BIC magmatic event. To assess plume involvement at this distance, we present numerical simulations of mantle plume impingement at the base of the lithosphere, and constrain a relationship between the radial extent of volcanism versus time, excess temperature and plume size. These simulations suggest that the thermal influence of large plume events could extend for thousands of km within a few million years, and produce widespread alkaline magmatism, crustal extension potentially leading to continental break-up, and large ore deposits in distal sectors. Our results imply that superplumes may produce very extensive and diverse magmatic and metallogenic provinces, which may now be preserved in widely-dispersed continental blocks.
DS202104-0588
2021
Foley, S.Liu, Z., Shea, J., Foley, S., Bussweiler, Y., Rohrbach, A., Klemme, S., BerndtClarifying source assemblages and metasomatic agents for basaltic rocks in eastern Australia using olivine phenocryst compositions. Basanites, melilititesLithos, in press available, 74p. PdfAustraliametasomatism

Abstract: Many Cenozoic basaltic rocks in Eastern Australia exhibit an age-progressive trend from north to south, leading to the suggestion that one or more mantle plumes passed beneath the Australian plate. Trace element patterns indicate that the source regions have been metasomatised by infiltrating melts, but the source rock assemblages have never been closely identified. Here, trace element analyses of olivine and whole rock geochemistry for several occurrences in New South Wales (Bingara-Inverell, Dubbo, Barrington and Ebor) are combined to characterize the mineralogy of the source and identify the nature of the melts that caused the metasomatic enrichment. According to Ni/Mg against Mn/Fe and Zn/Fe ratios in olivines, Zn/Fe and FC3MS (FeOT/CaO-3*MgO/SiO2) parameters in whole rocks, tholeiite, alkali basalt, and basanite rich in olivine xenocrysts from Dubbo were derived from pyroxenite-dominated mixed source, mixed pyroxenite+peridotite source, and peridotite-dominated source, respectively. Similarly, basalts from Ebor and Bingara/Inverell are suggested to originate from a mixed pyroxenite+peridotite source based on their high FC3MS values. In contrast, the source of basanite and picrobasalt from Barrington was peridotite with little pyroxenite. High Li and Zn in olivines, high P2O5/TiO2 and Zr/Hf at low Ti/Eu in whole rocks illustrate that the pyroxenite sources of basanites from Bingara/Inverell, Barrington and Dubbo resulted from variable degrees of carbonatitic metasomatism. Partial melting of peridotite metasomatised by carbonatite melts at around the spinel-garnet peridotite transition depth produced basalts and basanites from Dubbo, Barrington, Ebor, Bingara/Inverell and Buckland (Queensland). Carbonatitic metasomatism is widespread in the eastern Australian mantle lithosphere, occurring seaboard of a ledge between thick lithosphere beneath the Australian continent that stretches from Queensland, through New South Wales to Victoria.
DS202204-0548
2022
Foley, S.Zou, Z., Wang, Z., Foley, S., Xu, R., Geng, X., Liu, Y-N., Liu, Y., Hu, Z.Origin of low-MgO primitive intraplate alkaline basalts from partial melting of carbonate-bearing eclogite sources. Hannuoba Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, in press available, 53p.Chinaeclogite

Abstract: Alkaline basalts occur widely in intraplate settings and carbonate-bearing mantle sources such as carbonated peridotites are increasingly regarded to play a key role in their formation. Carbonated eclogites, most likely the products of subducted carbonate-bearing altered oceanic crust, are probable alternative ingredients in the mantle sources of many intraplate alkaline basalts, highlighting the importance of the subduction-driven deep carbon cycle. However, this widely proposed hypothesis remains enigmatic because the recognition of low-MgO primitive alkaline basalts predicted by experiments is scarce. Here we show that Cenozoic continental intraplate alkaline basalts occurring above the stagnant oceanic slab in the mantle transition zone beneath the Hannuoba region, eastern China, display geochemical features consistent with their origin as low-degree partial melts of carbonate-bearing eclogites. Their MgO contents correlate positively with CaO, Ba/Th and Ti/Eu, but negatively with Dy/Yb and ?Nd. Remarkably, the most primitive alkaline basalts are characterized by low MgO (<5.25 wt.%), low heavy rare earth elements and Sc contents, low CaO/Al2O3 (<0.41), low Ti/Eu (<3380), but Dy/Yb (>7.1) higher than those of ocean island basalts (OIBs). These features cannot be ascribed to differentiation from high-MgO alkaline basalts because significant amounts of crystallization of clinopyroxene and garnet did not occur during ascent. Differentiation also cannot account for the correlations of time-integrated Sr-Nd isotopes with MgO, Dy/Yb and Ba/Th. Instead, the linear correlations mainly reflect strong interaction between ascending primitive alkaline melts and the lithospheric mantle. The compositions of primitive alkaline basalts reflect the key control of garnet and clinopyroxene in the mantle residue (eclogites), and the Ti, Zr and Hf anomalies further indicate the critical effect of carbonates in the eclogite source. Partial melting of the carbonate-bearing eclogites likely occurred in the uppermost asthenosphere. The production of alkaline basalts with low MgO contents by partial melting of carbonate-bearing eclogite below the peridotite solidus in an intraplate setting has been overlooked and the magmas were instead often considered to be highly evolved. Recycled altered oceanic crust thus may not only cause metasomatism of the deep mantle but may also serve as a direct source of mafic melts. These results on natural rocks support the experiment-based model for subducted altered oceanic crustal material and also indicate its diverse fate in the mantle.
DS202205-0672
2022
Foley, S.Afonso, J., Ben-Mansour, W., O'Reilly, S.Y., Griffin, W.L., Salajeghegh, F., Foley, S., Begg, G., Selway, K., Macdonald, A., Januszczak, N., Fomin, I., Nyblade, A.A., Yang, Y.Thermochemical structure and evolution of cratonic lithosphere in central and southern Africa.Nature Geoscience, Apr. 26, 329p. FreeAfrica, South AfricaCraton

Abstract: The thermochemical structure of the subcontinental mantle holds information on its origin and evolution that can inform energy and mineral exploration strategies, natural hazard mitigation and evolutionary models of Earth. However, imaging the fine-scale thermochemical structure of continental lithosphere remains a major challenge. Here we combine multiple land and satellite datasets via thermodynamically constrained inversions to obtain a high-resolution thermochemical model of central and southern Africa. Results reveal diverse structures and compositions for cratons, indicating distinct evolutions and responses to geodynamic processes. While much of the Kaapvaal lithosphere retained its cratonic features, the western Angolan-Kasai Shield and the Rehoboth Block have lost their cratonic keels. The lithosphere of the Congo Craton has been affected by metasomatism, increasing its density and inducing its conspicuous low-topography, geoid and magnetic anomalies. Our results reconcile mantle structure with the causes and location of volcanism within and around the Tanzanian Craton, whereas the absence of volcanism towards the north is due to local asthenospheric downwellings, not to a previously proposed lithospheric root connecting with the Congo Craton. Our study offers improved integration of mantle structure, magmatism and the evolution and destruction of cratonic lithosphere, and lays the groundwork for future lithospheric evolutionary models and exploration frameworks for Earth and other terrestrial planets.
DS1984-0279
1984
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F.Liquid Immiscibility and Melt Segregation in Alkaline Lamprophyres from Labrador.Lithos, Vol. 17, PP. 127-137.Canada, Quebec, LabradorSannite, Aillik Bay
DS1985-0194
1985
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F.The Oxidation State of Lamproitic MagmasTschermaks. Min. Petrol, Vol. 34, No. 3-4, pp. 217-238GlobalLamproite
DS1985-0307
1985
Foley, S.F.Jaques, A.L., Foley, S.F.The origin of Aluminum rich spinel inclusions in leucite from The leucite lamproites of western AustraliaAmerican Mineralogist, Vol. 70, pp. 1143-1150Australia, Western AustraliaLamproite
DS1986-0248
1986
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F.The genesis of lamproitic magmas in a reduced fluorine rich mantle #1Proceedings of the Fourth International Kimberlite Conference, Held, No. 16, pp. 173-175AustraliaLamproite
DS1986-0249
1986
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Taylor, W.R., Green, D.H.The role of fluorine and oxygen fugacity in the genesis ofultrapotassicrocksContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 94, No. 2, pp. 183-192Wyoming, Spain, Arkansas, Utah, Germany, CaliforniaLamproite
DS1986-0519
1986
Foley, S.F.Malpas, J., Foley, S.F., King, A.F.Alkaline mafic and ultramafic lamprophyres from the Aillik Bayarea, LabradorCanadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 23, No.12, December pp. 1902-1918CanadaQuebec, Labrador
DS1986-0520
1986
Foley, S.F.Malpas, J., Foley, S.F., King, A.F.Alkaline mafic and ultramafic lamprophyres from the Allik Bay area, Labrador.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 23, pp. 1902-18.Quebec, LabradorAlkalic rocks, Deposit - Allik Bay area
DS1987-0217
1987
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F.Variability in continental basic alkaline magmatic activity as aconsequence of redox meltingTerra Cognita, Conference abstracts Oceanic and Continental Lithosphere:, Vol. 7, No. 4, Autumn, abstract only p. 613GlobalBlank
DS1987-0218
1987
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Venturello, G., Green, D.H., Toscani, L.The ultrapotassic rocks: characteristics, classification and constraints for petrogenetic modelsEarth Science Reviews, Vol.24, pp. 81-134GlobalClassification, Petrogenesis
DS1988-0219
1988
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F.The genesis of continental basic alkaline magmas: an interpretation interms of redox meltingJournal of Petrology, Special Volume 1988- Oceanic and Continental, pp. 139-162GlobalKimberlites, lamproites, range of rocks
DS1988-0730
1988
Foley, S.F.Venturelli, G., Mariani, E.S., Foley, S.F., Capedri, S., CrawfordPetrogeneis and conditions of crystallization of SpanishlamproiticrocksCanadian Mineralogist, Vol. 26, No. 1, March pp. 67-80GlobalLamproite
DS1989-0436
1989
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F.Experimental constraints on phlogopite chemistry inlamproites. 1. effectof water activity and oxygenfugacityEuropean Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 411-426GlobalLamproite, Geochemistry
DS1989-0437
1989
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F.Emplacement features of lamprophyre and carbonatitic lamprophyre dikes at Aillik Bay, LabradorGeological Magazine, Vol. 126, No. 1, January pp. 29-42LabradorLamprophyre, Carbonatite
DS1989-0438
1989
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F.The genesis of lamproitic magmas in a reduced fluorine rich mantle #2Geological Society of Australia Inc. Blackwell Scientific Publishing, No. 14, Vol. 1, pp. 616-631Wyoming, AustraliaLeucite lamproite, Mantle Metasomatism
DS1989-0439
1989
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Venturelli, G.High K2O rocks with high MgO, high SiO2 affinitiesIn: Boninites, Editor A.J. Crawford, Unwin and Hyman, pp. 72-88GlobalBoninites, Potassic alkaline rocks
DS1990-0479
1990
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F.Experimental constraints on phlogopite chemistry in lamproites. 2. Effectof pressure temperature variationsEur. Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 327-341GlobalLamproite, Geochemistry
DS1990-0480
1990
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F.A review and assessment of experiments on kimberlites, lamproites and lamprophyres as a guide to their originProceedings Indian Academy of Sciences, Vol. 99, No. 1, March pp. 57-80India, GlobalLamproites -review, Kimberlite, Experimental Petrology
DS1990-0481
1990
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Wheller, G.E.Parallels in the origin of the geochemical signatures of island arc volcanics and continental potassic igneous rocks: the role of residualtitanatesChemical Geology, Vol. 85, No. 1/2, July 10, pp. 1-18Sunda-Banda Arc, Sunda ArcLamproites, Geochemistry, Leucitites, Potassic igneous rocks
DS1991-0195
1991
Foley, S.F.Bulatov, V., Brey, G.P., Foley, S.F.Origin of low Calcium, high chromium garnets by recrystallization of low pressure harzburgitesProceedings of Fifth International Kimberlite Conference held Araxa June, pp. 29-31GlobalExperimental petrology, Harzburgites -garnets
DS1991-0496
1991
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F.Experimental studies of olivine lamproite at pressures in the diamond stability fieldProceedings of Fifth International Kimberlite Conference held Araxa June 1991, Servico Geologico do Brasil (CPRM) Special, pp. 103-105AustraliaMineral chemistry, Experimental chemistry
DS1991-0497
1991
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F.The origin of kimberlite, and lamproite in veined lithospheric mantleProceedings of Fifth International Kimberlite Conference held Araxa June 1991, Servico Geologico do Brasil (CPRM) Special, pp. 109-111South AfricaGenesis -kimberlite, lamproite, Solid solution melting reactions
DS1991-0498
1991
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Hoefer, H., Brey, G.P.The stability of priderite, lindsleyite-mathiasite andyimengite-hawthornite under lower continental lithosphere conditions:experiments at 35 to 50 KbarProceedings of Fifth International Kimberlite Conference held Araxa June 1991, Servico Geologico do Brasil (CPRM) Special, pp. 106-108South Africa, Russia, AustraliaMicroprobe analyses, LIMA.
DS1993-0448
1993
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F.An experimental study of olivine lamproite -1st result from the diamond stability fieldGeochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 57, No. 2, January pp. 483-489GlobalLamproite, Petrology -experimental
DS1994-0531
1994
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F.Geochemical and experimental studies of the origin of ultrapotassic igneousrock.(in German)Neues Jahr. Min. A., (in German), Vol. 167, No. 1, June pp. 1-55.GlobalGeochemistry -review, Ultrapotassic, alkaline rocks
DS1994-0532
1994
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Jenner, G.A., Jackson, S.F., Fryer, B.J.Trace element partition coefficients phlogopite, clinopyroxene and matrixin alkaline lamprophyre.Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 58A, pp. 280-281. AbstractNewfoundlandLamprophyre, Alkaline rocks -Notre Dame Bay
DS1995-0546
1995
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Jenner, G.A., Konzett, J., Sweeney, R.J.Trace element partitioning in natural phlogopite and K richterite bearing xenoliths from southern Africa.Proceedings of the Sixth International Kimberlite Conference Extended Abstracts, p. 164-6.South AfricaXenoliths, Deposit -Bishoff dumps, Wesselton
DS1995-0547
1995
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Van der Laan, S.R., Horn, I.Experimental melting reactions amphibole and phlogopite bearing mantle vein assemblages -trace elementsProceedings of the Sixth International Kimberlite Conference Extended Abstracts, p. 161-63.GlobalPetrology -experimenta, Mantle -alkaline magmas
DS1995-2154
1995
Foley, S.F.Zinngrebe, E., Foley, S.F., Vannucci, R., Bottazi, MatteyMetasomatism of peridotite by alkaline melt and cognate fluid:microchemical and ion probe evidence from low pressureProceedings of the Sixth International Kimberlite Conference Abstracts, pp. 700-702.Russia, Yakutia, Aldan ShieldMetasomatism, Deposit -Inagli complex
DS1996-0460
1996
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Jackson, S.E., Jenner, G.A.Trace element partition coefficients for clinopyroxene and phlogopite in an alkaline lamprophyre from NewfoundlandGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 60, No. 4, Feb. 1, pp. 629-638.NewfoundlandLamprophyre, Microscopy
DS1997-0605
1997
Foley, S.F.Klemme, S., Yaxley, G., Foley, S.F., Horn, I.Trace element composition of carbonatite melts in the earth's uppermantle.Geological Association of Canada (GAC) Abstracts, POSTER.MantleCarbonatite
DS1998-0034
1998
Foley, S.F.Andronikov, A.V., Foley, S.F., Melzer, S.Mantle xenoliths from the Jetty Peninsula area: samples of thermallyeroding lithosphere Lambert-Amery Rift.7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 20-22.AntarcticaTectonics, Magmatism - lherzolite
DS1998-0437
1998
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Glaser, S.M., Andronikov, A.V.Non-cratonic garnet peridotites from rifted continental settings in ( Baikal Rift) and East Antarctica7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 217-219.Russia, Baikal, AntarcticaGarnet peridotites
DS1998-0438
1998
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Musselwhite, D.S., Van der Laan, S.R.Melting processes in veined lithospheric mantle in cratonic and non-cratonic settings.7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 220-223.MantleMelt temperatures, Experimental petrology
DS1998-0673
1998
Foley, S.F.Jacob, D.E., Foley, S.F.Evidence for Archean ocean crust with Island Arc signature from diamondiferous eclogite xenoliths.7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 358-60.South Africa, Russia, YakutiaXenoliths, Deposit - Udachnaya, Finsch, Jagersfontein, Kaalvallei
DS1998-1400
1998
Foley, S.F.Stalder, R., Foley, S.F., Brey, G., Horn, I.Mineral aqueous fluid partitioning of trace elements at 900 1200 C and 3.0- 5.7 GPa: garnet, clinopyroxeneGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 62, No. 10, pp. 1781-1801.MantleMetasomatism, Petrology - experimental
DS1998-1401
1998
Foley, S.F.Stalder, R., Foley, S.F., Brey, G.P., Forsythe, HornFirst results from a new experimental technique to determine fluid/solidtrace element partition coeffic.Neues Jahrbuch f?r Mineralogie Abh., Vol. 172, No. 1, pp. 117-132.GlobalPetrology - experimental, Diamond aggregates
DS1999-0253
1999
Foley, S.F.Glasser, S.M., Foley, S.F., Gunther, D.Trace element compositions of minerals in garnet and spinel peridotite xenoliths from the Vitim volcanicsLithos, Vol. 48, No. 1-4, Sept. pp. 263-86.Russia, Siberia, BaikalXenoliths, Volcanic field
DS1999-0328
1999
Foley, S.F.Jacob, D.E., Foley, S.F.Evidence for Archean ocean crust with low high field strength element signature - Diamondiferous eclogiticLithos, Vol. 48, No. 1-4, Sept. pp. 317-GlobalEclogites, xenoliths, Mineral chemistry
DS2000-0576
2000
Foley, S.F.Litasov, K.D., Foley, S.F., Litasov, Y.D.Magmatic modification and metasomatism of the subcontinental mantle beneath the Vitim volcanic fieldLithos, Vol. 54, No. 1-2, Oct. pp. 83-114.Russia, Siberia, VitiM.Xenoliths - peridotite, pyroxenite, Miocene picrobasalt, Metasomatism
DS2001-0034
2001
Foley, S.F.Andronikov, A.V. , Foley, S.F.Trace element and neodymium Strontium isotopic composition of ultramafic lamprophyres from the East Antarctic..Chemical Geology, Vol. 175, No. 3-4, June 1, pp.291-305.AntarcticaBeaver Lake area, Lamprophyres
DS2001-0322
2001
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Petibon, C.M., Jenner, G.A., Kjarsgaard, B.High U Th partitioning by clinopyroxene from alkali silicate and carbonatite metasomatism: an origin for...Terra Nova, Vol. 13, pp. 104-9.TanzaniaNatrocarbonatite, uranium, thorium partitioning
DS2002-0110
2002
Foley, S.F.Barth, M.G., Foley, S.F., Horn, I.Partial melting in Archean subduction zones: constraints experimentally determined trace element ..Precambrian Research, Vol. 113, No. 3-4, pp. 323-40.MantleGeochemistry - partition coefficents, melting, Eclogites, tonalites
DS2002-0470
2002
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Andronikov, A.V., Melzer, S.Petrology of ultramafic lamprophyres from the Beaver Lake area: their relation to breakup of Gondwanaland.Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 74, 2-4, pp. 361-84.eastern AntarcticaLamprophyres, Tectonics
DS2002-1412
2002
Foley, S.F.Schafer, F.N., Foley, S.F.The effect of crystal orientation on wetting behaviour of silicate melts on surfaces spinel peridotitesContribution to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol.143,pp.254-61., Vol.143,pp.254-61.MantleCrystal anisotropy - experimental petrology
DS2002-1413
2002
Foley, S.F.Schafer, F.N., Foley, S.F.The effect of crystal orientation on wetting behaviour of silicate melts on surfaces spinel peridotitesContribution to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol.143,pp.254-61., Vol.143,pp.254-61.MantleCrystal anisotropy - experimental petrology
DS2002-1765
2002
Foley, S.F.Zack, T., Foley, S.F., Rivers, T.Equilibrium and disequilibrium trace element partitioning in hydrous eclogites, Trescolmen, Central Alps.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 43, No. 10, Oct.pp. 1947-74.EuropeEclogites - not specific to diamonds
DS2002-1766
2002
Foley, S.F.Zack, T., Kronz, A., Foley, S.F., Rivers, T.Trace element abundances in rutiles from eclogites and associated garnet mica schistsChemical Geology, Vol. 184, 1-2, pp. 97-122.AlpsSubduction, Heavy minerals - not specific to diamonds
DS2003-0414
2003
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Andronikov, A.V.The genesis of ultramafic lamprophyres8 Ikc Www.venuewest.com/8ikc/program.htm, Session 7, AbstractLabrador, GreenlandKimberlite petrogenesis
DS2003-0415
2003
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Buhre, S., Jacob, D.E.Evolution of the Archean crust by delamination and shallow subductionNature, No. 6920, Jan 16, pp. 249-51.MantleSubduction
DS2003-0416
2003
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Buhre, S., Jacob, D.E., Rehfeldt, T.Pyroxenite and dunite xenoliths as metamorphosed cumulates from the Archean lower8ikc, Www.venuewest.com/8ikc/program.htm, Session 2, POSTER abstractGlobalEclogites and Diamonds
DS2003-1102
2003
Foley, S.F.Prelevic, D., Foley, S.F., Romer, R., Cvetkovic, V.Serbian Tertiary ultrapotassic province petrology, geochemistry and geodynamic8 Ikc Www.venuewest.com/8ikc/program.htm, Session 7, POSTER abstractSerbiaAlkaline
DS2003-1358
2003
Foley, S.F.Tappe, S., Foley, S.F., Jenner, G.A., Ryan, B., Besserer, D., Kjarsgaard, B.A.Ultramafic lamprophyre dykes from Labrador and New Quebec: mineralogy and8 Ikc Www.venuewest.com/8ikc/program.htm, Session 7, AbstractQuebec, LabradorKimberlite petrogenesis
DS200412-0564
2003
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Andronikov, A.V.The genesis of ultramafic lamprophyres.8 IKC Program, Session 7, AbstractCanada, Quebec, Labrador, Europe, GreenlandKimberlite petrogenesis
DS200412-0565
2004
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Jenner, G.A.Trace element partitioning in lamproitic magmas - the Gaussberg olivine leucitite.Lithos, Vol. 75, 1-2, July, pp. 19-38.Europe, GermanyGeochemistry - fingerprinting, modelling origin, evolut
DS200412-1578
2004
Foley, S.F.Prelevic, D., Foley, S.F., Cvetkovic, V., Romer, R.L.Origin of minette by mixing of lamproite and dacite magmas in Veliki Majdan, Serbia.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 45, 4, pp. 759-752.Europe, SerbiaLamproite, micas, calcalkaline lamprophyres, superheat
DS200412-1579
2003
Foley, S.F.Prelevic, D., Foley, S.F., Romer, R., Cvetkovic, V.Serbian Tertiary ultrapotassic province petrology, geochemistry and geodynamic significance.8 IKC Program, Session 7, POSTER abstractEurope, SerbiaKimberlite petrogenesis Alkaline
DS200412-1754
2004
Foley, S.F.Schmickler, B., Jacob, D.E., Foley, S.F.Eclogite xenoliths from the Kuruman kimberlites, South Africa: geochemical fingerprinting of deep subduction and cumulate procesLithos, Vol. 75, 1-2, July pp. 173-207.Africa, South AfricaSubduction, Zero, petrogenetic processes
DS200412-1963
2003
Foley, S.F.Tappe, S., Foley, S.F., Jenner, G.A., Ryan, B.,Besserer, D., Kjarsgaard, B.A.Ultramafic lamprophyre dykes from Labrador and New Quebec: mineralogy and geochemistry.8 IKC Program, Session 7, AbstractCanada, Quebec, LabradorKimberlite petrogenesis
DS200512-0872
2005
Foley, S.F.Prelevic, D., Foley, S.F., Romer, R.L., Cvetkovic, V., Downes, H.Tertiary ultrapotassic volcanism in Serbia: constraints on petrogenesis and mantle source characteristics.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 46, 7, July pp. 1443-1487.Europe, SerbiaVolcanism
DS200512-1071
2005
Foley, S.F.Tappe, S., Foley, S.F., Jenner, G.A., Kjarsgaard, B.A.Integrating ultramafic lamprophyres into the IUGS classification of igneous rocks: rationale and implications.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 46, 9, Sept. pp. 1893-1900.Classification - lamprophyres
DS200512-1072
2003
Foley, S.F.Tappe, S., Foley, S.F., Pearson, D.G.African type kamafugites: a mineralogical and geochemical comparison with their Italian and Brazilian analogues.Periodico di Mineralogia, (in english), Vol. LXX11, 1. April, pp. 51-77.South America, Brazil, Africa, UgandaMelilite, katsilite, Toro Ankole Rift
DS200612-0402
2006
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F.The contribution of ultramafic veins in alkaline and non-alkaline mafic magmatism.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 70, 18, 1, p. 1, abstract only.MantleMagmatism
DS200612-0403
2006
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Andronikov, A.V., Jacob, D.E., Melzer, S.Evidence from Antarctic mantle peridotite xenoliths for changes in mineralogy, geochemistry and geothermal gradients beneath a developing rift.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 70, 12, June pp. 3096-3120.AntarcticaGeothermometry
DS200612-0631
2006
Foley, S.F.Jacob, D.E., Foley, S.F., Andonikov, A.V.Re-enrichment of cratonic lithospheric mantle beneath an evolving rift: mantle xenoliths from East Antarctica.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 70, 18, p. 285. abstract only.AntarcticaXenolith - geochemistry
DS200612-1178
2006
Foley, S.F.Rosenthal, A., Foley, S.F., Pearson, G.D., Nowell, G., Tappe, S.Ugand an kamafugites: re-melting of a variable enriched veined subcontinental lithospheric mantle.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 70, 18, p. 26, abstract only.Africa, UgandaGeochemistry - melting
DS200612-1411
2006
Foley, S.F.Tappe, S., Foley, S.F., Jenner, G.A., Heaman, L.M., Kjarsgaard, B.A., Romer,R.L., Stracke, A., Joyce, HoefsGenesis of ultramafic lamprophyres and carbonatites at Aillik Bay, Labrador: a consequence of incipient lithospheric thinning beneath the North Atlantic CratonJournal of Petrology, Vol. 47,7, pp. 1261-1315.Canada, LabradorCarbonatite
DS200712-0856
2007
Foley, S.F.Prelevic, D., Foley, S.F., Stracke, A., Romer, R.I., Conticelli, S.No need for involvement of a hidden mantle reservoir in the origin of lamproites from Mediterranean.Plates, Plumes, and Paradigms, 1p. abstract p. A809.EuropeLamproites - multi-component melts
DS200712-0883
2006
Foley, S.F.Rehfeldt, T., Foley, S.F., Jacob, D.E.Restoration of premetasomatic protolith compositions in mantle xenoliths.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, In press availableMantleMetasomatism
DS200712-0884
2007
Foley, S.F.Rehfeldt, T., Foley, S.F., Jacob, D.E., Carlson, R.W.Characterizing Fe rich dunite xenoliths as cumulates of Phanerozoic and Archean flood basalt magmatism.Plates, Plumes, and Paradigms, 1p. abstract p. A827.Africa, South AfricaKimberley Cluster
DS200712-0885
2007
Foley, S.F.Rehfeldt, T., Jacob, D.E., Carlson, R.W., Foley, S.F.Fe rich dunite xenoliths from South African kimberlites: cumulates from Karoo flood basalts.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 48, 7, pp. 1387-1409.Africa, South AfricaMineral chemistry
DS200712-1068
2007
Foley, S.F.Tappe, S., Foley, S.F., Heaman, L.M., Romer, R.E., Stracke, A., Kjarsgaard, B.A., Jenner, G.A.Interactions between carbonate magmas and MARID metasomes: the case of Diamondiferous aillikites from the Torngat Mountains, Canada.Plates, Plumes, and Paradigms, 1p. abstract p. A1003.Canada, LabradorAillikite, magmatism
DS200712-1069
2007
Foley, S.F.Tappe, S., Foley, S.F., Stracke, A., Romer, R.L., Kjarsgaard, B.A., Heamna, L.M., Joyce, N.Craton reactivation on the Labrador sea margins 40Ar 39Ar age and Sr Nd Hf Pb isotope constraints from alkaline and carbonatite intrusives.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 256, 3-4, pp. 433-454.CanadaCarbonatite
DS200812-0362
2008
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Jacob, D.E.Trace element and isotopic effects of mantle metasomatism by carbonatitic and alkaline silicate melts in the lower cratonic mantle lithosphere.9IKC.com, 3p. extended abstractMantleMelting
DS200812-0363
2008
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Yaxley, G.M., Rosenthal, A., Rapp, R.P., Jacob, D.E.Experimental melting of peridotites in the presence of CO2 and H2O at 40 - 60 kbar.9IKC.com, 3p. extended abstractTechnologyPeridotite - melting
DS200812-0920
2008
Foley, S.F.Prelevic, D., Foley, S.F.The origin of lamproites revisited: a Mediterranean perspective.Goldschmidt Conference 2008, Abstract p.A760.Europe, MediterraneanLamproite
DS200812-0921
2008
Foley, S.F.Prelevic, D., Foley, S.F.The origin of lamproites revisited: Mediterranean perspective.9IKC.com, 3p. extended abstractEurope, TurkeyLamproite
DS200812-0922
2008
Foley, S.F.Prelevic, D., Foley, S.F., Romer, R., Conticelli, S.Mediterranean Tertiary lamproites derived from multiple source components in Post collisional geodynamics.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72p. in press availableEuropeLamproite
DS200812-0948
2008
Foley, S.F.Rehfeldt, T., Foley, S.F., Jacob, D.E., Carlson, R.W., Lowry, D.Contrasting types of metasomatism in dunite, wehrlite and websterite xenoliths from Kimberley, South Africa.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 73, 23, Dec. 1. pp. 5722-5756.Africa, South AfricaDeposit - Kimberley
DS200812-0949
2007
Foley, S.F.Rehfeldt, T., Jacob, D.E., Carlson, R.W., Foley, S.F.Fe rich dunite xenoliths from South African kimberlites: cumulates from Karoo flood basalts.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 48, pp. 1387-1409.Africa, South AfricaXenoliths
DS200812-0971
2008
Foley, S.F.Rosenthal, A., Foley, S.F., Pearson, D.G., Nowell, G.M., Tappe, S.Origin of kamafugite magmas in the East African Rift of western Uganda.9IKC.com, 3p. extended abstractAfrica, UgandaToro Ankole volcanic field
DS200812-1152
2008
Foley, S.F.Tappe, S., Foley, S.F., Kjarsgaard, B.A, Romer, R.L., Heaman, L.M., Stracke, A., Jenner, G.A.Origin of Diamondiferous Torngat ultramafic lamprophyres and the role of multiple MARID type and carbonatitic vein metasomatized cratonic mantle ...9IKC.com, 3p. extended abstractCanada, Quebec, LabradorGenesis of SiO2 poor potassic melts
DS200812-1153
2008
Foley, S.F.Tappe, S., Foley, S.F., Kjarsgaard, B.A., Romer, R.L., Heaman, L.M., Stracke, A., Jenner, G.A.Between carbonatite and lamproite - Diamondiferous Torngat ultramafic lamprohyres formed by carbonate fluxed melting of cratonic Marid type metasomes.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 72, 13, pp. 3258-3286.Canada, Labrador, QuebecTorngat
DS200912-0081
2009
Foley, S.F.Buhre, S., Jacob, D.E., Foley, S.F.Delayed continental crust formation on a hot Archean Earth.Goldschmidt Conference 2009, p. A171 Abstract.MantleMelting
DS200912-0223
2009
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F.The renaissance of redox melting.Goldschmidt Conference 2009, p. A388 Abstract.MantleMelting
DS200912-0608
2008
Foley, S.F.Rahfeldt, T., Foley, S.F., Jacob, D.E., Carlson, R.W., Lowry, D.Contrasting types of metasomatism in dunite, wherlite and websterite xenoliths from Kimberley, South Africa.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 72, 5722-36.Africa, South AfricaDeposit - Kimberley
DS201012-0204
2010
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Jacob, D.E., O'Neill, H.St.C.Trace element variations in olivine phenocrysts from Ugand an potassic rocks as clues to the chemical characteristics of parental magmas.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, In press available, 20p.Africa, UgandaGeochemistry - East African Rift
DS201012-0205
2009
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Yaxley, G.M., Rosenthal, A., Buhre, S., Kisseeva, E.S., Rapp, R.P., Jacob, D.E.The composition of near solidus melts of peridotite in the presence of CO2 and H2O between 40 and 60 kbar.Lithos, Vol. 112 S pp. 274-283.MantleMineral chemistry
DS201012-0212
2010
Foley, S.F.Fritschle, T., Prelevic, D., Foley, S.F.Mineral variations from Mediterranean lamproites: major element compositions and first indications from trace elements in phlogopites, olivines and clinopyroxenes.Geological Society of America Abstracts, 1p.Europe, Spain, Serbia, TurkeyLamproite
DS201012-0444
2010
Foley, S.F.Link, K., Koehm, D., Barth, M.G., Tiberindwa, J.V., Barifaijo, E., Aanyu, K., Foley, S.F.Continuous cratonic crust between the Congo and Tanzania blocks in western Uganda.International Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 99, 7, pp. 1559-1573.Africa, Uganda, TanzaniaGeophysics - seismics
DS201012-0597
2010
Foley, S.F.Prelevic, D., Akai, C., Romer, R.L., Foley, S.F.Lamproites as indicators of accretion and/or shallow subduction in the assembly of south western Anatolia, Turkey.Terra Nova, in press available,Europe, TurkeyLamproite
DS201012-0598
2010
Foley, S.F.Prelevic, D., Akal, C., Foley, S.F., Romer, R.L., Stracke, A., Van den Bogaard,P.Post collisional mantle dynamics of an orogenic lithosphere: lamproitic mafic rocks from SW Anatolia, Turkey.Geological Society of America Abstracts, 1p.Europe, TurkeyLamproite
DS201012-0599
2010
Foley, S.F.Prelevic, D., Stracke, A., Foley, S.F., Romer, R.I., Conticelli, R.S.Hf isotope compositions of Mediterranean lamproites: mixing of melts from asthenosphere and crustally contaminated mantle lithosphere.Lithos, Vol. 119, pp. 297-312.Europe, Italy, Macedonia, SerbiaLamproite
DS201012-0611
2010
Foley, S.F.Rapp, R.P., Norman, M.D., Laporte, D., Yaxley, G.M., Martin, H., Foley, S.F.Continent formation in the Archean and chemical evolution of the cratonic lithosphere: melt rock reaction experiments at 3-4 GPa and petrogenesisJournal of Petrology, Vol. 51, 6, pp. 1237-1266.MantleSanukitoids
DS201012-0621
2010
Foley, S.F.Rehfeldt, T., Foley, S.F., Jacob, D.E., Pearson, D.G.Trace elements in mantle olivine and orthopyroxene from the North Atlantic and Kaapvaal Cratons.Goldschmidt 2010 abstracts, abstractAfrica, South Africa, EuropeGeochemistry
DS201112-0324
2011
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F.Reappraisal of redox melting in the Earth's mantle as a function of tectonic setting and time.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 52, 7-8, pp. 1363-1391.MantleMelting
DS201112-0325
2011
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Eremets, M.I.Linking early atmospheric composition to volcanic degassing from a reduced mantle.Goldschmidt Conference 2011, abstract p.856.MantleOxidation, recycling, nitrogen
DS201112-0326
2011
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Jacob, D.E., O'Neill, H.St.C.Trace element variations in olivine phenocrysts from Ugand an potassic rocks as clues to the chemical characteristics of parental magma.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol, 167, 1, July pp. 1-20.Africa, UgandaAlkaline rocks, magmatism
DS201112-0327
2011
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Link, K., Tiberindwa, J.V., Barifaijo, E.Patterns and origin of igneous activity around the Tanzanian Craton. Mentions kimberlites and minettesJournal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 62, 1, pp. 1-18.Africa, TanzaniaKimberlite
DS201112-0328
2011
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Prevelic, D., Link, K.Mantle migmatites and alkaline rock genesis.Peralk-Carb 2011... workshop June 16-18, Tubingen, Germany, Abstract p.45-47.Africa, TanzaniaMelt production
DS201112-0329
2011
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Prevelic, D., Link, K.Mantle migmatites and alkaline rock genesis.Peralk-Carb 2011... workshop June 16-18, Tubingen, Germany, Abstract p.45-47.Africa, TanzaniaMelt production
DS201112-0824
2011
Foley, S.F.Prelevic, D., Akal, C., Foley, S.F., Romer, R.R.,Stracke, A., Van den Bogaard, P.Ultrapotassic mafic rocks as geochemical proxies for post collisional dynamics of orogenic lithospheric mantle: the case of southwestern Anatolia, Turkey.Peralk-Carb 2011, workshop held Tubingen Germany June 16-18, PosterEurope, TurkeyAlkalic
DS201212-0205
2012
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Link, K., Tiberindwa, J.V., Barifaijo, E.Patterns and origin of igneous activity around the Tanzanian craton.Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 62, pp. 1-18.Africa, TanzaniaKimberlite, carbonatite
DS201312-0017
2013
Foley, S.F.Ammannati, E., Foley, S.F., Avanzinelli, R., Jacob, D.E., Conticelli, S.Trace elements in olivine characterize the mantle source of subduction related potassic magmas.Goldschmidt 2013, AbstractMantleSubduction
DS201312-0271
2013
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Prelevic, D., Rehfeldt, T., Jacob, D.E.Minor and trace elements in olivines as probes into early igneous and mantle melting.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 363, pp. 181-191.MantleMetasomatism
DS201312-0280
2013
Foley, S.F.Fritschle, T., Prelevic, D., Foley, S.F., Jacob, D.E.Petrological characterization of the mantle source of Mediterranean lamproites: indications from major and trace elements of phlogopite.Chemical Geology, Vol. 353, pp. 267-279.Europe, SpainLamproite
DS201312-1017
2014
Foley, S.F.Ziaja, K., Foley, S.F., White, R.W., Buhre, S.Metamorphism and melting of picritic crust in the early Earth.Lithos, Vol. 189, pp. 173-184.MantlePicrite
DS201412-0086
2014
Foley, S.F.Bussweiler, Y., Foley, S.F., Prelevic, D., Jacob, D.E., Pearson, D.G., Stachel, T.Olivine as a petrogenetic and exploration indicator in Lac de Gras kimberlites.2014 Yellowknife Geoscience Forum, p. 20, 21 abstractCanada, Northwest TerritoriesDeposit - Ekati
DS201504-0187
2015
Foley, S.F.Bussweiler, Y., Foley, S.F., Prelevic, D., Jacob, D.E.The olivine macrocryst problem: new insights from minor and trace element compositions of olivine from Lac de Gras kimberlites, Canada.Lithos, Vol. 220-223, pp. 238-252.Canada, Northwest TerritoriesDeposit - Ekati field

Abstract: This study presents detailed petrographical and geochemical investigations on remarkably fresh olivines in kimberlites from the EKATI Diamond Mine- located in the Tertiary/Cretaceous Lac de Gras kimberlite field within the Slave craton of Canada. Olivine, constituting about 42 vol.% of the analyzed samples, can be divided into two textural groups: (i) macrocrystic olivines, > 100 ?m sub-rounded crystals and (ii) groundmass olivines, < 100 ?m subhedral crystals. Olivines from both populations define two distinct chemical trends; a “ "mantle trend" with angular cores, showing low Ca (< 0.1 wt.% CaO) and high Ni (0.3-0.4 wt.% NiO) at varying Mg# (0.86-0.93), contrasts with a "melt trend" typified by thin (< 100 ?m) rims with increasing Ca (up to 1.0 wt.% CaO) and decreasing Ni (down to 0.1 wt.% NiO) contents at constant Mg# (~ 0.915). These findings are in agreement with recent studies suggesting that virtually all olivine is composed of xenocrystic (i.e. mantle-related) cores with phenocrystic (i.e. melt-related) overgrowths, thereby challenging the traditional view that the origin of kimberlitic olivine can be distinguished based on size and morphology. The two main trends can be further resolved into sub-groups refining the crystallization history of olivine; the mantle trend indicates a multi-source origin that samples the layered lithosphere below the Slave craton, whereas the melt trend represents multi-stage crystallization comprising a differentiation trend starting at mantle conditions and a second trend controlled by the crystallization of additional phases (e.g. chromite) and changing magma conditions (e.g. oxidation). These trends are also seen in the concentrations of trace elements not routinely measured in olivine (e.g. Na, P, Ti, Co, Sc, Zr). Trace element mapping with LA-ICP-MS reveals the distribution of these elements within olivine grains. The trace element distribution between the two trends appears to be consistent with phenocrystic olivine overgrowths mainly originating from dissolved orthopyroxene, showing enrichment in Zr, Ga, Nb, Sc, V, P, Al, Ti, Cr, Ca and Mn in the melt trend. In a sample of magmatic kimberlite from the Leslie pipe, the amount of xenocrystic and phenocrystic olivine is estimated to be around 23 vol.% and 19 vol.%, respectively. Subtraction of this xenocrystic olivine from the Leslie bulk composition, aimed at estimating the parental kimberlite melt, results in a minor decrease of Mg# (by about 0.01) and SiO2 content (by about 3 wt.%), whereas CaO increases (by about 3 wt.%).
DS201706-1109
2017
Foley, S.F.Wang, Y., Foley, S.F., Prelevic, D.Potassium rich magmatism from a phlogopite free source.Geology, Vol. 45, 5, pp. 467-470.Europe, Serbiamelting

Abstract: The generation of strongly potassic melts in the mantle is generally thought to require the presence of phlogopite in the melting assemblage. In the Mediterranean region, trace element and isotope compositions indicate that continental crustal material is involved in the generation of many potassium-rich lavas. This is clearest in ultrapotassic rocks like lamproites and shoshonites, for which the relevant chemical signals are less diluted by extensive melting of peridotite. Furthermore, melting occurs here in young lithosphere, so the continental crust was not stored for a long period of time in the mantle before reactivation. We have undertaken two types of experiments to investigate the reaction between crust and mantle at 1000-1100 °C and 2-3 GPa. In the first, continental crustal metasediment (phyllite) and depleted peridotite (dunite) were juxtaposed as separate blocks, whereas in the second, the same rock powders were intimately mixed. In the first series, a clear reaction zone dominated by orthopyroxene was formed between dunite and phyllite but no hybridized melt could be found, whereas analyzable pools of hybridized melt occurred throughout the charges in the second series. Melt compositions show high abundances of Rb (100-220 ppm) and Ba (400-870 ppm), and consistent ratios of Nb/Ta (10-12), Zr/Hf (34-42), and Rb/Cs (28-34), similar to bulk continental crust. These experiments demonstrate that melts with as much as 5 wt% K2O may result from reaction between melts of continent-derived sediment and depleted peridotite at shallow mantle depths without the need for phlogopite or any other potassic phase in the residue.
DS201707-1323
2017
Foley, S.F.Forster, M.W., Orelevic, D., Schmuck, H.R., Buhre, S., Veter, M., Mertz-Kraus, R., Foley, S.F., Jacob, D.E.Melting and dynamic metasomatism of mixed harzburgite + glimmerite mantle source: implications for the genesis of orogenic potassic magmas.Chemical Geology, Vol. 455, pp. 182-191.Mantlemetasomatism

Abstract: Tectonically young, orogenic settings are commonly the sites of post-collisional silica-rich ultrapotassic magmas with extreme K2O-contents of up to 9 wt% and K2O/Na2O > 2. Many experimental studies investigating the generation of these melts have concentrated on melting of homogenous phlogopite bearing peridotites, whereas geochemical signatures indicate the involvement of at least two types of source rocks: ultra-depleted and K and trace elements-enriched ones. We report the results of melting experiments at 1–2 GPa of mixed glimmerite and harzburgite, in which these rock types make up two halves each capsule. Melting begins in the glimmerite, and its metasomatic effects on the harzburgite are apparent at 1100 °C even before melt pools are visible. The first melts are Na-rich, seen in zoning of olivines and as growth of clinopyroxene in the harzburgite, but change at higher degrees of melting to produce a typical lamproite-like melt with K2O > 10 wt%. A major advantage of this study is the preservation of distinct melts in different parts of the capsule, which reflect a process of dynamic metasomatism: within the harzburgite matrix, the infiltrating melt derived from melting of the glimmerite changes consistently with the distance of travel through the harzburgite, enabling quantification of the metasomatic effects as an increase in SiO2 and K2O. This results principally from assimilation of orthopyroxene, which increases the Ol/Opx ratio of the residual harzburgite. The effects of quench olivine growth are recognizable and can be quantified due to a step-change in composition at the glimmerite/harzburgite border: the large total surface area of olivine and small melt fraction mean that the amount of quench olivine is high within the harzburgite, but negligible in the almost completely molten glimmerite. Melts of the glimmerite contain up to 8–10 wt% K2O and 53 wt% SiO2, which increase to 55–56 wt% after interaction with the harzburgite. Mediterranean lamproites resemble melts of glimmerite, whereas melts that have interacted with harzburgite are more similar to less potassic, but more SiO2-rich shoshonites of the Mediterranean region.
DS201707-1381
2017
Foley, S.F.Wang, Y., Prelevic, D., Buhre, S., Foley, S.F.Constraints on the sources of post-collisional K rich magmatism: the roles of continental clastic sediemtns and terrigenous blueschists.Chemical Geology, Vol. 455, pp. 192-207.Mantlemagmatism

Abstract: The possible role of continental sediments in the generation of potassium-enriched lavas of the Alpine-Himalayan belt depends on their melting behaviour either during subduction or during post-collisional relaxation. Although usually classed as orogenic lavas, these volcanic rocks may result from re-melting of newly formed mantle lithosphere 30–40 million years after collision ends, and can thus be considered as the first stage of intraplate volcanism. The potassic component in these volcanics is characterized by a high Th/La signature for which there are two competing explanations: melting of subducted continental clastic sediments, and the involvement of lawsonite blueschists in the protoliths to the melting assemblages. Here, we report on a series of high-pressure experiments at 1–3 GPa and 900 to 975 °C on the melting behaviour of natural phyllite from Serbia, which serves as a proxy for Balkan upper continental crust. Hydrous granitic melts are present in all runs (68 wt% SiO2, ~ 4–5 wt% K2O, Mg# < 54 and ~ 5 wt% H2O). Garnet, quartz/coesite, plagioclase, K-feldspar, biotite/phengite, clinopyroxene and sillimanite/kyanite, and accessory phases including zircon, rutile, ilmenite, apatite and monazite occur in the charges. LA-ICP-MS analyses establish that the melts are extremely enriched in LILE (except for Sr), Th and U, but depleted in Nb and Zr, with LREE higher than HREE. Accessory phases accommodate several trace elements, especially HFSE and REE. Partition coefficients for some trace elements between residue and crustal melts are close to 1, contrasting strongly with melts of peridotite. Our dataset indicates that the direct melting of upper continental crust alone would generate siliceous, high-K magmas with enriched LILE, Th and U, but cannot explain the high Th/La fingerprint of K-rich lavas of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt. We demonstrate that the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic volcanics attribute their unusual trace element geochemistry to the involvement of lawsonite blueschists that are imbricated together with extremely depleted fore-arc peridotites to form new lithosphere in the source region. There is no need or evidence for deep subduction in which a succession of additional reactions would only serve to modify and dilute the high Th/La signature.
DS201708-1639
2017
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F.The carbon cycle in the continental lithosphere and the generation of alkaline mafic melts in cratonic and rift ridges.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, OralMantlecarbon
DS201711-2533
2017
Foley, S.F.Veter, M., Foley, S.F., Mertz-Kraus, R., Groschopf, N.Trace elements in olivine of ultramafic lamprophyres controlled by phlogopite rich mineral assemblages in the mantle source.Lithos, Vol. 292-293, pp. 81-95.Mantlelamprophyres

Abstract: Carbonate-rich ultramafic lamprophyres (aillikites) and associated rocks characteristically occur during the early stages of thinning and rifting of cratonic mantle lithosphere, prior to the eruption of melilitites, nephelinites and alkali basalts. It is accepted that they require volatile-rich melting conditions, and the presence of phlogopite and carbonate in the source, but the exact source rock assemblages are debated. Melts similar to carbonate-rich ultramafic lamprophyres (aillikites) have been produced by melting of peridotites in the presence of CO2 and H2O, whereas isotopes and trace elements appear to favor distinct phlogopite-bearing rocks. Olivine macrocrysts in aillikites are usually rounded and abraded, so that it is debated whether they are phenocrysts or mantle xenocrysts. We have analyzed minor and trace element composition in olivines from the type aillikites from Aillik Bay in Labrador, Canada. We characterize five groups of olivines: [1] mantle xenocrysts, [2] the main phenocryst population, and [3] reversely zoned crystals interpreted as phenocrysts from earlier, more fractionated, magma batches, [4] rims on the phenocrysts, which delineate aillikite melt fractionation trends, and [5] rims around the reversely zoned olivines. The main phenocryst population is characterized by mantle-like Ni (averaging 3400 ?g g? 1) and Ni/Mg at Mg# of 88-90, overlapping with phenocrysts in ocean island basalts and Mediterranean lamproites. However, they also have low 100 Mn/Fe of 0.9-1.3 and no correlation between Ni and other trace elements (Sc, Co, Li) that would indicate recycled oceanic or continental crust in their sources. The low Mn/Fe without high Ni/Mg, and the high V/Sc (2-5) are inherited from phlogopite in the source that originated by solidification of lamproitic melts at the base of the cratonic lithosphere in a previous stage of igneous activity. The olivine phenocryst compositions are interpreted to result from phlogopite and not high modal pyroxene in the source. The presence of kimberlites and ultramafic lamprophyres of Mesozoic age in Greenland indicates the persistence of a steep edge to the cratonic lithosphere at a time when this had been removed from the western flank in Labrador.
DS201801-0014
2017
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Fischer, T.P.An essential role for continental rifts and lithosphere in the deep carbon cycle.Nature Geoscience, Vol. 10, 12, pp. 897-902.Mantlecarbon

Abstract: The continental lithosphere is a vast store for carbon. The carbon has been added and reactivated by episodic freezing and re-melting throughout geological history. Carbon remobilization can lead to significant variations in CO2 outgassing and release in the form of magmas from the continental lithosphere over geological timescales. Here we use calculations of continental lithospheric carbon storage, enrichment and remobilization to demonstrate that the role for continental lithosphere and rifts in Earth’s deep carbon budget has been severely underestimated. We estimate that cratonic lithosphere, which formed 2 to 3 billion years ago, originally contained about 0.25 Mt C km -3. A further 14 to 28 Mt C km -3 is added over time from the convecting mantle and about 43 Mt C km -3 is added by plume activity. Re-melting focuses carbon beneath rifts, creating zones with about 150 to 240 Mt C km -3, explaining the well-known association of carbonate-rich magmatic rocks with rifts. Reactivation of these zones can release 28 to 34 Mt of carbon per year for the 40 million year lifetime of a continental rift. During past episodes of supercontinent breakup, the greater abundance of continental rifts could have led to short-term carbon release of at least 142 to 170 Mt of carbon per year, and may have contributed to the high atmospheric CO2 at several times in Earth's history.
DS201808-1754
2018
Foley, S.F.Jaques, A.L., Foley, S.F.Insights into the petrogenesis of the West Kimberley lamproites from trace elements in olivine.Mineralogy and Petrology, doi.org/10.1007/s00710-018-0612-9 19p.Australialamproites

Abstract: The Miocene lamproites of the West Kimberley region, Western Australia include olivine-leucite lamproites (?10 wt% MgO) containing olivine and leucite microphenocrysts, and diamondiferous olivine lamproites (20-30 wt% MgO) containing olivine phenocrysts and larger (1-10 mm) olivine as mantle xenocrysts and dunite micro-xenoliths. Olivine phenocrysts and thin (<100 ?m) magmatic rims define trends of decreasing Cr and Ni, and increasing Ca and Mn, with decreasing olivine Mg#, consistent with fractional crystallisation of olivine (and minor chromite). Many phenocrysts are zoned, and those with cores of similar Mg# and trace element abundances to the mantle xenocrysts may be xenocrysts overgrown by later olivine crystallised from the lamproite magma. Magmatic olivines Mg#91-92 are estimated to have been in equilibrium with olivine lamproite magma(s) containing ~22-24 wt% MgO. The xenocrystic mantle olivines Mg90-92.5 in the olivine lamproites are inferred from trace element abundances to be mostly derived from garnet peridotite with equilibration temperatures estimated from the Al-in-olivine thermometer (Bussweiler et al. 2017) to be ~1000-1270 °C at depths of 115-190 km. Olivines from the deeper lithosphere are less depleted (lower Mg#, higher Na, Al, P, Ti, Zr etc) than those at shallower depths, a feature suggested to reflect the combined effects of metasomatic re-enrichment of the craton roots (Ti, Fe, Zr etc) and increasing temperature with depth of origin (Na, Al, Ca). The West Kimberley lamproite olivines are not enriched in Li, as might be expected if their source regions contained continental sedimentary material as has been previously inferred from lamproite large-ion-lithophile trace elements, and Sr and Pb isotopes.
DS201809-2063
2018
Foley, S.F.Liu, Y-S., Foley, S.F., Chien, C.F., He, D., Zong, K.Q.Mantle recycling of sedimentary carbonate along the northern margin of the North Chin a craton.Goldschmidt Conference, 1p. AbstractChinacarbonatite

Abstract: Sedimentary carbonate rocks, which exist extensively in the oceanic realm, are subducted to differing degrees during the closure of oceanic basins. However, very few observational data exist to provide details on the mechanisms of transport of carbonate materials from the surface to mantle depths and back to the Earth’s surface. Here we presented a series of diamond-bearing carbonatite xenoliths, carbonatite intrusions and carbonatite veins along the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC). These carbonatites show geochemical features of recycled limestone (similar trace element patterns and high 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.705-0.709), indicating that they had a sedimentary limestone precursor. However, the presence of diamond, reduced minerals (e.g., moissanite), mantle-derived silicate minerals (eg., Cpx and Opx), and high Ni content and 143Nd/144Nd ratio indicate their staying for a time in the mantle. Combining with the zircon age spectrums of the carbonatite xenoliths and intrusions and the extensive high-87Sr/86Sr (up to 0.708) carbonatite metasomatism in the lithospheric mantle along the northern margin of NCC, we suggest that the limestone precursor could have been derived from the Paleo-Asian Ocean, and these carbonatites mark the subduction of a carbonate platform of the Paleo-Asian Oceanic slab to mantle depths beneath the NCC. Extensive mantle recycling of sedimentary carbonate could have contributed to the modification of the lithospheric mantle along the northern margin of the North China Craton.
DS201905-1030
2019
Foley, S.F.Forster, M.W., Prelevic, D., Buhre, S., Mertz-Kraus, R., Foley, S.F.An experimental study of the role of partial melts of sediments versus mantle melts in the sources of potassic magmatism.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, Vol. 177, pp. 76-88.Mantlelamproite

Abstract: Potassium-rich lavas with K/Na of >2 are common in orogenic and anorogenic intraplate magmatic provinces. However, in the primitive mantle, the concentration of Na exceeds that of K by 10 times. The source of K-rich lavas thus needs to be either K-enriched or Na-depleted to account for high K/Na ratios. The geochemical and isotopic compositions of high 87Sr/86Sr post-collisional lavas show that their mantle source contains a recycled crustal component. These highly K-enriched lavas with crustal like trace element patterns are termed “orogenic lamproites” and are compositionally distinct from K-rich “anorogenic lamproites” that show lower 87Sr/86Sr and a trace element pattern that resembles that of primary mantle melts. For both groups the processes of K-enrichment within their source are uncertain and are thought to be linked to melts of sedimentary rocks for “orogenic lamproites” and low-degree melts of ultramafic mantle rocks for “anorogenic lamproites”. In both cases, metasomatism of the mantle lithosphere is the precursor to K-rich magmatism. In this study we experimentally determine the effects of mantle metasomatism by sediment- and hydrous mantle melts. The experiments simulate the interaction of refractory lithospheric mantle and metasomatizing melt in a 2-layer reaction experiment. The sediment/dunite reaction experiments lead to formation of a strongly K-enriched phlogopite-pyroxenite layer sandwiched between the two starting materials. The low temperature of the sediment/dunite reaction runs at <1000?°C simulates a fore-arc subduction environment, in which the melts of sediment are consumed during interaction with dunite as the temperature is below the solidus of the produced phlogopite-pyroxenites. The hydrous mantle melt/dunite reaction run is simulated by reacting a hydrated basanite with dunite. Since the temperature of the reaction is higher than the solidus of the resulting phlogopite-pyroxenites (1200?°C), the hydrous melt is not consumed but flows further, increasing in K2O and K/Na as it reacts with the refractory peridotite. In both cases, melts are enriched in K and K/Na increases by crystallizing a low K and low K/Na eclogitic residue. Compositions of glass and phlogopite from both types of reactions are comparable to glasses and phlogopites found within post-collisional lavas. Since the enrichment of K within the reaction zone is strongly controlled by the formation of low K/Na and low-K residues, metasomatic enrichment of the mantle lithosphere in K does not need a highly K-enriched metasomatic agent.
DS201907-1545
2019
Foley, S.F.Forster, M.W., Foley, S.F., Marschall, H.R., Alard, O., Buhre, S.Melting of sediments in the deep mantle produces saline fluid inclusions in diamonds.Science Advances, Vol. 5, 5, eaau 2620 7p.Mantlediamond inclusions

Abstract: Diamonds growing in the Earth’s mantle often trap inclusions of fluids that are highly saline in composition. These fluids are thought to emerge from deep in subduction zones and may also be involved in the generation of some of the kimberlite magmas. However, the source of these fluids and the mechanism of their transport into the mantle lithosphere are unresolved. Here, we present experimental results showing that alkali chlorides are stable solid phases in the mantle lithosphere below 110 km. These alkali chlorides are formed by the reaction of subducted marine sediments with peridotite and show identical K/Na ratios to fluid inclusions in diamond. At temperatures >1100°C and low pressures, the chlorides are unstable; here, potassium is accommodated in mica and melt. The reaction of subducted sediments with peridotite explains the occurrence of Mg carbonates and the highly saline fluids found in diamonds and in chlorine-enriched kimberlite magmas.
DS201909-2039
2019
Foley, S.F.Forster, M.W., Foley, S.F., Alard, O., Buhre, S.Partitioning of nitrogen during melting and recycling in subduction zones and the evolution of atmospheric nitrogen.Chemical Geology, in press available 31p. PdfMantlesubduction, metasomatism

Abstract: The subduction of sediment connects the surface nitrogen cycle to that of the deep Earth. To understand the evolution of nitrogen in the atmosphere, the behavior of nitrogen during the subduction and melting of subducted sediments has to be estimated. This study presents high-pressure experimental measurements of the partitioning of nitrogen during the melting of sediments at sub-arc depths. For quantitative analysis of nitrogen in minerals and glasses, we calibrated the electron probe micro-analyzer on synthetic ammonium feldspar to measure nitrogen concentrations as low as 500??g?g?1. Nitrogen abundances in melt and mica are used together with mass balance calculations to determine DN(Mica/Melt), DN(Fluid/Mica), and DN(Fluid/Melt). Calculated partition coefficients correspond to expected values for NH4+, which behaves similarly to Rb+ due to its nearly identical size. Nitrogen partitioning between fluid and melt (DN(Fluid/Melt)) and fluid and bulk residue (melt+mica) (DN(Fluid/Bulk)) increase linearly with temperature normalized to pressure. This linear relationship can be used to calculate DN(Fluid/Melt) and DN(Fluid/Bulk) for slab melts from 800 to 1200?°C following: and [nasty equation that did not copy]. We used these partition coefficients to quantify the amount of N recycled into the mantle as 50?±?6% of today's atmospheric N. Depending on the rate of mantle N degassing we calculated 4 different scenarios for atmospheric pN2 evolution. All 4 scenarios estimate pN2 to be 8-12% higher at the beginning of the Phanerozoic. These estimates diverge towards the past due to uncertainties in the mechanism and magnitude of N degassing from the mantle. Assuming degassing of N in the past was close to modern degassing rates from MORB, pN2 was up to 40% higher at the onset of plate tectonics at 3-4?Ga. However, degassing rates were probably higher than this: assuming 10× and 20× times higher rates at the onset of plate tectonics leads to pN2 within 20% of modern values. If N degassing from the mantle is increased to 40× the modern MORB rate, pN2 in the Archean would have been 50% lower than today's, which is in accordance with observations from paleoatmospheric studies.
DS201912-2780
2019
Foley, S.F.Foley, S.F., Yaxley, G.M., Kjarsgaard, B.A.Kimberlites: from source to surface, insights from experiments.Elements, Vol. 15, 6, pp.Mantlepetrology
DS201912-2781
2019
Foley, S.F.Forster. M.W., Prelevic, D., Buhre, S., Mertz-Kraus, R., Foley, S.F.An experimental study of the role of partial melts of sediments versus mantle melts in the sources of potassic magmatism.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, Vol. 177, pp. 76-88.Mantlemetasomatism

Abstract: Potassium-rich lavas with K/Na of >2 are common in orogenic and anorogenic intraplate magmatic provinces. However, in the primitive mantle, the concentration of Na exceeds that of K by 10 times. The source of K-rich lavas thus needs to be either K-enriched or Na-depleted to account for high K/Na ratios. The geochemical and isotopic compositions of high 87Sr/86Sr post-collisional lavas show that their mantle source contains a recycled crustal component. These highly K-enriched lavas with crustal like trace element patterns are termed “orogenic lamproites” and are compositionally distinct from K-rich “anorogenic lamproites” that show lower 87Sr/86Sr and a trace element pattern that resembles that of primary mantle melts. For both groups the processes of K-enrichment within their source are uncertain and are thought to be linked to melts of sedimentary rocks for “orogenic lamproites” and low-degree melts of ultramafic mantle rocks for “anorogenic lamproites”. In both cases, metasomatism of the mantle lithosphere is the precursor to K-rich magmatism. In this study we experimentally determine the effects of mantle metasomatism by sediment- and hydrous mantle melts. The experiments simulate the interaction of refractory lithospheric mantle and metasomatizing melt in a 2-layer reaction experiment. The sediment/dunite reaction experiments lead to formation of a strongly K-enriched phlogopite-pyroxenite layer sandwiched between the two starting materials. The low temperature of the sediment/dunite reaction runs at <1000?°C simulates a fore-arc subduction environment, in which the melts of sediment are consumed during interaction with dunite as the temperature is below the solidus of the produced phlogopite-pyroxenites. The hydrous mantle melt/dunite reaction run is simulated by reacting a hydrated basanite with dunite. Since the temperature of the reaction is higher than the solidus of the resulting phlogopite-pyroxenites (1200?°C), the hydrous melt is not consumed but flows further, increasing in K2O and K/Na as it reacts with the refractory peridotite. In both cases, melts are enriched in K and K/Na increases by crystallizing a low K and low K/Na eclogitic residue. Compositions of glass and phlogopite from both types of reactions are comparable to glasses and phlogopites found within post-collisional lavas. Since the enrichment of K within the reaction zone is strongly controlled by the formation of low K/Na and low-K residues, metasomatic enrichment of the mantle lithosphere in K does not need a highly K-enriched metasomatic agent.
DS202002-0185
2020
Foley, S.F.Forster, M.W., Buhre, S., Xu, B., Prelevic, D., Mertz-Kraus, R., Foley, S.F.Two stage origin of K-enrichment in ultrapotassic magmatism simulated by melting of experimentally metasomatized mantle.MDPI Minerals, Vol. 10, 41;doe.10.3390/min10010041 21p. PdfMantlemetasomatism

Abstract: The generation of strongly potassic melts in the mantle requires the presence of phlogopite in the melting assemblage, while isotopic and trace element analyses of ultrapotassic rocks frequently indicate the involvement of subducted crustal lithologies in the source. However, phlogopite-free experiments that focus on melting of sedimentary rocks and subsequent hybridization with mantle rocks at pressures of 1-3 GPa have not successfully produced melts with K2O >5 wt%-6 wt%, while ultrapotassic igneous rocks reach up to 12 wt% K2O. Accordingly, a two-stage process that enriches K2O and increases K/Na in intermediary assemblages in the source prior to ultrapotassic magmatism seems likely. Here, we simulate this two-stage formation of ultrapotassic magmas using an experimental approach that involves re-melting of parts of an experimental product in a second experiment. In the first stage, reaction experiments containing layered sediment and dunite produced a modally metasomatized reaction zone at the border of a depleted peridotite. For the second-stage experiment, the metasomatized dunite was separated from the residue of the sedimentary rock and transferred to a smaller capsule, and melts were produced with 8 wt%-8.5 wt% K2O and K/Na of 6-7. This is the first time that extremely K-enriched ultrapotassic melts have been generated experimentally from sediments at low pressure applicable to a post-collisional setting.
DS202002-0220
2019
Foley, S.F.Xu, R., Liu, Y., Wang, X-C, Foley, S.F., Zhang, Y., Yuan, H.Generation of continental intraplate alkali basalts and deep carbon cycle.Earth Science Reviews, in press available, 38p. Doi.org/1010.1016 /jearsciev.2019.103073Globalcarbon

Abstract: Although the deep recycling of carbon has been proposed to play a key role in producing intraplate magmatism, the question of how it controls or triggers mantle melting remains poorly understood. In addition, generation of incipient carbonated melts in the mantle and their subsequent reaction with the mantle are critical processes that can influence the geochemistry of intraplate basalts, but the details of such processes are also unclear. Here we present geochemical evidence for the existence of pervasive carbonate melt in the mantle source of Cenozoic continental intraplate highly alkali basalts (SiO2 < 45 wt%), which are volumetrically minor but widespread in eastern China. The primary magma compositions of these basalts cannot be explained by either partial melting of a single mantle source lithology or mixing of magmas derived from distinct mantle sources, but can be adequately explained by carbonate-fluxed melting of eclogite and subsequent reaction between silica-rich melts and peridotite that ultimately transformed the initial carbonated silica-rich melts into silica-undersaturated alkalic magmas. The source of the carbonate is in subducted eclogites associated with the Pacific plate, which stagnated in the mantle transition zone (MTZ). The spatial distribution of the alkali basalts is in accord with large-scale seismic low-velocity anomalies in the upper mantle above the MTZ. Similar scenarios in central-western Europe and eastern Australia lead us to propose that reaction between carbonated silica-rich melt and peridotite may be a pivotal mechanism for the generation of continental intraplate alkali basalts elsewhere in the world.
DS202007-1132
2020
Foley, S.F.Choi, F.M., Fiorentini, M.L., Giuliani, A., Foley, S.F., Maas, R., Taylor, W.R.Subduction related tetrogenesis of late Archean calc-alkaline lamprophyres in the Yilgarn craton ( Western Australia).Precambrian Research, Vol. 338, 105550Australialamprophyres

Abstract: We present a comprehensive petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical study of calc-alkaline lamprophyres (CAL) from the Archean Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. Previous studies have shown that the emplacement age of CAL from the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane of the Yilgarn Craton is ~2684 to ~2640 Ma. A new Rb/Sr mica age for a CAL sample in the Western Yilgarn is ~2070 Ma. Both Archean and Proterozoic CAL analysed in this study display porphyritic textures and contain phenocrysts of amphibole, minor clinopyroxene and biotite in a fine-grained groundmass dominated by feldspar. High MgO, Ni and Cr abundances (up to 11.9 wt%, 373 and 993 ppm. respectively) are consistent with derivation of primitive magmas from a mantle source. Enrichment in H2O, reflected in the abundance of magmatic amphibole and mica, combined with high whole-rock LILE, Th/Yb ratios and negative Nb-Ta anomalies in trace element patterns are consistent with a source that was metasomatised by hydrous fluids analogous to those generated by Phanerozoic subduction-related processes. Chondritic ?Nd and ?Hf signatures and Archean mantle-like Sr isotope signatures of the Late Archean CAL indicate that the fluid metasomatism required to explain their volatile and trace-element enriched composition shortly preceded partial melting (i.e. there was insufficient time to develop enriched radiogenic isotopic signatures). The concurrence of apparently juvenile radiogenic isotopes and fluid-related trace element compositions requires a geodynamic scenario whereby dehydration of a subducted slab triggered metasomatism of the overlying mantle wedge. Our findings therefore support a subduction setting at ~2.6-2.7 Ga along the eastern margin of the Yilgarn Craton. The CAL from the Western Yilgarn have similar compositions but enriched Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes compared to those in the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane. This signature is consistent with melting of lithospheric mantle domains previously enriched by subduction-related metasomatism. Hence, our study suggests the presence of a subduction setting in the Western Yilgarn during the Archean, which is consistent with previous geodynamic reconstructions. However, the geodynamic trigger for the early Proterozoic event that generated CAL magmatism in the Western Yilgarn is currently unclear.
DS202007-1142
2020
Foley, S.F.Giuliani, A., Pearson, D.G., Soltys, A., Dalton, H., Phillips, D., Foley, S.F., Lim, E.Kimberlite genesis from a common primary melt modified by lithospheric mantle assimilation.Science Advances, Vol. 6, eeaz0424Mantlemelting

Abstract: Quantifying the compositional evolution of mantle-derived melts from source to surface is fundamental for constraining the nature of primary melts and deep Earth composition. Despite abundant evidence for interaction between carbonate-rich melts, including diamondiferous kimberlites, and mantle wall rocks en route to surface, the effects of this interaction on melt compositions are poorly constrained. Here, we demonstrate a robust linear correlation between the Mg/Si ratios of kimberlites and their entrained mantle components and between Mg/Fe ratios of mantle-derived olivine cores and magmatic olivine rims in kimberlites worldwide. Combined with numerical modeling, these findings indicate that kimberlite melts with highly variable composition were broadly similar before lithosphere assimilation. This implies that kimberlites worldwide originated by partial melting of compositionally similar convective mantle sources under comparable physical conditions. We conclude that mantle assimilation markedly alters the major element composition of carbonate-rich melts and is a major process in the evolution of mantle-derived magmas.
DS202008-1380
2020
Foley, S.F.Choi, E., Fiorentini, M.L., Giuliani, A., Foley, S.F., Maas, R., Taylor, W.R.Subduction related petrogenesis of late Archean calc-alkaline lamprophyres in the Yilgarn craton, western Australia.Precambrian Research, Vol. 338, 105550, 18p. PdfAustralialamprophyres

Abstract: We present a comprehensive petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical study of calc-alkaline lamprophyres (CAL) from the Archean Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. Previous studies have shown that the emplacement age of CAL from the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane of the Yilgarn Craton is ~2684 to ~2640 Ma. A new Rb/Sr mica age for a CAL sample in the Western Yilgarn is ~2070 Ma. Both Archean and Proterozoic CAL analysed in this study display porphyritic textures and contain phenocrysts of amphibole, minor clinopyroxene and biotite in a fine-grained groundmass dominated by feldspar. High MgO, Ni and Cr abundances (up to 11.9 wt%, 373 and 993 ppm. respectively) are consistent with derivation of primitive magmas from a mantle source. Enrichment in H2O, reflected in the abundance of magmatic amphibole and mica, combined with high whole-rock LILE, Th/Yb ratios and negative Nb-Ta anomalies in trace element patterns are consistent with a source that was metasomatised by hydrous fluids analogous to those generated by Phanerozoic subduction-related processes. Chondritic ?Nd and ?Hf signatures and Archean mantle-like Sr isotope signatures of the Late Archean CAL indicate that the fluid metasomatism required to explain their volatile and trace-element enriched composition shortly preceded partial melting (i.e. there was insufficient time to develop enriched radiogenic isotopic signatures). The concurrence of apparently juvenile radiogenic isotopes and fluid-related trace element compositions requires a geodynamic scenario whereby dehydration of a subducted slab triggered metasomatism of the overlying mantle wedge. Our findings therefore support a subduction setting at ~2.6-2.7 Ga along the eastern margin of the Yilgarn Craton. The CAL from the Western Yilgarn have similar compositions but enriched Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes compared to those in the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane. This signature is consistent with melting of lithospheric mantle domains previously enriched by subduction-related metasomatism. Hence, our study suggests the presence of a subduction setting in the Western Yilgarn during the Archean, which is consistent with previous geodynamic reconstructions. However, the geodynamic trigger for the early Proterozoic event that generated CAL magmatism in the Western Yilgarn is currently unclear.
DS202102-0212
2021
Foley, S.F.Otter, L.M., Forster, M.W., Belousova, E., O'Reilly, P., Nowak, D., Parlk, S., Clar, S., Foley, S.F., Jacob, D.E.GGR cutting-edge review nanoscale chemical imaging by photo-induced force microscopy: technical aspects and application to the geosciences. ( not specific to diamonds)Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, doi:10.111/ GGR.12373. 51p. PdfGlobalspectroscopy, mineralogy

Abstract: Photo?induced force microscopy (PiFM) is a new?frontier technique that combines the advantages of atomic force microscopy with infrared spectroscopy and allows for the simultaneous acquisition of 3D topographic data with molecular chemical information at high spatial (~ 5 nm) and spectral (~ 1 cm?1) resolution at the nanoscale. This non?destructive technique is time efficient as it requires only conventional mirror?polishing and has fast mapping rates on the order of a few minutes that allow the study of dynamic processes via time series. Here, we review the method’s historical development, working principle, data acquisition, evaluation, and provide a comparison with traditional geochemical methods. We review PiFM studies in the areas of materials science, chemistry, and biology. In addition, we provide the first applications for geochemical samples including the visualisation of faint growth zonation in zircons, the identification of fluid speciation in high?pressure experimental samples, and of nanoscale organic phases in biominerals. We demonstrate that PiFM analysis is a time? and cost?efficient technique combining high?resolution surface imaging with molecular chemical information at the nanoscale and, thus, complements and expands traditional geochemical methods.
DS202106-0929
2021
Foley, S.F.Choi, E., Fiorentini, M.L., Giuliani, A., Foley, S.F., Maas, R., Graham, S.Petrogenesis of Proterozoic alkaline ultramafic rocks in the Yilgarn Craton, western Australia.Gondwana Research, Vol. 93, pp. 197-217. pdfAustraliacarbonatites

Abstract: The Yilgarn Craton and its northern margin contain a variety of petrogenetically poorly defined small-volume alkaline ultramafic rocks of Proterozoic age. This study documents the petrography, mineral and bulk-rock geochemistry and Nd-Hf-Sr-Pb isotope compositions of a selected suite of these rocks. They comprise ~2.03-2.06 Ga ultramafic lamprophyres (UML) and carbonatites from the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane (EGS), ~0.86 Ga UML from Norseman, and orangeites from the Earaheedy Basin, including samples from Jewill (~1.3 Ga), Bulljah (~1.4 Ga) and Nabberu (~1.8-1.9 Ga). The Proterozoic UML and carbonatites from the EGS and Norseman display very consistent chondritic to superchondritic Nd-Hf isotope compositions and trace-element ratios similar to modern OIBs, which are indicative of a common mantle source across this wide alkaline province. These Nd-Hf isotope compositions overlap with the evolution trends of global kimberlites through time, thus suggesting that this mantle source could be deep and ancient as that proposed for kimberlites. Conversely, the orangeites located in the Earaheedy Basin along the northern margin of the Yilgarn Craton display trace element signatures similar to subduction-related calc-alkaline magmas. Taken together with their highly enriched Sr-Nd-Hf isotope compositions, these characteristics indicate an ancient lithospheric mantle source, which was probably metasomatised by subduction-related fluids. As the ages of the Bulljah and Jewill orangeites overlap with the breakup of the Columbia supercontinent, it is proposed that orangeite magmatism was triggered by changes in plate stress conditions associated with this event. This study provides a comprehensive picture of the genesis of Proterozoic alkaline magmatism in the Yilgarn Craton, highlighting the complex tectono-magmatic evolution of this lithospheric block after its assembly in the Archean.
DS202110-1614
2021
Foley, S.F.Forster, M.W., Bussweiler, Y., Prelevic, D., Daczko, N.R., Buhre, S., Mertz-Kraus, R., Foley, S.F.Sediment-peridotite reaction controls fore-arc metasomatism and arc magma geochemical signatures.Geosciences MDPI, Vol. 11, 372, 24p. PdfMantlesubduction

Abstract: Subduction of oceanic crust buries an average thickness of 300-500 m of sediment that eventually dehydrates or partially melts. Progressive release of fluid/melt metasomatizes the fore-arc mantle, forming serpentinite at low temperatures and phlogopite-bearing pyroxenite where slab surface reaches 700-900 °C. This is sufficiently high to partially melt subducted sediments before they approach the depths where arc magmas are formed. Here, we present experiments on reactions between melts of subducted sediments and peridotite at 2-6 GPa/750-1100 °C, which correspond to the surface of a subducting slab. The reaction of volatile-bearing partial melts derived from sediments with depleted peridotite leads to separation of elements and a layered arrangement of metasomatic phases, with layers consisting of orthopyroxene, mica-pyroxenite, and clinopyroxenite. The selective incorporation of elements in these metasomatic layers closely resembles chemical patterns found in K-rich magmas. Trace elements were imaged using LA-ICP-TOFMS, which is applied here to investigate the distribution of trace elements within the metasomatic layers. Experiments of different duration enabled estimates of the growth of the metasomatic front, which ranges from 1-5 m/ky. These experiments explain the low contents of high-field strength elements in arc magmas as being due to their loss during melting of sedimentary materials in the fore-arc.
DS1990-0482
1990
Folger, D.W.Folger, D.W., Irwin, B.J., McCullough, J.R., Rowland, R.W., PolloniMap showing free-air gravity anomalies off the southern coast of west-central Africa; Liberia to GhanaUnited States Geological Survey (USGS) Map, MF 2098-E, 1: 500, 000 $ 1.50GlobalGeophysics -gravity, Coast
DS1990-0483
1990
Folger, D.W.Folger, D.W., Irwin, B.J., McCullough, J.R., Rowland, R.W., PolloniMap showing free air gravity anomalies off the southern coast of west central Africa: Liberia to GhanaUnited States Geological Survey (USGS) Map, No. MF-2098-E 1: 500, 000 $ 1.50West AfricaGravity, Map, Geophysics
DS1983-0189
1983
Folkes, J.A.Crawford, E.S., Folkes, J.A., Williams, J.O., Barnicoat, A.C.Electron Microscope Studies of Minerals: Phase Boundaries In an Extremely Slowly Cooled Clinopyroxene (augite).Royal Society of London Proceedings, Vol. 387, No. 1792, PP. 21-30.ScotlandMicroscopy, Mineral Chemistry
DS2001-0337
2001
Folling, P.G.Frimmel, H.E., Folling, P.G., Diamond, R.Metamorphism of the Permo Triassic Cape Fold Belt and its basement, South AfricaMineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 325-45.South AfricaMetamorphism
DS1992-0321
1992
Follmer, L.R.Curry, B.B., Follmer, L.R.The last Interglacial-glacial transition in IllinoisGeological Society of America, Special Paper No. 270, pp. 71-89GlobalGeomorphology, Glacial deposits
DS201112-0113
2011
Foltz, J.Bromley, D., Foltz, J.Sustainability under siege: transport costs and corruption on West Africa's trade corridors.Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 35, 1, Feb. pp. 32-48.Africa, West AfricaCSR
DS2001-0007
2001
FominAgashev, A.M., Watanabe, Bydaev, Pokhilenko, FominGeochemistry of kimberlites from the Nakyn field, Siberia: evidence for unique source composition.Geology, Vol. 29, No. 3, Mar. pp. 267-70.Russia, SiberiaGeochronology, geochemistry
DS1992-1327
1992
Fomin, A.S.Sarychev, I.K., Fomin, A.S.A typical geological genetic model of kimberlite pipe from the Daldyn-Alakit region.Russian Geology and Geophysics formerly Soviet Geology and Geophysics, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 107-113.Russia, Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), YakutiaKimberlite genesis, Model
DS1995-0548
1995
Fomin, A.S.Fomin, A.S., Serenko, V.P., Zankovich, N.S.Two phase pipes of the Yakutian Diamondiferous provinceProceedings of the Sixth International Kimberlite Conference Almazy Rossii Sakha abstract, p. 6.Russia, YakutiaAutoliths, Deposit -Daldyn Alakit, Malo Botuobiya, Malokuonamka
DS1995-0549
1995
Fomin, A.S.Fomin, A.S., Serenko, V.P., Zinchuk, N.N.Three series of kimberlite bodies from Dadlyn-Alakit region of westernSiberia.Proceedings of the Sixth International Kimberlite Conference Extended Abstracts, p. 167-8.Russia, Siberia, Daldyn AlakitTectonics, Deposit -Aikal, Komsomolskaya
DS1995-1329
1995
Fomin, A.S.Nasurdinov, T.G., Sarychev, I.K., Fomin, A.S.The features of the geological structure of the Upper Horizons of the Yubileinaya pipe.Proceedings of the Sixth International Kimberlite Conference Almazy Rossii Sakha abstract, p. 25.Russia, YakutiaStructure, Deposit -Jubilee
DS1998-0010
1998
Fomin, A.S.Agashev, A.M., Fomin, A.S., Watanabe, T., Pokhilenko, N.Preliminary age determination of recently discovered kimberlites of the Siberian kimberlite province.7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 9-10.Russia, SiberiaGeochronology, Deposit - Sredne-Marxz, Botuobinskaya, Nurbinskaya
DS1998-0179
1998
Fomin, A.S.Budaev, D.A., Dolgunin, A.V., Fomin, A.S.An algorithm of kimberlite Diamondiferous estimations7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 111-12.Russia, YakutiaDiamond petrochemistry - Ti contnent, Deposit - Botuobinskaya
DS1998-0244
1998
Fomin, A.S.Cherny, S.D., Fomin, A.S., Yanygin, Ju.T., Banzeruk, V.Geology and composition of the Nakyn field kimberlite pipes and diamond properties (Yakutia).7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 147-148.Russia, YakutiaPetrology, Deposit - Botuobinskaya, Nurbinskaya
DS1998-1473
1998
Fomin, A.S.Tomshin, M.D., Fomin, A.S., Oleinikov, B.V.Basites of the Vilyui Markha zone Siberian Platform7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 923-5.Russia, SiberiaBilyuisk paleorift system, Dike swarm, magmatism
DS202205-0672
2022
Fomin, I.Afonso, J., Ben-Mansour, W., O'Reilly, S.Y., Griffin, W.L., Salajeghegh, F., Foley, S., Begg, G., Selway, K., Macdonald, A., Januszczak, N., Fomin, I., Nyblade, A.A., Yang, Y.Thermochemical structure and evolution of cratonic lithosphere in central and southern Africa.Nature Geoscience, Apr. 26, 329p. FreeAfrica, South AfricaCraton

Abstract: The thermochemical structure of the subcontinental mantle holds information on its origin and evolution that can inform energy and mineral exploration strategies, natural hazard mitigation and evolutionary models of Earth. However, imaging the fine-scale thermochemical structure of continental lithosphere remains a major challenge. Here we combine multiple land and satellite datasets via thermodynamically constrained inversions to obtain a high-resolution thermochemical model of central and southern Africa. Results reveal diverse structures and compositions for cratons, indicating distinct evolutions and responses to geodynamic processes. While much of the Kaapvaal lithosphere retained its cratonic features, the western Angolan-Kasai Shield and the Rehoboth Block have lost their cratonic keels. The lithosphere of the Congo Craton has been affected by metasomatism, increasing its density and inducing its conspicuous low-topography, geoid and magnetic anomalies. Our results reconcile mantle structure with the causes and location of volcanism within and around the Tanzanian Craton, whereas the absence of volcanism towards the north is due to local asthenospheric downwellings, not to a previously proposed lithospheric root connecting with the Congo Craton. Our study offers improved integration of mantle structure, magmatism and the evolution and destruction of cratonic lithosphere, and lays the groundwork for future lithospheric evolutionary models and exploration frameworks for Earth and other terrestrial planets.
DS200612-0404
2006
Fomin, T.Fomin, T., Goleby, B.R.Lessons from a joint interpretation of vibroseis wide angle and near vertical reflection dat a in the northeastern Yilgarn, Western Australia.Tectonophysics, in pressAustraliaCraton, Geophysics - seismics, wide-angle reflection
DS1991-0499
1991
Fomin, Y.M.Fomin, Y.M.Ore controlling structures for diamonds and role of cosmic photos in theirrevealing.(Russian)Izvest. Akad. Nauk SSS, Geol., (Russian), No. 11, November pp. 145-149RussiaStructure, Diamond bearing
DS1992-0473
1992
Fomin, Y.M.Fomin, Y.M.Structural position of diamond bearing areas of the East of Siberian Platform (technical note).(Russian)Izvest, Akad, Nauk SSSR, (Russian), No. 12, December pp. 152-155Russia, SiberiaTectonics, Structure
DS1993-0557
1993
Fomin, Yu.A.Goncharenko, A.I., Fomin, Yu.A.Oxygen isotope distribution in plastically deformed and recrystallized olivine from Alpine type ultramaficsDoklady Academy of Sciences USSR, Earth Science Section, Vol. 317, pp. 207-210RussiaGeochronology, Ultramafics
DS202008-1436
2020
Fomina, E.Prokopyev, I.R., Kozlov, E., Fomina,E., Doroshkevich, A.Mineralogy and fluid regime of formation of the REE-Late-Stage hydrothermal mineralization of Petyayan-Vara carbonatites ( Vuoriyarvi, Kola region, NW Russia.Minerals, 19p. PdfRussia, Kola Peninsulacarbonatite

Abstract: The Vuoriyarvi Devonian alkaline-ultramafic complex (northwest Russia) contains magnesiocarbonatites with rare earth mineralization localized in the Petyayan-Vara area. High concentrations of rare earth elements are found in two types of these rocks: (a) ancylite-dominant magnesiocarbonatites with ancylite-baryte-strontianite-calcite-quartz (±late Ca-Fe-Mg carbonates) ore assemblage, i.e., “ancylite ores”; (b) breccias of magnesiocarbonatites with a quartz-bastnäsite matrix (±late Ca-Fe-Mg carbonates), i.e., “bastnäsite ores.” We studied fluid inclusions in quartz and late-stage Ca-Fe-Mg carbonates from these ore assemblages. Fluid inclusion data show that ore-related mineralization was formed in several stages. We propose the following TX evolution scheme for ore-related processes: (1) the formation of ancylite ores began under the influence of highly concentrated (>50 wt.%) sulphate fluids (with thenardite and anhydrite predominant in the daughter phases of inclusions) at a temperature above300-350 °C; (2) the completion of the formation of ancylite ores and their auto-metasomatic alteration occurred under the influence of concentrated (40-45 wt.%) carbonate fluids (shortite and synchysite-Ce in fluid inclusions) at a temperature above 250-275 °C; (3) bastnäsite ores deposited from low-concentrated (20-30 wt.%) hydrocarbonate-chloride fluids (halite, nahcolite, and/or gaylussite in fluid inclusions) at a temperature of 190-250 °C or higher. Later hydrothermal mineralization was related to the low-concentration hydrocarbonate-chloride fluids (<15 wt.% NaCl-equ.) at 150-200 °C. The presented data show the specific features of the mineral and fluid evolution of ore-related late-stage hydrothermal rare earth element (REE) mineralization of the Vuoriyarvi alkaline-ultramafic complex.
DS202103-0388
2018
Fomina, E.Kozlov, E., Fomina, E., Sidorov, M., Shilovskikh, V.Ti-Nb mineralization of late carbonatites and role of fluid in its formation: Petyayan-Vara rare-earth carbonatites ( Vuoriyarvi Massif, Russia). ***dateMDPI Applied Sciences, 19p. PdfRussiacarbonatite

Abstract: This article is devoted to the geology of titanium-rich varieties of the Petyayan-Vara rare-earth dolomitic carbonatites in Vuoriyarvi, Northwest Russia. Analogues of these varieties are present in many carbonatite complexes. The aim of this study was to investigate the behavior of high field strength elements during the late stages of carbonatite formation. We conducted a multilateral study of titanium- and niobium-bearing minerals, including a petrographic study, Raman spectroscopy, microprobe determination of chemical composition, and electron backscatter diffraction. Three TiO2-polymorphs (anatase, brookite and rutile) and three pyrochlore group members (hydroxycalcio-, fluorcalcio-, and kenoplumbopyrochlore) were found to coexist in the studied rocks. The formation of these minerals occurred in several stages. First, Nb-poor Ti-oxides were formed in the fluid-permeable zones. The overprinting of this assemblage by residual fluids led to the generation of Nb-rich brookite (the main niobium concentrator in the Petyayan-Vara) and minerals of the pyrochlore group. This process also caused niobium enrichment with of early generations of Ti oxides. Our results indicate abrupt changes in the physicochemical parameters at the late hydro (carbo) thermal stage of the carbonatite formation and high migration capacity of Ti and Nb under these conditions. The metasomatism was accompanied by the separation of these elements.
DS202108-1283
2021
Fomina, E.N.Fomina, E.N., Kozlov, E.N.Stable ( C, O) radiogenic ( Sr, Nd) isotopic evidence for REE- carbonatite formation processes in Petyayan-Vara ( Vuoriyarvi Massif, NW Russia).Lithos, Vol. 398-399, 17p. PdfRussiaREE

Abstract: A study of radiogenic (Sr, Nd) and stable (C, O) isotopic data for rare earth carbonatites from the Petyayan-Vara field of the Devonian Vuoriyarvi alkaline-ultrabasic massif is presented. The cumulative evidence indicates that the primary igneous rocks of the Petyayan-Vara area are burbankite-bearing magnesiocarbonatites having isotopic signatures of the depleted mantle (?Nd365Ma = 5.0, 87Sr/86Sr(i) = 0.7031, ?13C ca. -4‰, and ?18O ca. 11‰). Interaction of the primary carbonatite melt with the host silicate rocks produced high-Ti carbonatites with a mantle ?13C (ca. -4‰) and isotopically heavy ?18O (ca. 20‰). These rocks trapped K, Na, Mg, CO2, and rare earth elements (REEs) (mainly heavy REEs) from the melt and Si, Al, Fe, Ti, and P from the host rocks. Early post-magmatic exposure of burbankite-bearing carbonatites to a mixture of fluids of crustal and orthomagmatic carbonatite origin caused redistribution of REEs, Ba, and Sr and formation of REE-rich carbonatites with abundant ancylite mineralization. This effect did not disturb the Smsingle bondNd system but induced radiogenic Sr accumulation and a change in C and O isotopic composition towards heavier values. Later, but most likely before denudation, the Petyayan-Vara rocks underwent another metasomatic event involving crustal fluids infiltrating through fracture systems. This event triggered formation of bastnäsite-rich carbonatites with fewer REEs at the expense of ancylite-rich carbonatites, and changed all the isotopic systems in the affected rocks. This model successfully accounts for the evolution of all the carbonatite varieties discovered to date in the Petyayan-Vara field.
DS200812-0905
2008
Fomina, L.N.Pokhilenko, L.N., Pokhilenko, N.P., Fedorov, L.I., Tomilenko, A.A., Usova, L.V., Fomina, L.N., Sobolev, V.S.Fluid regime pecularities of the lithosphere mantle of the Siberian Platform.Deep Seated Magmatism, its sources and plumes, Ed. Vladykin, N.V., 2008 pp. 122-136.Russia, SiberiaMantle chemistry
DS1982-0348
1982
Fominykh, V.I.Krivenko, A.P., Fominykh, V.I.Picrites and the Genesis of Gabbro Monzodiorite Plutonites. RusTrudy Institute Geol. Geofiz., (Russian), No. 455, pp. 34-39RussiaPicrite
DS201412-0704
2013
Fomradas, G.Porrit, L-A., Russell, J.K., McLean, H., Fomradas, G., Eichenberg, D.A phreatomagmatic kimberlite: the 418A kimberlite pipe, Northwest Territories, Canada.Proceedings of the 10th. International Kimberlite Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 97-108.Canada, Northwest TerritoriesDeposit - 418A
DS201602-0231
2016
Fomradas, G.Petts, D.C., Stachel, T., Stern, R.A., Hunt, L., Fomradas, G.Multiple carbon and nitrogen sources associated with the parental mantle fluids of fibrous diamonds from Diavik, Canada revealed by SIMS microanalysis.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 171, 15p.Canada, Northwest TerritoriesDeposit - Diavik

Abstract: Fibrous diamonds are often interpreted as direct precipitates of primary carbonate-bearing fluids in the lithospheric mantle, sourced directly from common reservoirs of “mantle” carbon and nitrogen. Here we have examined fibrous growth layers in five diamonds (as three rims or “coats” and two whole-crystal cuboids) from the Diavik Diamond Mine, Canada, using in situ C- and N-isotope and N-abundance measurements to investigate the origin and evolution of their parental fluids, and in particular, to test for isotopic variability within a suite of fibrous diamonds. High-resolution growth structure information was gleaned from cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging and, in combination with the isotopic data, was used to assess the nature of the transition from gem to fibrous growth in the coated diamonds. The two cuboids are characterized by fine concentric bands of fibrous and/or milky opaque diamond, with one sample (S1719) having intermittent gem-like growth layers that are transparent and colourless. The three coated diamonds comprise octahedral gem cores mantled by massive or weakly zoned fibrous rims, with sharp and well-defined gem-fibrous boundaries. For the two cuboid samples, ? 13C and ? 15N values were ?7.7 to ?3.2 ‰ (mean ?6.3 ± 1.3 ‰; 1 SD; n = 84) and ?5.6 to ?2.1 ‰ (mean ?4.0 ± 0.8 ‰; 1 SD; n = 48), respectively. The three fibrous rims have combined ? 13C values of ?8.3 to ?4.8 ‰ (mean ?6.9 ± 0.7 ‰; 1 SD; n = 113) and ? 15N values of ?3.8 to ?1.9 ‰ (mean ?2.7 ± 0.4 ‰; 1 SD; n = 43). N-abundances of the combined cuboid-fibrous rim dataset range from 339 to 1714 at. ppm. The gem cores have ? 13C and ? 15N values of ?5.4 to ?3.5 ‰ and ?17.7 to +4.5 ‰, respectively, and N-abundances of 480 to 1699 at. ppm. Broadly uniform C- and N-isotope compositions were observed in each of the gem cores (variations of ~<1 ‰ for carbon and ~<3 ‰ for nitrogen). This limited C- and N- isotope variability implies that the gem cores formed from separate pulses of fluid that remained isotopically uniform throughout the duration of growth. Significant isotopic and abundance differences were observed between the gem and fibrous growth zones, including in one detailed isotopic profile ? 13C and ? 15N offsets of ~?2.4 and ~?3.7 ‰, respectively, and a ~230 at. ppm increase in N-abundance. Combined with the well-defined gem-fibrous boundaries in plane light and CL, these sharp isotopic differences indicate separate parental fluid histories. Notably, in the combined fibrous diamond dataset prominent C- and N-isotope differences between the whole-crystal cuboid and fibrous rim data were observed, including a consistent ~1.3 ‰ offset in ? 15N values between the two growth types. This bimodal N-isotope distribution is interpreted as formation from separate parental fluids, associated with distinct nitrogen sources. The bimodal N-isotope distribution could also be explained by differences in N-speciation between the respective parental fluids, which would largely be controlled by the oxidation state of the fibrous rim and cuboid growth environments (i.e., N2 vs. NH4 + or NH3). We also note that this C- and N-isotope variability could indicate temporal changes to the source(s) of the respective parental fluids, such that each stage of fibrous diamond growth reflects the emplacement of separate pulses of proto-kimberlitic fluid—from distinct carbon and nitrogen sources, and/or with varying N-species—into the lithospheric mantle.
DS201812-2852
2018
Fomradas, G.Moss, S., Porritt, L., Pollock, K., Fomradas, G., Stubley, M., Eichenberg, D., Cutts, J.Diavik deposit: Geology, mineral chemistry, and structure of the kimberlites at Diavik diamond mine: indicators of cluster-scale cross-fertilization, mantle provenance, and pipe morphology.Society of Economic Geology Geoscience and Exploration of the Argyle, Bunder, Diavik, and Murowa Diamond Deposits, Special Publication no. 20, pp. 287-318.Canada, Northwest Territoriesdeposit - Diavik
DS200712-0754
2007
Fomrades, G.Moss, S., Russel, J.K., Fomrades, G., Young, R., McLean, H.Crater in-fill at Diavik: facies architecture, textures, volcanic processes and implications.Geological Association of Canada, Gac-Mac Yellowknife 2007, 1 pg. abstract p.57-58.Canada, Northwest TerritoriesDiavik petrology
DS201212-0569
2012
Fomrades, G.Porritt, L.A., Russell, J.K., McLean, H., Fomrades, G., Eicheberg,D.Geology and volcanology of the A418 kimberlite pipe, NWT, Canada10th. International Kimberlite Conference Feb. 6-11, Bangalore India, AbstractCanada, Northwest TerritoriesDeposit - A418
DS201312-0011
2013
Fonanella, S.Ahlqvist, O., Harvey, F., Ban, H., Chen, W., Fonanella, S., Guo, M.,Singh, N.Making journal articles 'live': turning academic writing into scientific dialog.Geojournal, Vol. 78, 1, pp. 61-68.TechnologyKnowledge dissemination
DS1991-0500
1991
Fonarev, V.I.Fonarev, V.I., Graphchikov, A.A., Konilov, A.N.A consistent system of geothermometers for metamorphic complexesInternational Geology Review, Vol. 33, No. 8, August pp. 743-783RussiaGeothermometry, Metamorphic complexes
DS1995-0550
1995
Fonarev, V.I.Fonarev, V.I., Gavrilkova, S.N., Sultanov, D.M.Metamorphic events in the Precambrian on the southern Aldan Shield, EastSiberia, Russia.Petrology, Vol. 3, No. 2, March-April pp. 152-162.RussiaAldan Shield, metamorphism
DS1998-0439
1998
Fonarev, V.I.Fonarev, V.I., Touret, J.L.R., Kotelnikova, Z.A.Fluid inclusions in rocks from the Central Kola granulite area- BalticShield.Eur. Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 10, No. 6, Nov. 1, pp. 1181-2000.Russia, Kola PeninsulaBaltic area - general not specific to diamonds
DS1860-0345
1880
Fonentay, E.Schlesinger, M., Fonentay, E.Compagnie Francaise des Mines des Diamants du CapParis:, 8P.Africa, South AfricaDiamond Mining
DS1990-0484
1990
Fong, D.G.Fong, D.G.Chin a and specialty metalsWorld Mineral Notes, Vol. 6, No. 5, November 1990, pp. 1-5ChinaRare earths, Carbonatite
DS200612-0975
2006
Fonini, W.R.Nichols, K.K., Bierman, P.R., Fonini, W.R., Gillespie, A., Caffee, M., Finkel, R.Dates and rates of arid region geomorphic process.GSA Today, August pp. 4- 11.United States, California, ArizonaGeomorphology, desert landscapes
DS200512-1137
2004
Fonsec, M.A.Ventura Santos, R., Souza de Alvarenga, C.J., Babinski, M., Ramos, M.L.S., Cukrov, N., Fonsec, M.A., Da NorbregaCarbon isotopes of Mesoproterozoic Neoproterozoic sequences from southern Sao Francisco craton and Aracuai Belt, Brazil: paleogeorgraphic implications.Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 18, 1, Dec. 30, pp. 27-39.South America, BrazilGeomorphology, glaciation, geochronology,carbonatites
DS201312-0944
2013
Fonsec, R.O.C.Wainwright, A.N., Luguet, A., Fonsec, R.O.C.Sulfide Re-Os dating in modally metasomatised peridotites, insights from Lethlhakane ( Botswana).Goldschmidt 2013, 1p. AbstractAfrica, BotswanaDeposit - Lethlhakane
DS201509-0435
2015
Fonsec, R.O.C.Wainwright, A.N., Luguet, A., Fonsec, R.O.C., Pearson, D.G.Investigating metasomatic effects on the 187Os isotopic signature: a case study on the micrometric base metal sulphides in metasomatised peridotite from the Letlhakane kimberlite, (Botswana). Lithos, Vol. 232, pp. 35-48.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Letlhakane

Abstract: The peridotite xenoliths of the Letlhakane kimberlite (Botswana), which intrude the Proterozoic Magondi Belt on the western margin of the Zimbabwe craton, represent highly depleted melting residues. These residues suffered subsequent variable metasomatic overprinting, evidenced by cryptic trace element enrichments in the spinel peridotites to modal addition of phlogopite, clinopyroxene and spinel within the garnet peridotites. In order to assess the robustness of the Re–Os chronometer in such highly metasomatised peridotites, detailed investigations of base metal sulphide (BMS) petrography and single-BMS grain 187Os/188Os analyses have been undertaken in three representative peridotites.
DS201312-0272
2013
Fonseca, A.Fonseca, A., Fitzpatrick, P., McAllister, M.L.Government and voluntary policy making for sustainability in mining towns: a longitudinal analysis.Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 37, 4, Nov. 1, pp. 211-220.GlobalLegislation
DS1995-0234
1995
Fonseca, A.L.Bundtzen, T.K., Fonseca, A.L., Mann, R.Geology and mineral deposits of the Russian Far EastGlacier House Publications, 160p. $ 40.00RussiaBook -table of contents, Mneral deposits of Far East
DS1991-0314
1991
Fonseca, L.R.Costa, M.L., Fonseca, L.R., Angelica, R.S., Lemos, V.P., LemosGeochemical exploration of the Maicuru alkaline-ultramafic-carbonatitecomplex, northern BrasilJournal of Geochemical Exploration, Special Publications Geochemical Exploration, Vol. 40, No. 1-3, pp. 193-204GlobalCarbonatite, Maicuru
DS2001-0013
2001
Fonseca, M.A.Alkmim, F.F., Marshal\k, S., Fonseca, M.A.Assembling West Gondwana in the Neoproterozoic: clues from the Sao Francisco craton region, Brasil.Geology, Vol. 29, No. 4, Apr. pp.319-22.BrazilGondwana, tectonics, Brasiliano orogeny, Craton
DS201112-0053
2011
Fonseca, R.Ballhaus, C., Laurenz, V., Fonseca, R., Munker, C., Albarede, Rohrbach, Schmidt, Jochum, Stoll, Weis, HelmyLate volatile addition to Earth.Goldschmidt Conference 2011, abstract p.475.MantleW and Cr elements
DS201112-0330
2011
Fonseca, R.O.Fonseca, R.O., Luguet, A., Ballhaus, C., Pohl, F.Experimental constraints on the development of Os isotopic heterogeneity in the Earth's mantle.Goldschmidt Conference 2011, abstract p.858.MantleMelting - tracer
DS201312-0053
2013
Fonseca, R.O.C.Ballhaus, C., Laurenz, V., Munker, C., Fonseca, R.O.C., Albarede, F., Rohrbach, A., Lagos, M., Schmidt, M.W., Jochum, K-P., Stoll, B., Weis, U., Helmy, H.M.The U /Pb ratio of the Earth's mantle - a signature of late volatile addition.Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 362, pp. 237-245.MantleMelting
DS201312-0093
2013
Fonseca, R.O.C.Bragagni, A., Luguet, A., Pearson, D.G., Fonseca, R.O.C., Kjarsgaard, B.A.Insight on formation and evolution of cratonic mantle: Re-Os dating of single sulfides from Somerset mantle xenoliths ( Rae Craton) Canada.Goldschmidt 2013, AbstractCanada, NunavutGeochronolgy
DS201607-1319
2016
Fonseca, R.O.C.Wainwright, A.N., Luguet, A., Schreiber, A., Fonseca, R.O.C., Nowell, G.M.Nanoscale variations in 187Os isotopic composition and HSE systematics in a Bultfontein peridotite.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 447, pp. 60-71.Africa, South AfricaDeposit - Bultfontein

Abstract: Understanding the mineralogical controls on radiogenic chronometers is a fundamental aspect of all geochronological tools. As with other common dating tools, it has become increasingly clear that the Re -Os system can be impacted by multiple mineral formation events. The accessory and micrometric nature of the Re -Os-bearing minerals has made assessing this influence complex. This is especially evident in cratonic peridotites, where long residence times and multiple metasomatic events have created a complex melting and re-enrichment history. Here we investigate a harzburgitic peridotite from the Bultfontein kimberlite (South Africa) which contains sub-micron Pt -Fe-alloy inclusions within base metal sulphides (BMS). Through the combination of the focused ion beam lift-out technique and low blank mass spectrometry we were able to remove and analyse the Pt -Fe-alloy inclusions for their Re -Os composition and highly siderophile element (HSE) systematics. Six repeats of the whole-rock yield 187Os/188Os compositions of 0.10893 -0.10965, which correspond to Re depletion model ages (TRD) of 2.69 -2.79 Ga. The Os, Ir and Pt concentrations are slightly variable across the different digestions, whilst Pd and Re remain constant. The resulting HSE pattern is typical of cratonic peridotites displaying depleted Pt and Pd. The Pt -Fe-alloys have PUM-like 187Os/188Os compositions of 0.1294±24 (2-s.d.) and 0.1342±38, and exhibit a saw-tooth HSE pattern with enriched Re and Pt. In contrast, their BMS hosts have unradiogenic 187Os/188Os of 0.1084±6 and 0.1066±3, with TRD ages of 2.86 and 3.09 Ga, similar to the whole-rock systematics. The metasomatic origin of the BMS is supported by (i) the highly depleted nature of the mantle peridotite and (ii) their Ni-rich sulphide assemblage. Occurrence of Pt -Fe-alloys as inclusions within BMS grains demonstrates the genetic link between the BMS and Pt -Fe-alloys and argues for formation during a single but continuous event of silicate melt percolation. While the high solubility of HSE within sulphide mattes rules out early formation of the alloys from a S-undersaturated silicate melt and subsequent scavenging in a sulphide matte, the alignment of the Pt -Fe-alloy inclusions attests that they are exsolutions formed during the sub-solidus re-equilibration of the high temperature sulphide phases. The significant difference in 187Os/188Os composition between the included Pt -Fe-alloys and their BMS host can only be accounted for by different Re/Os. This suggests that the formation of Pt -Fe-alloy inclusions within a BMS can result in the fractionation of Re from Os. A survey experiment examining the partitioning of Re and Os confirmed this observation, with the Re/Os of the Pt -Fe-alloy inclusion up to ten times higher than the co-existing BMS. This fractionation implies that, when Re is present in the sulphide melt, the TRD ages of BMS containing alloy inclusions do not date the loss of Re due to partial melting, but rather its fractionation into the Pt -Fe-alloys. As such, BMS ages should be used with caution when dating ancient partial melting events.
DS201703-0436
2017
Fonseca, R.O.C.Van Acken, D., Luguet, A., Pearson, D.G., Nowell, G.M., Fonseca, R.O.C., Nagel, T.J., Schulz, T.Mesoarchean melting and Neoarchean ro Paleoproterozoic metasomatism during the formation of the cratonic mantle keel beneath West Greenland.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 203, pp. 37-53.Europe, GreenlandCraton
DS201710-2217
2017
Fonseca, R.O.C.Bragagni, A., Luguet, A., Fonseca, R.O.C., Pearson, D.G.,Lorand, J-P., Nowell, G.M., Kjarsgaard, B.A.The geological record of base metal sulfides in the cratonic mantle: a microscale 187Os/188Os study of peridotite xenoliths from Somerset Island, Rae Craton ( Canada).Geochimica et Cosmochimia Acta, Vol. 216, pp. 264-285.Canada, Nunavut, Somerset IslandGeochronology

Abstract: We report detailed petrographic investigations along with 187Os/188Os data in Base Metal Sulfide (BMS) on four cratonic mantle xenoliths from Somerset Island (Rae Craton, Canada). The results shed light on the processes affecting the Re-Os systematics and provide time constraints on the formation and evolution of the cratonic lithospheric mantle beneath the Rae craton. When devoid of alteration, BMS grains mainly consist of pentlandite + pyrrhotite ± chalcopyrite. The relatively high BMS modal abundance of the four investigated xenoliths cannot be reconciled with the residual nature of these peridotites, but requires addition of metasomatic BMS. This is especially evident in the two peridotites with the highest bulk Pd/Ir and Pd/Pt. Metasomatic BMS likely formed during melt/fluid percolation in the Sub Continental Lithospheric Mantle (SCLM) as well as during infiltration of the host kimberlite magma, when djerfisherite crystallized around older Fe-Ni-sulfides. On the whole-rock scale, kimberlite metasomatism is visible in a subset of bulk xenoliths, which defines a Re-Os errorchron that dates the host magma emplacement. The 187Os/188Os measured in the twenty analysed BMS grains vary from 0.1084 to >0.17 and it shows no systematic variation depending on the sulfide mineralogical assemblage. The largest range in 187Os/188Os is observed in BMS grains from the two xenoliths with the highest Pd/Ir, Pd/Pt, and sulfide modal abundance. The whole-rock TRD ages of these two samples underestimate the melting age obtained from BMS, demonstrating that bulk Re-Os model ages from peridotites with clear evidence of metasomatism should be treated with caution. The TRD ages determined in BMS grains are clustered around 2.8-2.7, ?2.2 and ?1.9 Ga. The 2.8-2.7 Ga TRD ages document the main SCLM building event in the Rae craton, which is likely related to the formation of the local greenstone belts in a continental rift setting. The Paleoproterozoic TRD ages can be explained by addition of metasomatic BMS during (i) major lithospheric rifting at ?2.2 Ga and (ii) the Taltson-Thelon orogeny at ?1.9 Ga. The data suggest that even metasomatic BMS can inherit 187Os/188Os from their original mantle source. The lack of isotopic equilibration, even at the micro-scale, allowed the preservation of different populations of BMS grains with distinct 187Os/188Os, providing age information on multiple magmatic events that affected the SCLM.
DS201706-1064
2017
Fonsecca, R.O.C.Bragagni, A., Luguet, A., Fonsecca, R.O.C., Pearson, D.G., Lorand, D.G., Nowell, G.M., Kjarsgaard, B.A.The geological record of base metal sulfides in the cratonic mantle: a microscale 187Os/188/Os study of peridotite xenoliths from Somerset Island, Rae craton,( Canada).Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, in press available 49p.Canada, Nunavut, Somerset Islandperidotite

Abstract: We report detailed petrographic investigations along with 187Os/188Os data in Base Metal Sulfide (BMS) on four cratonic mantle xenoliths from Somerset Island (Rae Craton, Canada). The results shed light on the processes affecting the Re-Os systematics and provide time constraints on the formation and evolution of the cratonic lithospheric mantle beneath the Rae craton. When devoid of alteration, BMS grains mainly consist of pentlandite + pyrrhotite ± chalcopyrite. The relatively high BMS modal abundance of the four investigated xenoliths cannot be reconciled with the residual nature of these peridotites, but requires addition of metasomatic BMS. This is especially evident in the two peridotites with the highest bulk Pd/Ir and Pd/Pt. Metasomatic BMS likely formed during melt/fluid percolation in the Sub Continental Lithospheric Mantle (SCLM) as well as during infiltration of the host kimberlite magma, when djerfisherite crystallized around older Fe-Ni-sulfides. On the whole-rock scale, kimberlite metasomatism is visible in a subset of bulk xenoliths, which defines a Re-Os errorchron that dates the host magma emplacement. The 187Os/188Os measured in the twenty analysed BMS grains vary from 0.1084 to >0.17 and it shows no systematic variation depending on the sulfide mineralogical assemblage. The largest range in 187Os/188Os is observed in BMS grains from the two xenoliths with the highest Pd/Ir, Pd/Pt, and sulfide modal abundance. The whole-rock TRD ages of these two samples underestimate the melting age obtained from BMS, demonstrating that bulk Re-Os model ages from peridotites with clear evidence of metasomatism should be treated with caution. The TRD ages determined in BMS grains are clustered around 2.8-2.7, ?2.2 and ?1.9 Ga. The 2.8-2.7 Ga TRD ages document the main SCLM building event in the Rae craton, which is likely related to the formation of the local greenstone belts in a continental rift setting. The Paleoproterozoic TRD ages can be explained by addition of metasomatic BMS during (i) major lithospheric rifting at ?2.2 Ga and (ii) the Taltson-Thelon orogeny at ?1.9 Ga. The data suggest that even metasomatic BMS can inherit 187Os/188Os from their original mantle source. The lack of isotopic equilibration, even at the micro-scale, allowed the preservation of different populations of BMS grains with distinct 187Os/188Os, providing age information on multiple magmatic events that affected the SCLM.
DS1984-0280
1984
Font altaba, M.Font altaba, M.Some Aspects of Diamonds. *catMemoiras de la real Academia de Ciencias y artes de Barcelone, *CAT., Vol. 45, No. 23, 31pGlobalDiamond Morphology
DS1989-0364
1989
Fontan, F.Domergue, C., Fontan, F., Herail, G.Les techniques artisanales d'exploitation des gites alluviaux: analogies dans le temps et dans l'espaceChron. Rech. Min., (in French), No. 497, pp. 131-138GlobalPlacers, Mining technology -alluvials
DS1990-0411
1990
Fontan, F.Domergue, C., Fontan, F., Herail, G.Les techiques artisanales d'exploitation des gitesalluviaux: analogies dans le temps et dans l'espace. (in French)Chron. Rech. Min., (in French), No. 497, pp. 131-138GlobalAlluvials, Placer mining
DS1993-0885
1993
Fontan, F.Laval, M., Kosakevitch, A., Fontan, F.Behaviour of rare earth elements (REE) in lateritic profile, example of Mabounie GabonRare earth Minerals: chemistry, origin and ore deposits, International Geological Correlation Programme (IGCP) Project, p. 66. abstractGlobalCarbonatite, Weathering
DS200412-0427
2004
Fontan, F.De Toledo, M.C.M., Lenharo, S.L.R., Ferrari, V.C., Fontan, F., Parseval, P.De, Leroy, G.The compositional evolution of apatite in the weathering profile of the Catalao 1 alkaline carbonatitic complex, Goias, Brazil.Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 42, 4, August, pp. 1139-1158.South America, Brazil, GoiasCarbonatite, geomorphology
DS200612-1342
2006
FontanaSparks, R.S.J., Baker, Brooker, Brown, Field, Fontana, Gernon, Kavanagh, Shumacher, Stripp, Walter, Walters, White, WindsorDynamical constraints on kimberlite volcanism,Emplacement Workshop held September, 5p. abstractGlobalMagmatism, water, stages
DS200912-0247
2009
Fontana, G.Gernon, T.M., Fontana, G., Field, M., Sparks, R.S.J., Brown, R.J., Niocaill, C.M.Pyroclastic flow deposits from a kimberlite eruption: the Orapa south crater, Botswana.Lithos, In press available 13p.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Orapa
DS201112-0331
2011
Fontana, G.Fontana, G., Niocaill, C.M., Brown, R.J., Sparks, R.S.J., Field, M.Emplacement temperatures of pyroclastic and volcaniclastic deposits in kimberlite pipes in southern Africa.Bulletin Volcanology, In press available, 21p.Africa, South Africa, BotswanaPaleomagnetism
DS201212-0091
2012
Fontana, G.Brown, R.J., Buisman, M.I., Fontana, G., Field, M., Mac Niocaill, C., Sparks, R.S.J., Stuart, F.M.Eruption of kimberlite magmas: physical volcanology, geomorphology and age of the youngest kimberlitic volcanoes known on Earth ( the Upper Pleistocene/Holocene Igwisi Hills volcanoes, Tanzania).Bulletin Volcanology, in press availableAfrica, TanzaniaDeposit - Igwisi
DS201212-0092
2012
Fontana, G.Brown, R.J., Manya, S., Buisman, I., Fontana, G., Field, M., MacNiocaill, C., Sparks, R.S.J., Stuart, F.M.Eruption of kimberlite magmas: physical volcanology, geomrphology and age of the youngest kimberlitic volcanoes known on Earth ( the Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Igwisi Hills, volcanoes, Tanzania.Bulletin of Volcanology, Vol. 74, 7, pp. 1621-1643.Africa, TanzaniaIgwisi Hills
DS201212-0093
2012
Fontana, G.Brown, R.J., Manya, S., Buisman, I., Sparks, R.S.J., Field, M., Stuart, F.M., Fontana, G.Physical volcanology, geomorphology, and cosmogenic 3HE dating of the youngest kimberlite volcanoes on Earth ( The Holocene Igwisi Hills, Volcanoes, Tanzania.10th. International Kimberlite Conference Feb. 6-11, Bangalore India, AbstractAfrica, TanzaniaIgwisi Hills - geochronology
DS200912-0224
2009
Fontana, G.P.Fontana, G.P.,MacNiocaill, C., Brown, R.J., Sparks, S.R., Field, M., Gernon, T.M.Emplacement temperatures of pyroclastic and colcaniclastic deposits in kimberlite pipes in southern Africa: new constraints from paleomagnetic measurementsGAC/MAC/AGU Meeting held May 23-27 Toronto, Abstract onlyAfrica, Botswana, South AfricaDeposit - AK1, Orapa, K1, K2 Venetia
DS201112-0211
2010
Fontanella, G.Costa, V.S., Figueirdo, B.R., Weska, R.K., Fontanella, G.Determinacao do conteudo de elementos tracos em solo do kimberlito Batovi 6, provincia de Paranatinga, MT.5th Brasilian Symposium on Diamond Geology, Nov. 6-12, abstract p. 76-78.South America, Brazil, Mato GrossoOverview of area
DS201112-0332
2011
FontannaFontannaEmplacement temperatures of pyroclastic and volcaniclastic deposits in kimberlite pipes in BotswanaIUGG Held July 6, AbstractAfrica, BotswanaAK 1, BK9, DK2
DS2002-0390
2002
Fontbote, L.Dold, B., Fontbote, L.Element cycling and secondary mineralogy in porphyry copper tailings as a function of climate, mineralogyJournal of Geochemical Exploration, Vol.74,1-3,pp.3-55.ChileCopper - mining, primary mineralogy, mineral processing, Deposit - la Andina, El Teniente, El Salvador
DS201712-2674
2017
Fontbote, L.Arndt, N.T., Fontbote, L., Hedenquist, J.W., Kesler, S.E., Thompson, J. F.H., Wood, D.G.Future Global and Mineral Resources.geochemicalperspectives.org, Vol. 6, 1, April, 187p. Pdf 28 MBGlobalgeochemistry

Abstract: Some scientists and journalists, and many members of the general public, have been led to believe that the world is rapidly running out of the metals on which our modern society is based. Advocates of the peak metal concept have predicted for many decades that increasing consumption will soon lead to exhaustion of mineral resources. Yet, despite ever-increasing production and consumption, supplies of minerals have continued to meet the needs of industry and society, and lifetimes of reserves remain similar to what they were 30-40 years ago. In this volume, we discuss the reasons for this apparent paradox using our broad experience and expertise on both academic and industrial sides of the minerals sector. Many misconceptions arise from flawed estimates of the size of global mineral resources which stem from a lack of understanding of the critical difference between reserves and resources. Some authors use quoted reserves – the amount of metal proven to exist and to be economic for mining at present – when predicting imminent shortages. Resources – the amount that may be accessible in the upper few kilometres of the crust – are far larger.Over the last 150 years, improved technologies, economies of scale and increased efficiency have combined to reduce costs hence allowing lower-grade ore to be mined economically. The net result is that the long-term inflation-adjusted price of most metals has decreased more or less in parallel with increasing production, a second apparent paradox that frequently is not well understood. Using copper as the principal example and other metals as appropriate, we summarise the latest research on ore deposits and the activities of the minerals industry. Following a description of the numerous geological processes that form ore deposits, we outline the scientific methods used by the minerals industry to explore for new deposits. We also discuss how resources are mined and how minerals are processed, as well as recent efforts to reduce related environmental impacts. Economic and societal factors influence supply, and these are as important as the actual presence of a resource. Finally, we discuss the critical roles that geoscientists will play in assuring continued supplies of minerals. These include the development of new concepts and techniques that will assist the discovery, mining, processing, remediation, and management of mineral resources. It is essential that researchers help to educate the general public about the need for continued exploration to find new resources to meet growth in world living standards. We demonstrate that global resources of copper, and probably of most other metals, are much larger than most currently available estimates, especially if increasing efficiencies and higher prices allow lower-grade ores to be mined. These observations indicate that supplies of important mineral commodities will remain adequate for the foreseeable future.
DS2001-0891
2001
FonteillesPascal, M.L., Fonteilles, Verkaeren, Piret, MarinceaThe melilite bearing high temperature skarns of the Apuseni Mountains, Carpathians, Romania.Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 39, No. 5, Oct. pp. 1405-34.RomaniaMelilite
DS1860-0367
1881
Fontenay, E.Jannettaz, E., Fontenay, E., Vanderheym, E., Coutance, A.Diamant et Pierres Precieuses. Cristall. Descript. Emplois, evaluation.Paris:, 580P. SECOND EDITION.GlobalGemology
DS200612-0147
2006
Fontes, S.Bologna, M., Padilha, A.L., Vitorello, Fontes, S.Tectonic insight into a pericratonic subcrustal lithosphere affected by anorogenic Cretaceous magmatism in Brazil inferred from long period magnetotellurices.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 241, 3-4, pp. 603-616.South America, BrazilTectonics
DS1997-0367
1997
Foord, E.E.Gaines, R.V., Skinner, H.C., Foord, E.E., Mason, B.Dana's new mineralogy. Eigth editionJ. Wiley, approx. $ 300.00 United StatesGlobalBook - ad, Mineralogy
DS1860-0010
1862
Foord, G.Foord, G.On the Occurrence of the Diamond and Chlorobromide of Silver Amongst the Ovens gold Ores of Australia.Chem. News, Vol. 6, P. 14.Australia, VictoriaDiamond Occurrence
DS1993-0449
1993
Foose, M.P.Foose, M.P.Digital metallogenic dat a set for North an South AmericaUnited States Geological Survey (USGS) Open File, No. 93-0328, $ 10.00GlobalMetallogeny, Maps -digital data
DS1993-0450
1993
Foose, M.P.Foose, M.P., Bryant, K.Annotated bibliography of metallogenic maps ( 1960-1987)United States Geological Survey (USGS) Open File, No. 93-0208 A, B, paper copy $ 14.00 disc $ 10.00United StatesMap -bibliography, Metallogenic maps
DS1860-0550
1887
Foote, A.E.Foote, A.E.Gems and Ornamental Stones of the USANature., Vol. 37, Nov. 17TH. PP. 68-69.United StatesDiamond Occurrence
DS1860-0698
1891
Foote, A.E.Foote, A.E.A New Locality for Meteoritic Iron with a Preliminary Notice of the Discovery of Diamonds in the Iron.American Journal of Science SER. 3, Vol. 42, PP. 413-417.United States, Arizona, Colorado PlateauDiamond Occurrence
DS1860-0433
1884
Foote, G.B.Foote, G.B.The Mason DiamondLetter To G.f. Kunz, APRIL 18TH.United States, Montana, Canada, AlbertaDiamonds notable
DS1860-0263
1876
Foote, R.B.Foote, R.B.The Geological Features of the South Mahratta Country and Adjacent Districts.India Geological Survey Memoir., Vol. 12, PT. 1, PP. 143-144.India, Andhra PradeshRegional Geology
DS1860-0464
1885
Foote, R.B.Foote, R.B.Singareni Coal Field to the Khistna. Part Iii, the River Alluvia.India Geological Survey Records, Vol. 18, PT. 1, PP. 23-25India, Andhra PradeshProspecting, Alluvial Placers
DS1860-0505
1886
Foote, R.B.Foote, R.B.The Tuff Agglomerate at WajrakarurIndia Geological Survey Records, Vol. 19, PT. 2, PP. 109-110.India, Andhra PradeshPetrography
DS1860-0506
1886
Foote, R.B.Foote, R.B.Notes on the Geology of Parts of Bellary and Anantapur Districts.India Geological Survey Records, Vol. 19, PT. 2, PP. 97-109.India, Andhra PradeshRegional Geology
DS1860-0629
1889
Foote, R.B.Foote, R.B.Notes on the Wajrakarur Diamonds and on M. Chaper's Alleged discovery of Diamonds in Pegmatite Near that Place.India Geological Survey Records, Vol. 22, PP. 39-49.India, Andhra Pradesh Diamond Occurrences
DS200612-0132
2005
Foran, G.J.Berry, A.J., Hermann, J., O'Neill, H.S.C., Foran, G.J.Fingerprinting the water site in mantle olivine.Geology, Vol. 33, 11, Nov., pp. 869-872.MantleSpectroscopy, anhydrous minerals
DS201012-0050
2010
Foran, G.J.Berry, A.J., Yaxley, G.M., Woodland, A.B., Foran, G.J.A XANES calibration for determining the oxidation state of iron in mantle garnet.Chemical Geology, Vol. 278, 1-2, Nov. pp. 31-37.TechnologyGarnet mineralogy
DS202203-0345
2021
Forattini, F.Forattini, F.For a broader understanding of corruption as a cultural fact, and its influence in society. *** Not specific to diamondsAcademia Letters, dor.org/10.20935/AL2245 7p.Globallegal

Abstract: This brief article intends to demonstrate some of the problems with the main theories on corruption and introduce the reader to the new field of Anthropology of Corruption, a type of research that tries to understand one of the most pressing issues nowadays through a non-binary point of view, but trying to understand the root of corruption, and its multifaceted characteristic, especially through its cultural aspect; and why it is, contemporary, the most effective political-economic discourse - most at the times used in a populistic fashion, at the expense of democratic institutions. Therefore, we will briefly analyze the three main theoretical strands on corruption and point at some of its faults; then indicate to the reader what are the main goals Anthropology of Corruption, and what questions it seeks to answer; and, the political impact that corruption discourses have on society, and its perils when instrumentalized in populistic discourses.
DS200912-0225
2009
ForbesForbesDe Beers plan to stay shiny.Forbes.com, April 9, 1/4p.GlobalNews item - De Beers
DS200912-0226
2009
ForbesForbesRussia stockpiles diamonds.Forbes.com, July 8, 1p.RussiaNews item - economics
DS202011-2041
2013
Forbes, C.Henderson, B., Collins, A.S., Payne, J., Forbes, C., Saha, D.Geological and geochemistry constraining India in Columbia: the age, isotopic provenance and geochemistry of the protoliths of the Ongole Domain, southern eastern Ghats, India. *** NOTE DATEGondwana Research, in press available. 19p. PdfIndiaNuna

Abstract: The Ongole Domain in the southern Eastern Ghats Belt of India formed during the final stages of Columbia amalgamation at ca. 1600 Ma. Yet very little is known about the protolith ages, tectonic evolution or geographic affinity of the region. We present new detrital and igneous U-Pb-Hf zircon data and in-situ monazite data to further understand the tectonic evolution of this Columbia-forming orogen. Detrital zircon patterns from the metasedimentary rocks are dominated by major populations of Palaeoproterozoic grains (ca. 2460, 2320, 2260, 2200-2100, 2080-2010, 1980-1920, 1850 and 1750 Ma), and minor Archaean grains (ca. 2850, 2740, 2600 and 2550 Ma). Combined U-Pb ages and Lu-Hf zircon isotopic data suggest that the sedimentary protoliths were not sourced from the adjacent Dharwar Craton. Instead they were likely derived from East Antarctica, possibly the same source as parts of Proterozoic Australia. Magmatism occurred episodically between 1.64 and 1.57 Ga in the Ongole Domain, forming felsic orthopyroxene-bearing granitoids. Isotopically, the granitoids are evolved, producing ?Hf values between ? 2 and ? 12. The magmatism is interpreted to have been derived from the reworking of Archaean crust with only a minor juvenile input. Metamorphism between 1.68 and 1.60 Ga resulted in the partial to complete resetting of detrital zircon grains, as well as the growth of new metamorphic zircon at 1.67 and 1.63 Ga. In-situ monazite geochronology indicates metamorphism occurred between 1.68 and 1.59 Ga. The Ongole Domain is interpreted to represent part of an exotic terrane, which was transferred to proto-India in the late Palaeoproterozoic as part of a linear accretionary orogenic belt that may also have included south-west Baltica and south-eastern Laurentia. Given the isotopic, geological and geochemical similarities, the proposed exotic terrane is interpreted to be an extension of the Napier Complex, Antarctica, and may also have been connected to Proterozoic Australia (North Australian Craton and Gawler Craton).
DS1975-1023
1979
Forbes, M.D.Forbes, M.D. , Houston Oil and Minerals Australia Inc.A to P 2057m to 2060m, Final ReportQueensland Open File., No. GSQ CR 7391, 12P. UNPUBL.Australia, QueenslandDetrital Minerals, Stream Sediment Sampling, Geochemistry
DS1981-0160
1981
Forbes, M.D.Forbes, M.D. , Houston Oil and Minerals Australia Inc.A to P 2556m- Cawana Lake, Relinquishment ReportQueensland Open File., No. GSQ CR 9017, 13P. UNPUBL.Australia, QueenslandPlacer Deposits, Prospecting
DS201808-1763
2018
Forbes, N.Li, Z., Fedortchouk, Y., Fulop, A., Chinn, I.L., Forbes, N.Positively oriented trigons - a unique resorption feature of diamonds from Snap Lake kimberlite dyke, Canada.minsocam.org/ MSA/AMMin/ special-collections, doi.org/10.2138/am-2018-6496. 48p. Canada, Northwest Territoriesdeposit - Snap Lake
DS201811-2590
2018
Forbes, N.Li, Z., Fedortchouk, Y., Fulop, A., Chinn, I.L., Forbes, N.Positively oriented trigons on diamonds from the Snap Lake kimberlite dike, Canada: implications for fluids and kimberlite cooling rates.American Mineralogist, Vol. 103, pp. 1634-1648.Canada, Northwest Territoriesdeposit - Snap Lake

Abstract: The role of fluid(s) in the formation of different lithological facies of kimberlites is still poorly understood. The uncertainty in the composition of kimberlite melts hampers understanding the composition of volatiles, the depth of exsolution, and the effect on magma ascent and fragmentation. Recent estimates of H2O and CO2 solubility in kimberlite-like magmas suggest very shallow exsolution of fluid, while many features of kimberlites indicate the presence of significant fluid fraction at depth. Deep magmatic fluid produces negative trigonal etch pits on natural diamonds, the characteristics of which depend on the temperature and composition of the fluid. Positively oriented trigonal etch pits are very rare on natural diamonds and are likely a feature of resorption events unique to only some kimberlite magmas. Here we present the first systematic study of positively oriented trigonal etch pits on natural diamonds from Snap Lake kimberlite dike, Northwest Territories, Canada. The study used 91 micro-diamonds selected from a population of 251 diamonds representative of all six kimberlite litho-facies identified in the Snap Lake dike. We established that unlike the majority of diamonds from kimberlite pipes in the Northwest Territories, every studied Snap Lake diamond shows positively oriented trigons. These trigons cover the whole diamond surface starting from the {111} faces and continuing over the resorbed edges. They overprint negatively oriented trigons and modify them into hexagons. Atomic force microscopy obtained detailed geometry of 154 positive trigons on 14 diamonds. Three distinct trigon morphologies dependent on the type of the crystal lattice defect were recognized. The point-bottomed shape and positive correlation between the depth and diameter of the individual pits suggest a high CO2 content in the fluid. Comparison with the existing experimental data on positive trigons implies resorption at low-pressure conditions in the 800-1000 °C temperature range by trapped magmatic fluid after the dike emplacement. The intensity of this late resorption event (and the size of the positive trigons) increases from the dike contact with the country rock into the interior of the dike. Such a late resorption event is absent in the majority of kimberlites, which form pipes, and might be a specific feature of hypabyssal kimberlite bodies (dikes). The absence of positive trigons on diamonds from the majority of kimberlites suggests very quick magma cooling below ?800 °C after the pipe emplacement, precluding the development of any late resorption features. Our study shows that for kimberlitic magmas, for which mineral chemistry is unable to provide a robust record of magmatic fluid, morphological details of dissolution features on the surface of diamond and other mantle-derived minerals can serve as a fluid proxy. Better constraints of the pressure, temperature, and oxygen fugacity of the reversal in the trigon orientation on diamond may help to reconstruct the emplacement path of geologically diverse kimberlite bodies.
DS1985-0195
1985
Forbes, R.B.Forbes, R.B.Prospecting for Diamonds in AlaskaAlaska Mins And Geology, Vol. 34, No. 2, P. 7.United States, AlaskaDiamond Occurrence
DS1986-0250
1986
Forbes, R.B.Forbes, R.B., Kline, J.T., Clough, A.H.A preliminary evaluation of alluvial diamond discoveries in the placer gravels of Crooked Creek, Circle district, AlaskaAlaska Open File, preprint, 27pAlaskaEconomics, Placers
DS1987-0219
1987
Forbes, R.B.Forbes, R.B., Kline, J.T., clough, A.H.A preliminary evaluation of alluvial diamond discoveries in placer gravelsof Crooked Creek, Circle district, AlaskaAlaska Div. Geol. and Geophys, . Reports of Investigation, No. RI 87-1, 26pAlluvials, Placers
DS200812-0364
2008
Forbes.comForbes.comDiamond mining resurges in Latin America.Forbes.com, Sept. 24, 1p.South America, Brazil, ParaguayNews item - LAT
DS1975-0509
1977
Force, E.R.Force, E.R., Berge, J.B.Geological Map of the Sanokole Quadrangle, LiberiaUnited States Geological Survey (USGS) MAP, I-774-D.GlobalBlank
DS1981-0161
1981
Force, E.R.Force, E.R.Geology of Nimba County, Liberia #1Proj. Rep. Liberia Inv. (ir) Li-86, 40P. ( United States Geological Survey (USGS))GlobalBlank
DS1983-0231
1983
Force, E.R.Force, E.R.Geology of Nimba County, Liberia #2United States Geological Survey (USGS) Bulletin., No. 1540, 27P.GlobalGeology, Economics, Diamond, Production, Alluvial, Genesis
DS1991-0501
1991
Force, E.R.Force, E.R.Fluvial gold placers and basin-margin rotationUnited States Geological Survey (USGS) Open File, No. 91-0306, 14p. $ 2.25GlobalPlacers, Basin model
DS1993-0188
1993
Force, E.R.Bultman, M.W., Force, E.R., Gettings, M.E., Fisher, F.S.Comments on the three step method for quantification of undiscovered mineral resourcesUnited States Geological Survey (USGS) Open File, No. 93-0023, 59p. approx. $ 9.75GlobalEconomics, Resources
DS1975-0279
1976
Forcella, F.Forcella, F., Rossi, P.M.Sferoidi Lherzolitici in Serpentini Gruppo Di Voltri)Bol. Soc. Geol. It., Vol. 95, pp. 133-46.ItalyLherzolite
DS201112-0333
2010
Ford, A.Ford, A., McCuaig, T.C.The effect of map scale on geological complexity for computer-aided exploration targeting.Ore Geology Reviews, Vol. 38, pp. 156-167.TechnologyMethodology - computing
DS1986-0194
1986
Ford, A.B.Drinkwater, J.L., Ford, A.B., Czamanske, G.K.Apatites of the Dufek intrusion; a preliminary studyAntarctic Journal of the United States, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 66-69AntarcticaAlkaline rocks, Dufek
DS1986-0251
1986
Ford, A.B.Ford, A.B., Kistler, R.W., White, L.D.Strontium and oxygen isotope study of the Dufek intrusionAntarctic Journal of the United States, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 63-65AntarcticaGeochronology, Dufek
DS1986-0327
1986
Ford, A.B.Haensel, J.M.Jr., Himmelberg, G.R., Ford, A.B.Plagioclase compositional variations in anorthosites of the lower part Of the Dufek intrusionAntarctic Journal of the United States, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 61-63AntarcticaDufek
DS200712-0303
2007
Ford, C.E.Fallon, T.J., Danyushevsky, L.V., Ariskin, A., Green, D.H., Ford, C.E.The application of olivine geothermometry to infer crystallization temperatures of parental liquids; implications for the temperature of MORB magmas.Chemical Geology, Vol. 241, 3-4, pp. 207-233.MantleGeothermometry
DS201812-2869
2018
Ford, D.Rayner, M.J., Jaques, A.L., Boxer, G.L., Smith, C.B., Lorenz, V., Moss, S.W., Webb, K., Ford, D.Argyle deposit: The geology of the Argyle ( AK1) diamond deposit, western Australia.Society of Economic Geology Geoscience and Exploration of the Argyle, Bunder, Diavik, and Murowa Diamond Deposits, Special Publication no. 20, pp. 89-118.Australia, western Australiadeposit - Argyle
DS1994-0533
1994
Ford, G.Ford, G., et al.Who pays for past sins? Policy issues surrounding contaminated sitere mediation in CanadaAlternatives, Regulatory Issues environment, Vol. 20, No. 4, Sept-Oct. pp. 26-47CanadaEnvironment, Legal, laws
DS201503-0173
2015
Ford, H.Selway, K., Ford, H., Kelemen, P.The seismic mid-lithosphere discontinuity.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 414, March 15, pp. 45-57.MantleGeophysics - seismic
DS201012-0200
2010
Ford, H.A.Fischer, K.M., Ford, H.A., Abt, D.L., Rychert, C.A.The lithosphere asthenosphere boundary.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol. 38, pp. 551-575.MantleBoundary
DS201112-0334
2010
Ford, H.A.Ford, H.A., Fischer, K.M., Abt, D.L., Rychert, C.A., Elkins-Tanton, L.T.The lithosphere asthenosphere boundary and cratonic lithospheric layering beneath Australia from Sp wave imaging.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 300, 3-4, pp. 299-310.AustraliaGeophysics - seismics
DS201412-0369
2014
Ford, H.A.Hopper, E., Ford, H.A., Fischer, K.M., Lekic, V., Fouch, M.J.The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary and the tectonic and magmatic history of the northwestern United States.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 402, pp. 69-81.United StatesGeophysics - seismics
DS201701-0010
2016
Ford, H.A.Ford, H.A., Long, M.D., Wirth, E.A.Mid-lithospheric discontinuities and complex anistropic layering in the mantle lithosphere beneath the Wyoming and Superior provinces.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 121, 9, pp. 6675-6697.United States, CanadaGeophysics

Abstract: The observation of widespread seismic discontinuities within Archean and Proterozoic lithosphere is intriguing, as their presence may shed light on the formation and early evolution of cratons. A clear explanation for the discontinuities, which generally manifest as a sharp decrease in seismic velocity with depth, remains elusive. Recent work has suggested that midlithospheric discontinuities (MLDs) may correspond to a sharp gradient in seismic anisotropy, produced via deformation associated with craton formation. Here we test this hypothesis beneath the Archean Superior and Wyoming Provinces using anisotropic Ps receiver function (RF) analysis to characterize the relationship between MLDs and seismic anisotropy. We computed radial and transverse component RFs for 13 long-running seismic stations. Of these, six stations with particularly clear signals were analyzed using a harmonic regression technique. In agreement with previous studies, we find evidence for multiple MLDs within the cratonic lithosphere of the Wyoming and Superior Provinces. Our harmonic regression results reveal that (1) MLDs can be primarily explained by an isotropic negative velocity gradient, (2) multiple anisotropic boundaries exist within the lithospheric mantle, (3) the isotropic MLD and the anisotropic boundaries do not necessarily occur at the same depths, and (4) the depth and geometry of the anisotropic boundaries vary among stations. We infer that the MLD does not directly correspond to a change in anisotropy within the mantle lithosphere. Furthermore, our results reveal a surprising level of complexity within the cratonic lithospheric mantle, suggesting that the processes responsible for shaping surface geology produce similar structural complexity at depth.
DS1985-0196
1985
Ford, K.L.Ford, K.L., Dilabio, R.N.W., Rencz, A.N.Preliminary Results of Multidisciplinary Studies Around The recently Discovered Allan Lake Carbonatite, Algonquin Park, ontario.11th. International Geochem. Symposium Held Toronto, April 28-may, ABSTRACT VOLUME P. 70. (abstract.).Canada, OntarioCarbonatite
DS1988-0220
1988
Ford, K.L.Ford, K.L., Dilabio, R.N.W., Rencz, A.N.Geological, geophysical and geochemical studies around the Allan Lakecarbonatite, Algonquin Park,OntarioJournal of Geochemical Exploration, Vol. 30, No. 2, July pp. 99-122OntarioCarbonatite, Allan Lake
DS2001-0323
2001
Ford, K.L.Ford, K.L.Reconnaissance gamma ray spectrometry studies of the Paleoproterozoic Piling Group and adjacent Archean baseCan. Geological Survey Current Research, No. 200-E4, 21p.Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Baffin IslandSpectrometry, Archean basement
DS2001-0547
2001
Ford, K.L.Jones, A.G., Snyder, D., Ford, K.L., Spratt, J., EvansGeophysical experiments in central Baffin Island29th. Yellowknife Geoscience Forum, Nov. 21-23, abstract p. 38-9.Northwest Territories, Baffin IslandGeophysics, Trans Hudson Orogen
DS201012-0785
2010
Ford, K.L.Thomas, M.D., Ford, K.L., Keating, P.Exploration geophysics for intrusion hosted rare earth metals.International Workshop Geology of Rare Metals, held Nov9-10, Victoria BC, Open file 2010-10, extended abstract pp.59-61.Canada, Ontario, QuebecGeophysics - Alkaline and carbonatite
DS201604-0635
2016
Ford, K.L.Thomas, M.D., Ford, K.L., Keating, P.Review paper: exploration geophysics for intrusion hosted rare metals. Geophysical Prospecting, in press availableAustralia, United States, NebraskaCarbonatite, Alkaline rocks

Abstract: Igneous intrusions, notably carbonatitic-alkalic intrusions, peralkaline intrusions, and pegmatites, represent significant sources of rare-earth metals. Geophysical exploration for and of such intrusions has met with considerable success. Examples of the application of the gravity, magnetic, and radiometric methods in the search for rare metals are presented and described. Ground gravity surveys defining small positive gravity anomalies helped outline the shape and depth of the Nechalacho (formerly Lake) deposit within the Blatchford Lake alkaline complex, Northwest Territories, and of spodumene-rich mineralization associated with the Tanco deposit, Manitoba, within the hosting Tanco pegmatite. Based on density considerations, the bastnaesite-bearing main ore body within the Mountain Pass carbonatite, California, should produce a gravity high similar in amplitude to those associated with the Nechalacho and Tanco deposits. Gravity also has utility in modelling hosting carbonatite intrusions, such as the Mount Weld intrusion, Western Australia, and Elk Creek intrusion, Nebraska. The magnetic method is probably the most successful geophysical technique for locating carbonatitic-alkalic host intrusions, which are typically characterized by intense positive, circular to sub-circular, crescentic, or annular anomalies. Intrusions found by this technique include the Mount Weld carbonatite and the Misery Lake alkali complex, Quebec. Two potential carbonatitic-alkalic intrusions are proposed in the Grenville Province of Eastern Quebec, where application of an automatic technique to locate circular magnetic anomalies identified several examples. Two in particular displayed strong similarities in magnetic pattern to anomalies accompanying known carbonatitic or alkalic intrusions hosting rare-metal mineralization and are proposed to have a similar origin. Discovery of carbonatitic-alkalic hosts of rare metals has also been achieved by the radiometric method. The Thor Lake group of rare-earth metal deposits, which includes the Nechalacho deposit, were found by follow-up investigations of strong equivalent thorium and uranium peaks defined by an airborne survey. Prominent linear radiometric anomalies associated with glacial till in the Canadian Shield have provided vectors based on ice flow directions to source intrusions. The Allan Lake carbonatite in the Grenville Province of Ontario is one such intrusion found by this method. Although not discovered by its radiometric characteristics, the Strange Lake alkali intrusion on the Quebec-Labrador border is associated with prominent linear thorium and uranium anomalies extending at least 50 km down ice from the intrusion. Radiometric exploration of rare metals hosted by pegmatites is evaluated through examination of radiometric signatures of peraluminous pegmatitic granites in the area of the Tanco pegmatite.
DS201608-1443
2016
Ford, K.L.Thomas, M.D., Ford, K.L., Keating, P.Review paper: Exploration geophysics for intrusion hosted rare metals.Geophysical Prospecting, Vol. 64, 5, pp. 1275-1304.Geophysics

Abstract: Igneous intrusions, notably carbonatitic-alkalic intrusions, peralkaline intrusions, and pegmatites, represent significant sources of rare-earth metals. Geophysical exploration for and of such intrusions has met with considerable success. Examples of the application of the gravity, magnetic, and radiometric methods in the search for rare metals are presented and described. Ground gravity surveys defining small positive gravity anomalies helped outline the shape and depth of the Nechalacho (formerly Lake) deposit within the Blatchford Lake alkaline complex, Northwest Territories, and of spodumene-rich mineralization associated with the Tanco deposit, Manitoba, within the hosting Tanco pegmatite. Based on density considerations, the bastnaesite-bearing main ore body within the Mountain Pass carbonatite, California, should produce a gravity high similar in amplitude to those associated with the Nechalacho and Tanco deposits. Gravity also has utility in modelling hosting carbonatite intrusions, such as the Mount Weld intrusion, Western Australia, and Elk Creek intrusion, Nebraska. The magnetic method is probably the most successful geophysical technique for locating carbonatitic-alkalic host intrusions, which are typically characterized by intense positive, circular to sub-circular, crescentic, or annular anomalies. Intrusions found by this technique include the Mount Weld carbonatite and the Misery Lake alkali complex, Quebec. Two potential carbonatitic-alkalic intrusions are proposed in the Grenville Province of Eastern Quebec, where application of an automatic technique to locate circular magnetic anomalies identified several examples. Two in particular displayed strong similarities in magnetic pattern to anomalies accompanying known carbonatitic or alkalic intrusions hosting rare-metal mineralization and are proposed to have a similar origin. Discovery of carbonatitic-alkalic hosts of rare metals has also been achieved by the radiometric method. The Thor Lake group of rare-earth metal deposits, which includes the Nechalacho deposit, were found by follow-up investigations of strong equivalent thorium and uranium peaks defined by an airborne survey. Prominent linear radiometric anomalies associated with glacial till in the Canadian Shield have provided vectors based on ice flow directions to source intrusions. The Allan Lake carbonatite in the Grenville Province of Ontario is one such intrusion found by this method. Although not discovered by its radiometric characteristics, the Strange Lake alkali intrusion on the Quebec-Labrador border is associated with prominent linear thorium and uranium anomalies extending at least 50 km down ice from the intrusion. Radiometric exploration of rare metals hosted by pegmatites is evaluated through examination of radiometric signatures of peraluminous pegmatitic granites in the area of the Tanco pegmatite.
DS1990-1558
1990
Ford, M.Williams, E.A., Ford, M., Edwards, H.E.Discussion of a model for the development of the Irish VariscadesJournal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 147, pt. 3, May pp. 566-571IrelandTectonics
DS1996-0195
1996
Ford, M.Burg, J.P., Ford, M.Orogeny through time #1Geological Society of London, No. 121, 272p. approx. $ 99.00 United StatesGlobalOrogeny through time, Book -ad
DS1997-0144
1997
Ford, M.Burg, J.P., Ford, M.Orogeny through time #2Geological Society of London, Publ, No. 121, 250pAustraliaBook - table of contents, Orogeny, Rheology, lithosphere
DS1986-0252
1986
Ford, M.J.Ford, M.J.Industrial minerals of the Cargill township and Martison Lake carbonatitecomplexesOntario geological survey, M.P.No. 132, pp. 325-330OntarioCarbonatite
DS201412-0997
2014
Forder, S.D.Yambissa, M.T., Bingham, P.A., Forder, S.D.Mantle conditions and geochemical environment as controls of diamond survival and grade variation in kimberlitic diamond deposits: Lunda Province NE Angola.30th. International Conference on Ore Potential of alkaline, kimberlite and carbonatite magmatism. Sept. 29-, http://alkaline2014.comAfrica, AngolaDiamond grade
DS1960-0450
1964
Foreign Service DispatchForeign Service DispatchIndia Mineral Development ProgramForeign Service Despatch, No. A 517, Dec. 1. 1P.IndiaAeromagnetic Survey
DS200512-0293
2005
Foreman, R.Foreman, R., Andersen, T.B., Wheeler, J.Eclogite facies polyphase deformation of the Drosdal eclogite, Western Gneiss Complex, Norway, and implications for exhumation.Tectonophysics, Vol. 398, 1-2, March 30, pp. 1-32.Europe, NorwayTectonics, eclogites, not specific to diamonds
DS200512-0673
2005
Forest, S.Madi, K., Forest, S., Cordier, P., Boussuge, M.Numerical study of creep in two phase aggregates with a large rheology contrast: implications for the lower mantle.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 237, 1-2, Aug, 30, pp. 223-238.MantleSeismic anistropy
DS200712-0320
2007
Forest Gate Resources Inc.Forest Gate Resources Inc.Forest Gate and Majescor recover 83 diamonds from new kimberlite float at Portage, Quebec.Forest Gate Resources Inc., Jan. 18, 2p.Canada, QuebecNews item - press release, Majescor
DS201212-0626
2012
Forien, M.Schmidt, M.W., Forien, M., Solferino, G., Bagdassarov, N.Setting and compaction of olivine in basaltic magmas: an experimental study on the time scales of cumulate formation.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 164, 6, pp. 959-976.MantleMagmatism
DS1970-0213
1970
Forman, D.J.Wells, A.T., Forman, D.J., et al.Geology of the Amadeus Basin, Central AustraliaB.m.r. Min. Res. Bulletin., No. 100, 222P.Australia, South AustraliaKimberlite, Regional Geology, Tectonics, Kimberley
DS202009-1610
2020
Forman, S.L.Bassoo, R., Befus, K.S., Liang, P., Forman, S.L., Sharman, G.Deciphering the enigmatic origin of Guyana's diamonds.The American Mineralogist, in press available 59p. PdfSouth America, Guyanadiamond crystallography

Abstract: Diamonds have long been mined from alluvial terrace deposits within the rainforest of Guyana, South America. No primary kimberlite deposits have been discovered in Guyana, nor has there been previous studies on the mineralogy and origin of the diamonds. Paleoproterozoic terranes in Guyana are prospective to diamond occurrences because the most productive deposits are associated spatially with the eastern escarpment of the Paleoproterozoic Roraima Supergroup. Geographic proximity suggests that the diamonds are detrital grains eroding from the <1.98 Ga conglomerates, metamorphosed to zeolite and greenschist facies. The provenance and paragenesis of the alluvial diamonds are described using a suite of placer diamonds from different locations across the Guiana Shield. Guyanese diamonds are typically small, and those in our collection range from 0.3 to 2.7 mm in diameter; octahedral and dodecahedral, with lesser cubic and minor macle forms. The diamonds are further subdivided into those with abraded and non-abraded surfaces. Abraded diamonds show various colors in cathodoluminescence whereas most non-abraded diamonds appear blue. In all populations, diamonds are predominantly colorless, with lesser brown to yellow and very rare white. Diamonds are predominantly Type IaAB and preserve moderate nitrogen aggregation and total nitrogen concentrations ranging from trace to ~1971 ppm. The kinetics of nitrogen aggregation indicate mantle-derived residence temperatures of 1124 ± 100 ºC, assuming residence times of 1.3 Ga and 2.6 Ga for abraded and non-abraded diamonds respectively. The diamonds are largely sourced from the peridotitic to eclogitic lithospheric upper mantle based on both ?13C values of -5.82 ± 2.45‰ (VPDB-LSVEC) and inclusion suites predominantly comprised of forsterite, enstatite, Cr-pyrope, chromite, rutile, clinopyroxene, coesite, and almandine garnet. Detrital, accessory minerals are non-kimberlitic. Detrital zircon geochronology indicates diamondiferous deposits are predominantly sourced from Paleoproterozoic rocks of 2079 ± 88 Ma.
DS1986-0006
1986
Formin, A.M.Akulshina, E.P., Betekhtina, O.A., Ivashutin, V.I., Formin, A.M.Geology of upper Paleozoic diamond bearing formations of theTunguskasynclise, methods of study.(Russian)Transactions of the Institute of Institute Geologiya i Geofizika Akademii Nauk, Vol. 646, pp. 5-19, 160-166RussiaBlank
DS1989-1351
1989
Formoso, M.L.L.Schiebe, L.F., Formoso, M.L.L., Nardi, L.V.S., Hartmann, L.A.Geochemistry of rare earth elements of alkalic rocks,carbonatites and kimberlite rocks; study of Brazilianoccurrence.(in Portugese).In: Geochemistry of rare earth elements in Brasil, Co. Pesqui Rec. Miner., pp. 37-46BrazilAlkaline rocks, Kimberlites -geochemistry
DS201112-0150
2010
Fornaciari, G.Carolino, J., Newman, J.A., Teixeira Carvalho de Newman, D., Fornaciari, G., Mendes, J.C.Minerais industriais: o casa dos diamantes sinteticos.5th Brasilian Symposium on Diamond Geology, Nov. 6-12, abstract p. 53.South America, BrazilIndustrial - synthetics
DS1988-0619
1988
FornariSebrier, M., Lavenu, A., Fornari, SoulasTectonics and uplift in Central Andes from Eocene to presentGeodynamique, Eng., Vol. 3, No. 1-2, pp. 85-106.Peru, Bolivia, ChileTectonics
DS200512-0137
2005
Fornari, M.Carlier, G., Lorand, J.P., Liegeois, J.P., Fornari, M., Soler, P., Carlotto, V., Cardenas, J.Potassic ultrapotassic mafic rocks delineate two lithospheric mantle blocks beneath southern Peruvian Altiplano.Geology, Vol. 33, 7, July, pp. 601-604.South America, PeruLamproite
DS1994-0030
1994
Forrest, A.H.Aitcheson, S.J., Forrest, A.H.Quantification of crustal contamination in open magmatic systemsJournal of Petrology, Vol. 35, No. 2, April pp. 461-488GlobalMagmatism, Crustal contamination
DS200512-0294
2004
Forrest, M.Forrest, M.Diamonds in Canada.Materials World, Vol. 12, no. 10, October pp. 36-38.CanadaOverview - brief
DS200612-0405
2006
Forrest, M.Forrest, M.Diamonds from the desert: Namibia is a major diamond producer, but until now no primary diamonds have been found. Mount Burgess discoveries.Materials World, Vol. 14, 3, March pp. 27-29.Africa, NamibiaHistory - Mount Burgess Mining
DS200612-0406
2006
Forrest, M.Forrest, M.Diamond life - exploration projects in Canada are revealing promising results for diamond mining. Ekati and Diavik and Ashton.Materials World, Vol. 14, 8, pp. 25-27.CanadaMining - brief
DS201512-1964
2015
Forrester, K.Saxon, M., Leijd, M., Forrester, K., Berg, J.Geology, mineralogy, and metallurgical processing of the Norra Karr heavy REE deposit, Sweden.Symposium on critical and strategic materials, British Columbia Geological Survey Paper 2015-3, held Nov. 13-14, pp. 97-108.Europe, SwedenRare earths

Abstract: The Norra Kärr peralkaline complex is about 300 km southwest of Stockholm in southern Sweden (Fig. 1). As the only heavy REE deposit in the European Union, Norra Kärr is signifi cant for the security of future REE, zirconium (Zr) and hafnium (Hf) supply (European Commission’s European Rare Earths Competency Network; ERECON, 2015). The project is well serviced by power and other infrastructure that will allow year-round mining and processing. A four-lane highway links Scandinavia to mainland Europe and passes with 1km of Norra Kärr. The skill-rich cities of Linköping and Jönköping, lie within daily commuting distances from Norra Kärr. A rail line that passes within 30 km of the site may be used to transport feed stocks and products. If Norra Kärr is developed, European REE users will no longer require substantial material stockpiles to deal with market uncertainties.
DS1960-0546
1965
Forristal, C.J.Forristal, C.J.The Sewa Dredge ExperimentFreetown: Diamond Exploration Co. Ltd., UNPUB.Sierra Leone, West AfricaMining, Sampling
DS200512-0434
2005
ForsbergHinze, W.J., Aiken, C., Brozena, J., Coakley, Dater, Flanagan, Forsberg, Hildenbrand, Keller, KelloggNew standards for reducing gravity data: the North American gravity database.Geophysics, Vol. 70, 4, pp. J25-J32.Canada, United StatesGeophysics - gravity
DS1993-0451
1993
Forster, A.Forster, A., Merriam, D.F., Brower, J.C.Relationship of geological and geothermal field properties: midcontinentarea, USA, an exampleMathematical Geology, Vol. 25, No. 7, pp. 937-947Midcontinent, KansasGeothermal
DS1994-0534
1994
Forster, A.Forster, A., Merriam, D.F.Geothermal field interpretation in south central Kansas for parts of the Nemaha anticline and flanking cherokee and Sedgwick basins.Basin Reesearch, Vol. 5, pp. 213-234.KansasStructure -Midcontinent, Geothermal -Precambrian
DS1997-0355
1997
Forster, A.Forster, A., Merriam, D.F.Geologic modeling and mappingPlenum Press, 348p. approx. $ 100.00GlobalBook - ad, Geologic modeling, mapping
DS1998-1394
1998
Forster, A.Springer, M., Forster, A.Heat flow density across the Central Andean subduction zoneTectonophysics, Vol. 291, No. 1-4, June 15, pp. 123-140.Andes, South AmericaSubduction
DS201804-0688
2017
Forster, B.Forster, B., Aulbach, S., Symes, C., Gerdes, A., Hofer, H.E., Chacko, T.A reconnaissance study of Ti minerals in cratonic granulite xenoliths and their potential as recorders of lower crust formation and evolution.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 58, 10, pp. 2007-2034.Canada, Northwest Territoriesdeposit - Diavik

Abstract: A comprehensive petrographic and in situ major and trace element study of rutile, ilmenite and Ti-magnetite was undertaken in six lower crustal xenoliths of metabasaltic (?underplate) and metasedimentary (subduction) origin from the Diavik kimberlites (central Slave Craton, Canada). The aims of the study were to improve our understanding of trace element incorporation into these Ti-minerals, and to use these systematics to obtain insights into lower continental crust formation and evolution. Abundant (oxy)exsolution of titanomagnetite lamellae, blocky rutile, as well as minor pleonaste and zircon in ilmenite from metabasaltic granulites are proposed to reflect cooling from magmatic or metamorphic temperatures and subsequent secular mantle cooling. This explains the large spread in Zr-in-rutile temperatures (>200°C) and may partly be responsible for the substantial heterogeneity of other trace element concentrations in rutile and ilmenite. Even after accounting for trace element heterogeneity and modal uncertainties, mass-balance calculations indicate that both Ti and Nb in lower crustal granulites are largely controlled by rutile and ilmenite. Rutile U-Pb data define discordia arrays that yield upper intercept ages broadly coincident with the 1•27 Ga giant Mackenzie dike swarm event, suggesting reheating of the lower crust above the rutile U-Pb closure temperature, whereas lower intercept ages roughly correspond to the age of Cretaceous to Eocene kimberlite magmatism. Subsequent cooling led to partial resetting and data spread along the concordia. Closer inspection reveals that inter-grain concentrations of elements that are compatible in rutile (Nb, Ta, W, U), but highly incompatible in the abundant silicate minerals (in equilibrium with melt), are heterogeneous and contrast with the more homogeneous concentrations of the transition metals (NiO, V). This may indicate that local reaction partners for diffusive homogenization of these element concentrations were absent. Nb/Ta is also highly variable at the sample scale. This may be explained by prograde growth from high-Nb/Ta mineral precursors (e.g. biotite) in the metasedimentary granulites and crystallization of the protoliths to the metabasaltic granulites from a mafic magma that had experienced fractionation of ilmenite with low Nb/Ta in a crustal magma chamber. Thus, (Fe)-Ti minerals represent high field strength element ‘islands’ in the granulite silicate matrix. The lack of homogenization and persistence of high-energy grain boundaries, such as exsolution lamellae, further indicate that the lower continental crust remained essentially dry and did not recrystallize, possibly since Neoarchaean metamorphism.
DS1995-0551
1995
Forster, D.Forster, D., Gravelle, J.Structuring foreign investments in the mining industryMining Tax Strategies, Held Feb. 1995, 25pCanadaTaxation, Economics -foreign investments
DS1989-1361
1989
Forster, I.F.Scogings, A.J., Forster, I.F.Gneissose carbonatites in the Bulletin's Run Complex, NatalSouth African Journal of Geology, Vol. 92, No. 1, March pp. 1-10South AfricaCarbonatite, Bulletin's Run
DS1860-0434
1884
Forster, J.A.Forster, J.A.Diamonds and their HistoryJournal of Microscopy Natural Science, Vol. 3, PP. 92-101.; PP. 170-175.Africa, South AfricaDiamond Genesis
DS2002-0471
2002
Forster, J.J.Forster, J.J., Bill, J.H.Comparison of the impact of the fiscal regime on gold projects in Tanzania and Burkin a Faso.Tranactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B. Applied Earth, Vol. 111, pp. B195-199.Tanzania, Burkina FasoMineral law and policy
DS200412-0566
2002
Forster, J.J.Forster, J.J., Bill, J.H.Comparison of the impact of the fiscal regime on gold projects in Tanzania and Burkin a Faso.Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B. Applied Earth Science ( incorporating Aus, Vol. 111, pp. B195-199.Africa, Tanzania, Burkina FasoMineral law and policy
DS201610-1860
2016
Forster, M.W.Forster, M.W., Prelevic, D., Schmuck, H.R., Jacob, D.E.Melting and dynamic metasomatism of mixed harzburgite + glimmerite mantle source: implications for the genesis of orogenic potassic magmas.Chemical Geology, in press available 10p.MantleUltrapotassic magmas

Abstract: Tectonically young, orogenic settings are commonly the sites of post-collisional silica-rich ultrapotassic magmas with extreme K2O-contents of up to 9 wt% and K2O/Na2O > 2. Many experimental studies investigating the generation of these melts have concentrated on melting of homogenous phlogopite bearing peridotites, whereas geochemical signatures indicate the involvement of at least two types of source rocks: ultra-depleted and K and trace elements-enriched ones. We report the results of melting experiments at 1-2 GPa of mixed glimmerite and harzburgite, in which these rock types make up two halves each capsule. Melting begins in the glimmerite, and its metasomatic effects on the harzburgite are apparent at 1100 °C even before melt pools are visible. The first melts are Na-rich, seen in zoning of olivines and as growth of clinopyroxene in the harzburgite, but change at higher degrees of melting to produce a typical lamproite-like melt with K2O > 10 wt%. A major advantage of this study is the preservation of distinct melts in different parts of the capsule, which reflect a process of dynamic metasomatism: within the harzburgite matrix, the infiltrating melt derived from melting of the glimmerite changes consistently with the distance of travel through the harzburgite, enabling quantification of the metasomatic effects as an increase in SiO2 and K2O. This results principally from assimilation of orthopyroxene, which increases the Ol/Opx ratio of the residual harzburgite. The effects of quench olivine growth are recognizable and can be quantified due to a step-change in composition at the glimmerite/harzburgite border: the large total surface area of olivine and small melt fraction mean that the amount of quench olivine is high within the harzburgite, but negligible in the almost completely molten glimmerite. Melts of the glimmerite contain up to 8-10 wt% K2O and 53 wt% SiO2, which increase to 55-56 wt% after interaction with the harzburgite. Mediterranean lamproites resemble melts of glimmerite, whereas melts that have interacted with harzburgite are more similar to less potassic, but more SiO2-rich shoshonites of the Mediterranean region.
DS201707-1323
2017
Forster, M.W.Forster, M.W., Orelevic, D., Schmuck, H.R., Buhre, S., Veter, M., Mertz-Kraus, R., Foley, S.F., Jacob, D.E.Melting and dynamic metasomatism of mixed harzburgite + glimmerite mantle source: implications for the genesis of orogenic potassic magmas.Chemical Geology, Vol. 455, pp. 182-191.Mantlemetasomatism

Abstract: Tectonically young, orogenic settings are commonly the sites of post-collisional silica-rich ultrapotassic magmas with extreme K2O-contents of up to 9 wt% and K2O/Na2O > 2. Many experimental studies investigating the generation of these melts have concentrated on melting of homogenous phlogopite bearing peridotites, whereas geochemical signatures indicate the involvement of at least two types of source rocks: ultra-depleted and K and trace elements-enriched ones. We report the results of melting experiments at 1–2 GPa of mixed glimmerite and harzburgite, in which these rock types make up two halves each capsule. Melting begins in the glimmerite, and its metasomatic effects on the harzburgite are apparent at 1100 °C even before melt pools are visible. The first melts are Na-rich, seen in zoning of olivines and as growth of clinopyroxene in the harzburgite, but change at higher degrees of melting to produce a typical lamproite-like melt with K2O > 10 wt%. A major advantage of this study is the preservation of distinct melts in different parts of the capsule, which reflect a process of dynamic metasomatism: within the harzburgite matrix, the infiltrating melt derived from melting of the glimmerite changes consistently with the distance of travel through the harzburgite, enabling quantification of the metasomatic effects as an increase in SiO2 and K2O. This results principally from assimilation of orthopyroxene, which increases the Ol/Opx ratio of the residual harzburgite. The effects of quench olivine growth are recognizable and can be quantified due to a step-change in composition at the glimmerite/harzburgite border: the large total surface area of olivine and small melt fraction mean that the amount of quench olivine is high within the harzburgite, but negligible in the almost completely molten glimmerite. Melts of the glimmerite contain up to 8–10 wt% K2O and 53 wt% SiO2, which increase to 55–56 wt% after interaction with the harzburgite. Mediterranean lamproites resemble melts of glimmerite, whereas melts that have interacted with harzburgite are more similar to less potassic, but more SiO2-rich shoshonites of the Mediterranean region.
DS201804-0689
2018
Forster, M.W.Forster, M.W., Prelevic, D., Schmuck, H.R., Buhre, S., Marschall, H.R., Mertz-Kraus, R., Jacob, D.E.Melting phologopite rich MARID: lamproites and the role of alkalis in olivine liquid Ni partioning.Chemical Geology, Vol. 476, 1, pp. 429-440.Technologylamproites

Abstract: In this study, we show how veined lithospheric mantle is involved in the genesis of ultrapotassic magmatism in cratonic settings. We conducted high pressure experiments to simulate vein + wall rock melting within the Earth's lithospheric mantle by reacting assemblages of harzburgite and phlogopite-rich hydrous mantle xenoliths. These comprised a mica-, amphibole-, rutile-, ilmenite-, diopside (MARID) assemblage at 3-5 GPa and 1325-1450 °C. Melting of the MARID assemblages results in infiltration of melt through the harzburgite, leading to its chemical alteration. At 3 and 4 GPa, melts are high in K2O (> 9 wt%) with K2O/Na2O > > 2 comparable to anorogenic lamproites. Higher pressures and temperatures (5 GPa/1450 °C) lead to increasing MgO contents of the melt and to some extent lower K2O contents (5-7 wt%) at equally high K2O/Na2O ratios. Our experiments provide insights into the role of alkalis in nickel-partitioning (DNi) between olivine and ultrapotassic melt. We observe that the high contents of Na, K, and Al are indicative of high DNi values, implying that the melt polymerization is the dominant factor influencing the olivine/melt nickel partitioning. The change of DNi as a function of melt composition results in a pressure independent, empirical geothermometer: Element oxides represent the composition of the glass (in wt%), and DNi is the liquid/olivine Ni-partitioning coefficient. We propose that this geothermometer is applicable to all natural silicate melts that crystallized olivine in a temperature interval between 1000 and 1600 °C. Application to glass-olivine pairs from calc-alkaline settings (Mexico), MORB (East Pacific Rise), and OIB (Hawaii) yielded reasonable values of 996-1199 °C, 1265 °C, and 1330 °C, respectively.
DS201905-1029
2019
Forster, M.W.Forster, M.W.Subduction zone metasomatism and its consequences for potassium rich magmatism and deep nitrogen cycling. ( mentions salty kimberlites Udachnaya)Ph.d Thesis Macquarie University, researchgate.com 250p. Pdf availableMantlelamproites

Abstract: In total, subduction zones span 40,000 km across Earth’s surface and recycle an average thickness of 500 m of sediment. During burial and heating these sediments eventually start melting at T >675 °C, following which Si-rich hydrous melts infiltrate the peridotites of the mantle wedge above the subducting slab. In this thesis, a high-pressure experimental approach is used to examine the reaction of sediments and peridotites at 2-6 GPa in subduction zones and its consequences on the generation of K-rich magmatism and on deep nitrogen cycling. All experiments are conducted in a layered arrangement, where the depleted peridotite is placed above the sediments in a 1:1 ratio. At 2-3 GPa, the reaction of melts of sediment with depleted peridotite, simulating the fore-arc of a subduction zone, leads to the formation of layered phlogopite pyroxenites and selective incorporation of major and trace elements in these metasomatic layers. Partial melting of these phlogopite pyroxenites produces melts rich in K2O (>9 wt%) with K/Na >>2 and a trace element pattern comparable to “orogenic lamproites”. At similar pressures, the reaction of hydrous mantle melts with depleted peridotites produces metasomatic layers that show K/Na ~1 and a trace element pattern that closely resembles “anorogenic lamproites”. In both cases, K-enrichment is facilitated by the crystallization of an eclogitic residue rich in Na, poor in K, and consequently with low K/Na. At 4-6 GPa, the reaction of melts of sediment with depleted peridotite is does not produce mica, instead resulting in alkali chlorides with K/Na ratios similar to saline fluid inclusions in diamonds. Besides the chlorides, magnesite also crystallises in the peridotite. Both phases are important ingredients for the generation of salty kimberlites such as Udachnaya East. The change in metasomatic style from mica- to chloride formation between 3 to 4 GPa corresponds to the depth of the mid-lithospheric discontinuity, a zone of low seismic velocities that is found intermittently beneath all continents at a depth of 80-100 km. The subduction of sediment is the main mechanism that recycles nitrogen back to Earth’s mantle. The partitioning of nitrogen between fluid and melt (DN(Fluid/Melt)) and fluid and bulk residue (melt+mica) (DN(Fluid/Bulk)) was found to increase linearly with temperature normalized to pressure. Using the new partition coefficients, the amount of N recycled to Earth’s mantle since the onset of subduction is calculated as 50 ±6 %.
DS201905-1030
2019
Forster, M.W.Forster, M.W., Prelevic, D., Buhre, S., Mertz-Kraus, R., Foley, S.F.An experimental study of the role of partial melts of sediments versus mantle melts in the sources of potassic magmatism.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, Vol. 177, pp. 76-88.Mantlelamproite

Abstract: Potassium-rich lavas with K/Na of >2 are common in orogenic and anorogenic intraplate magmatic provinces. However, in the primitive mantle, the concentration of Na exceeds that of K by 10 times. The source of K-rich lavas thus needs to be either K-enriched or Na-depleted to account for high K/Na ratios. The geochemical and isotopic compositions of high 87Sr/86Sr post-collisional lavas show that their mantle source contains a recycled crustal component. These highly K-enriched lavas with crustal like trace element patterns are termed “orogenic lamproites” and are compositionally distinct from K-rich “anorogenic lamproites” that show lower 87Sr/86Sr and a trace element pattern that resembles that of primary mantle melts. For both groups the processes of K-enrichment within their source are uncertain and are thought to be linked to melts of sedimentary rocks for “orogenic lamproites” and low-degree melts of ultramafic mantle rocks for “anorogenic lamproites”. In both cases, metasomatism of the mantle lithosphere is the precursor to K-rich magmatism. In this study we experimentally determine the effects of mantle metasomatism by sediment- and hydrous mantle melts. The experiments simulate the interaction of refractory lithospheric mantle and metasomatizing melt in a 2-layer reaction experiment. The sediment/dunite reaction experiments lead to formation of a strongly K-enriched phlogopite-pyroxenite layer sandwiched between the two starting materials. The low temperature of the sediment/dunite reaction runs at <1000?°C simulates a fore-arc subduction environment, in which the melts of sediment are consumed during interaction with dunite as the temperature is below the solidus of the produced phlogopite-pyroxenites. The hydrous mantle melt/dunite reaction run is simulated by reacting a hydrated basanite with dunite. Since the temperature of the reaction is higher than the solidus of the resulting phlogopite-pyroxenites (1200?°C), the hydrous melt is not consumed but flows further, increasing in K2O and K/Na as it reacts with the refractory peridotite. In both cases, melts are enriched in K and K/Na increases by crystallizing a low K and low K/Na eclogitic residue. Compositions of glass and phlogopite from both types of reactions are comparable to glasses and phlogopites found within post-collisional lavas. Since the enrichment of K within the reaction zone is strongly controlled by the formation of low K/Na and low-K residues, metasomatic enrichment of the mantle lithosphere in K does not need a highly K-enriched metasomatic agent.
DS201907-1545
2019
Forster, M.W.Forster, M.W., Foley, S.F., Marschall, H.R., Alard, O., Buhre, S.Melting of sediments in the deep mantle produces saline fluid inclusions in diamonds.Science Advances, Vol. 5, 5, eaau 2620 7p.Mantlediamond inclusions

Abstract: Diamonds growing in the Earth’s mantle often trap inclusions of fluids that are highly saline in composition. These fluids are thought to emerge from deep in subduction zones and may also be involved in the generation of some of the kimberlite magmas. However, the source of these fluids and the mechanism of their transport into the mantle lithosphere are unresolved. Here, we present experimental results showing that alkali chlorides are stable solid phases in the mantle lithosphere below 110 km. These alkali chlorides are formed by the reaction of subducted marine sediments with peridotite and show identical K/Na ratios to fluid inclusions in diamond. At temperatures >1100°C and low pressures, the chlorides are unstable; here, potassium is accommodated in mica and melt. The reaction of subducted sediments with peridotite explains the occurrence of Mg carbonates and the highly saline fluids found in diamonds and in chlorine-enriched kimberlite magmas.
DS201909-2039
2019
Forster, M.W.Forster, M.W., Foley, S.F., Alard, O., Buhre, S.Partitioning of nitrogen during melting and recycling in subduction zones and the evolution of atmospheric nitrogen.Chemical Geology, in press available 31p. PdfMantlesubduction, metasomatism

Abstract: The subduction of sediment connects the surface nitrogen cycle to that of the deep Earth. To understand the evolution of nitrogen in the atmosphere, the behavior of nitrogen during the subduction and melting of subducted sediments has to be estimated. This study presents high-pressure experimental measurements of the partitioning of nitrogen during the melting of sediments at sub-arc depths. For quantitative analysis of nitrogen in minerals and glasses, we calibrated the electron probe micro-analyzer on synthetic ammonium feldspar to measure nitrogen concentrations as low as 500??g?g?1. Nitrogen abundances in melt and mica are used together with mass balance calculations to determine DN(Mica/Melt), DN(Fluid/Mica), and DN(Fluid/Melt). Calculated partition coefficients correspond to expected values for NH4+, which behaves similarly to Rb+ due to its nearly identical size. Nitrogen partitioning between fluid and melt (DN(Fluid/Melt)) and fluid and bulk residue (melt+mica) (DN(Fluid/Bulk)) increase linearly with temperature normalized to pressure. This linear relationship can be used to calculate DN(Fluid/Melt) and DN(Fluid/Bulk) for slab melts from 800 to 1200?°C following: and [nasty equation that did not copy]. We used these partition coefficients to quantify the amount of N recycled into the mantle as 50?±?6% of today's atmospheric N. Depending on the rate of mantle N degassing we calculated 4 different scenarios for atmospheric pN2 evolution. All 4 scenarios estimate pN2 to be 8-12% higher at the beginning of the Phanerozoic. These estimates diverge towards the past due to uncertainties in the mechanism and magnitude of N degassing from the mantle. Assuming degassing of N in the past was close to modern degassing rates from MORB, pN2 was up to 40% higher at the onset of plate tectonics at 3-4?Ga. However, degassing rates were probably higher than this: assuming 10× and 20× times higher rates at the onset of plate tectonics leads to pN2 within 20% of modern values. If N degassing from the mantle is increased to 40× the modern MORB rate, pN2 in the Archean would have been 50% lower than today's, which is in accordance with observations from paleoatmospheric studies.
DS202002-0184
2019
Forster, M.W.Forster, M.W.Subduction zone metasomatism and its consequences for potassium rich magmatism and deep nitrogen recycling.Thesis Phd .Macquarie University, 250p. PdfMantlemetasomatism

Abstract: In total, subduction zones span 40,000 km across Earth’s surface and recycle an average thickness of 500 m of sediment. During burial and heating these sediments eventually start melting at T >675 °C, following which Si-rich hydrous melts infiltrate the peridotites of the mantle wedge above the subducting slab. In this thesis, a high-pressure experimental approach is used to examine the reaction of sediments and peridotites at 2-6 GPa in subduction zones and its consequences on the generation of K-rich magmatism and on deep nitrogen cycling. All experiments are conducted in a layered arrangement, where the depleted peridotite is placed above the sediments in a 1:1 ratio. At 2-3 GPa, the reaction of melts of sediment with depleted peridotite, simulating the fore-arc of a subduction zone, leads to the formation of layered phlogopite pyroxenites and selective incorporation of major and trace elements in these metasomatic layers. Partial melting of these phlogopite pyroxenites produces melts rich in K2O (>9 wt%) with K/Na >>2 and a trace element pattern comparable to “orogenic lamproites”. At similar pressures, the reaction of hydrous mantle melts with depleted peridotites produces metasomatic layers that show K/Na ~1 and a trace element pattern that closely resembles “anorogenic lamproites”. In both cases, K-enrichment is facilitated by the crystallization of an eclogitic residue rich in Na, poor in K, and consequently with low K/Na. At 4-6 GPa, the reaction of melts of sediment with depleted peridotite is does not produce mica, instead resulting in alkali chlorides with K/Na ratios similar to saline fluid inclusions in diamonds. Besides the chlorides, magnesite also crystallises in the peridotite. Both phases are important ingredients for the generation of salty kimberlites such as Udachnaya East. The change in metasomatic style from mica- to chloride formation between 3 to 4 GPa corresponds to the depth of the mid-lithospheric discontinuity, a zone of low seismic velocities that is found intermittently beneath all continents at a depth of 80-100 km. The subduction of sediment is the main mechanism that recycles nitrogen back to Earth’s mantle. The partitioning of nitrogen between fluid and melt (DN(Fluid/Melt)) and fluid and bulk residue (melt+mica) (DN(Fluid/Bulk)) was found to increase linearly with temperature normalized to pressure. Using the new partition coefficients, the amount of N recycled to Earth’s mantle since the onset of subduction is calculated as 50 ±6 %.
DS202002-0185
2020
Forster, M.W.Forster, M.W., Buhre, S., Xu, B., Prelevic, D., Mertz-Kraus, R., Foley, S.F.Two stage origin of K-enrichment in ultrapotassic magmatism simulated by melting of experimentally metasomatized mantle.MDPI Minerals, Vol. 10, 41;doe.10.3390/min10010041 21p. PdfMantlemetasomatism

Abstract: The generation of strongly potassic melts in the mantle requires the presence of phlogopite in the melting assemblage, while isotopic and trace element analyses of ultrapotassic rocks frequently indicate the involvement of subducted crustal lithologies in the source. However, phlogopite-free experiments that focus on melting of sedimentary rocks and subsequent hybridization with mantle rocks at pressures of 1-3 GPa have not successfully produced melts with K2O >5 wt%-6 wt%, while ultrapotassic igneous rocks reach up to 12 wt% K2O. Accordingly, a two-stage process that enriches K2O and increases K/Na in intermediary assemblages in the source prior to ultrapotassic magmatism seems likely. Here, we simulate this two-stage formation of ultrapotassic magmas using an experimental approach that involves re-melting of parts of an experimental product in a second experiment. In the first stage, reaction experiments containing layered sediment and dunite produced a modally metasomatized reaction zone at the border of a depleted peridotite. For the second-stage experiment, the metasomatized dunite was separated from the residue of the sedimentary rock and transferred to a smaller capsule, and melts were produced with 8 wt%-8.5 wt% K2O and K/Na of 6-7. This is the first time that extremely K-enriched ultrapotassic melts have been generated experimentally from sediments at low pressure applicable to a post-collisional setting.
DS202102-0212
2021
Forster, M.W.Otter, L.M., Forster, M.W., Belousova, E., O'Reilly, P., Nowak, D., Parlk, S., Clar, S., Foley, S.F., Jacob, D.E.GGR cutting-edge review nanoscale chemical imaging by photo-induced force microscopy: technical aspects and application to the geosciences. ( not specific to diamonds)Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, doi:10.111/ GGR.12373. 51p. PdfGlobalspectroscopy, mineralogy

Abstract: Photo?induced force microscopy (PiFM) is a new?frontier technique that combines the advantages of atomic force microscopy with infrared spectroscopy and allows for the simultaneous acquisition of 3D topographic data with molecular chemical information at high spatial (~ 5 nm) and spectral (~ 1 cm?1) resolution at the nanoscale. This non?destructive technique is time efficient as it requires only conventional mirror?polishing and has fast mapping rates on the order of a few minutes that allow the study of dynamic processes via time series. Here, we review the method’s historical development, working principle, data acquisition, evaluation, and provide a comparison with traditional geochemical methods. We review PiFM studies in the areas of materials science, chemistry, and biology. In addition, we provide the first applications for geochemical samples including the visualisation of faint growth zonation in zircons, the identification of fluid speciation in high?pressure experimental samples, and of nanoscale organic phases in biominerals. We demonstrate that PiFM analysis is a time? and cost?efficient technique combining high?resolution surface imaging with molecular chemical information at the nanoscale and, thus, complements and expands traditional geochemical methods.
DS202110-1614
2021
Forster, M.W.Forster, M.W., Bussweiler, Y., Prelevic, D., Daczko, N.R., Buhre, S., Mertz-Kraus, R., Foley, S.F.Sediment-peridotite reaction controls fore-arc metasomatism and arc magma geochemical signatures.Geosciences MDPI, Vol. 11, 372, 24p. PdfMantlesubduction

Abstract: Subduction of oceanic crust buries an average thickness of 300-500 m of sediment that eventually dehydrates or partially melts. Progressive release of fluid/melt metasomatizes the fore-arc mantle, forming serpentinite at low temperatures and phlogopite-bearing pyroxenite where slab surface reaches 700-900 °C. This is sufficiently high to partially melt subducted sediments before they approach the depths where arc magmas are formed. Here, we present experiments on reactions between melts of subducted sediments and peridotite at 2-6 GPa/750-1100 °C, which correspond to the surface of a subducting slab. The reaction of volatile-bearing partial melts derived from sediments with depleted peridotite leads to separation of elements and a layered arrangement of metasomatic phases, with layers consisting of orthopyroxene, mica-pyroxenite, and clinopyroxenite. The selective incorporation of elements in these metasomatic layers closely resembles chemical patterns found in K-rich magmas. Trace elements were imaged using LA-ICP-TOFMS, which is applied here to investigate the distribution of trace elements within the metasomatic layers. Experiments of different duration enabled estimates of the growth of the metasomatic front, which ranges from 1-5 m/ky. These experiments explain the low contents of high-field strength elements in arc magmas as being due to their loss during melting of sedimentary materials in the fore-arc.
DS201912-2781
2019
Forster. M.W.Forster. M.W., Prelevic, D., Buhre, S., Mertz-Kraus, R., Foley, S.F.An experimental study of the role of partial melts of sediments versus mantle melts in the sources of potassic magmatism.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, Vol. 177, pp. 76-88.Mantlemetasomatism

Abstract: Potassium-rich lavas with K/Na of >2 are common in orogenic and anorogenic intraplate magmatic provinces. However, in the primitive mantle, the concentration of Na exceeds that of K by 10 times. The source of K-rich lavas thus needs to be either K-enriched or Na-depleted to account for high K/Na ratios. The geochemical and isotopic compositions of high 87Sr/86Sr post-collisional lavas show that their mantle source contains a recycled crustal component. These highly K-enriched lavas with crustal like trace element patterns are termed “orogenic lamproites” and are compositionally distinct from K-rich “anorogenic lamproites” that show lower 87Sr/86Sr and a trace element pattern that resembles that of primary mantle melts. For both groups the processes of K-enrichment within their source are uncertain and are thought to be linked to melts of sedimentary rocks for “orogenic lamproites” and low-degree melts of ultramafic mantle rocks for “anorogenic lamproites”. In both cases, metasomatism of the mantle lithosphere is the precursor to K-rich magmatism. In this study we experimentally determine the effects of mantle metasomatism by sediment- and hydrous mantle melts. The experiments simulate the interaction of refractory lithospheric mantle and metasomatizing melt in a 2-layer reaction experiment. The sediment/dunite reaction experiments lead to formation of a strongly K-enriched phlogopite-pyroxenite layer sandwiched between the two starting materials. The low temperature of the sediment/dunite reaction runs at <1000?°C simulates a fore-arc subduction environment, in which the melts of sediment are consumed during interaction with dunite as the temperature is below the solidus of the produced phlogopite-pyroxenites. The hydrous mantle melt/dunite reaction run is simulated by reacting a hydrated basanite with dunite. Since the temperature of the reaction is higher than the solidus of the resulting phlogopite-pyroxenites (1200?°C), the hydrous melt is not consumed but flows further, increasing in K2O and K/Na as it reacts with the refractory peridotite. In both cases, melts are enriched in K and K/Na increases by crystallizing a low K and low K/Na eclogitic residue. Compositions of glass and phlogopite from both types of reactions are comparable to glasses and phlogopites found within post-collisional lavas. Since the enrichment of K within the reaction zone is strongly controlled by the formation of low K/Na and low-K residues, metasomatic enrichment of the mantle lithosphere in K does not need a highly K-enriched metasomatic agent.
DS1995-1648
1995
Forstner, U.Salomons, W., Forstner, U., Mader, P.Heavy metals... problems and solutionsSpringer, 270p. approx. $ 110.00GlobalBook -ad, Environment -heavy metals
DS1983-0232
1983
Forsyth, D.Forsyth, D., Morel, P., Hasegawa, H., Wetmiller, R., Adams, J.Comparative Study of the Geophysical and Geological InformatAtomic Energy of Canada Research Limited., No. TR-238, 52P.Canada, OntarioTectonics
DS1988-0221
1988
Forsyth, D.A.Forsyth, D.A., Thomas, M.D., Broome, J., Abbinett, D., Halpenny, J.Regional geophysics of the central metasedimentary beltGeological Society of America (GSA) Abstract Volume, Vol. 20, No. 5, March p. 344. abstractGlobalBlank
DS1990-0485
1990
Forsyth, D.A.Forsyth, D.A., Pilkington, M., Grieve, R.A.F., Abbinett, D.Major circular structure beneath southern Lake Huron defined from potential field dataGeology, Vol. 18, No. 8, August pp. 773-777Ontario, Great LakesGeophysics -aeromagnetics, Tectonics
DS1992-1063
1992
Forsyth, D.A.Milkereit, B., Forsyth, D.A., Green, A.G., Davidson, A., Hanmer, S.Seismic images of a Grenvillian terrane boundaryGeology, Vol. 20, No. 11, November pp. 1027-1030OntarioGeophysics -seismics, Terrane
DS1994-0535
1994
Forsyth, D.A.Forsyth, D.A., Milkereit, B., et al.Seismic images of a tectonic subdivision of the Grenville Orogen beneath lakes Ontario and Erie.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 31, No. 2, Feb. pp. 229-242.OntarioLithoprobe -Grenville, Geophysics -seismics
DS1994-0536
1994
Forsyth, D.A.Forsyth, D.A., Milkereit, B., et al.Deep structure beneath Lake Ontario: crustal scale Grenville subdivisionsCanadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 31, No. 2, Feb. pp. 255-270.OntarioLithoprobe -Grenville, Geophysics -seismics
DS1994-1980
1994
Forsyth, D.A.Zelt, C.A., Forsyth, D.A.Modeling wide angle seismic dat a for crustal structure: southeastern Grenville ProvinceJournal of Geophy. Res, Vol. 99, B6, June 10, pp. 11, 687-704OntarioGeophysics - seismics, Grenville
DS1994-1981
1994
Forsyth, D.A.Zelt, C.A., Forsyth, D.A., et al.Seismic structure of the Central Metasedimentary Belt, southern GrenvilleProvince.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 31, No. 2, Feb. pp. 243-254.OntarioLithoprobe -Grenville, Geophysics -seismics
DS1997-0467
1997
Forsyth, D.A.Hajnal, Z., Nemeth, B., Forsyth, D.A.Mantle involvement in lithospheric collision: seismic evidence from the Trans-Hudson Orogen, Western Canada.Geophy. Res. Letters, Vol. 24, No. 16, Au. 15, pp. 2079-82.Saskatchewan, AlbertaMantle tectonics, Lithosphere
DS1990-0181
1990
Forsyth, D.W.Bechtel, T.D., Forsyth, D.W., Sharpton, V.L., Grieve, R.A.F.Variations in effective elastic thickness of the NorthAmericanlithosphereNature, Vol. 343, No. 6259, February 15, pp. 636-638MidcontinentGeophysics, Bouguer gravity
DS1993-0127
1993
Forsyth, D.W.Blackman, D.K., Orcutt, J.A., Forsyth, D.W., Kendall, J-M.Seismic anisotropy in the mantle beneath an oceanic spreading centreNature, Vol. 366, December 16, pp. 675-677MantleGeophysics -seismics, Mid ocean ridge
DS2003-0806
2003
Forsyth, D.W.Li, A., Forsyth, D.W., Fischer, K.M.Shear velocity structure and azimuthal anisotropy beneath eastern North America fromJournal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 108, B8, 2362 Aug. 2, 10.1029/2002jb002259United StatesGeophysics - seismics
DS2003-1464
2003
Forsyth, D.W.Weeraratne, D.S., Forsyth, D.W., Fischer, K.M., Nyblade, A.A.Evidence for an upper mantle plume beneath the Tanzanian craton from Rayleigh waveJournal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 108, B9, Sept. 16, 10.1029/2002JB002273TanzaniaGeophysics - seismic, tomography, craton
DS200412-1124
2003
Forsyth, D.W.Li, A., Forsyth, D.W., Fischer, K.M.Shear velocity structure and azimuthal anisotropy beneath eastern North America from Rayleigh inversion.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 108, B8, 2362 Aug. 2, 10.1029/2002 jb002259United StatesGeophysics - seismics
DS200412-2095
2003
Forsyth, D.W.Weeraratne, D.S., Forsyth, D.W., Fischer, K.M., Nyblade, A.A.Evidence for an upper mantle plume beneath the Tanzanian craton from Rayleigh wave tomography.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 108, B9, Sept. 16, 10.1029/2002 JB002273Africa, TanzaniaGeophysics - seismic, tomography, craton
DS200812-1294
2008
Forsyth, D.W.Yang, Y., Forsyth, D.W.Attenuation in the upper mantle beneath southern California: physical state of the lithosphere and asenthosphere.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, B03308.United States, CaliforniaTectonics
DS1998-1401
1998
ForsytheStalder, R., Foley, S.F., Brey, G.P., Forsythe, HornFirst results from a new experimental technique to determine fluid/solidtrace element partition coeffic.Neues Jahrbuch f?r Mineralogie Abh., Vol. 172, No. 1, pp. 117-132.GlobalPetrology - experimental, Diamond aggregates
DS1991-0502
1991
Forsythe, D.A.Forsythe, D.A., Milkereit, B., Davidson, A.Seismic images of Grenville crustal structures beneath Lakes Ontario andErieGeological Society of America Annual Meeting Abstract Volume, Vol. 23, No. 5, San Diego, p. A 315OntarioStructure, Tectonics
DS1994-0537
1994
Forsythe, R.Forsythe, R., Chisholm, L.Paleomagnetic and structural constraints on rotations in the north Chilean coast rangesJournal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 3-4. pp. 279-294ChileStructure, paleomagnetics, Tectonics
DS1994-1272
1994
Forsythe, R.Nelson, E., Forsythe, R., Arit, I.Ridge collision tectonics in terrane developmentJournal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 3-4. pp. 271-278ChileTectonics
DS1930-0107
1932
Fort, G.S.Fort, G.S.Alfred Beit- a Study of the Man and His WorkLondon: Ivor Nicholson And Watson., 221P.South AfricaBiography, Kimberley
DS201712-2685
2017
Fortaleche, D.Fortaleche, D., Lucas, A., Muyal, J., Hsu, T., Padua, P.The Colombian emerald industry: winds of change. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 53, 3, pp. 332-358.South America, Colombiaemerald

Abstract: Colombia is synonymous with fine emerald, and production is believed to date back well over a thousand years. Over the centuries the beautiful verdant gemstone, which emerges from areas that are also a lush green, has been linked to violence and human exploitation. Nevertheless, the desire of the Colombian people to mine for this treasure and strike it rich has endured, with enough dreams coming true to drive their passion. In recent years, industry changes have accelerated, perhaps more profoundly than ever before. While government ownership and regulation, criminal activity, and violence have affected production over the years, the industry’s greatest opportunities may still be ahead. Multinational companies are investing heavily in Colombian emerald mining, which has led to modernization. The government’s position on emerald mining has also improved dramatically in this period. Calls for transparency and traceability have led to branding and a revamping of the industry’s image. The loose system of independent miners (figure 1) is seeing efforts at formalization. These landmark changes are occurring at a time when most of the country’s emerald reserves have yet to be mined. In October 2015, a joint GIA and Colombian team met at the First International Emerald Symposium in Bogotá to interview industry leaders and government officials. Many topics involving industry change were discussed at the symposium. Afterward, the team traveled to Colombia’s major mines and visited dealers and cutters in Bogotá to document the current state of the mine-to-market industry. We were also able to collect rough emerald samples for the GIA laboratory’s country-of-origin reference collection.
DS201811-2596
2015
Fortaleche, D.Ochoa, C.J.C., Herreno Daza, M.J., Fortaleche, D., Jimenez, J.F.Progress on the study of parameters related to the origin of Colombian diamonds.InColor, December pp. 88-97.South America, Colombiaemeralds
DS201012-0575
2010
Forte, A.Perry, H.K.C., Forte, A.Upper mantle thermochemical structure from seismic geodynamic flow models: constraints from the Lithoprobe initiative.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 47, 4, pp. 463-484.MantleGeophysics - seismic
DS1991-0503
1991
Forte, A.M.Forte, A.M., Peltier, W.R., Dziewonski, A.M.Inferences of mantle viscosity from tectonic plate velocitiesGeophysical Research Letters, Vol. 18, No. 9, September pp. 1747-1750GlobalMantle, Geophysics -plate tectonics
DS1995-0552
1995
Forte, A.M.Forte, A.M., Dziewonski, A.M., O'Connell, R.J.Continent ocean chemical heterogeneity in the mantle based on seismictomography.Science, Vol. 268, April 21, pp. 386-388.MantleGeodynamic, Geophysics -seismics
DS1995-0553
1995
Forte, A.M.Forte, A.M.Continent-ocean chemical heterogeneity in the mantle based on seismictomographyScience, Vol. 268, No. 5209, April 21, pp. 386-388MantleGeophysics -seismics, Tomography
DS1997-0356
1997
Forte, A.M.Forte, A.M., Woodward, R.L.Seismic geodynamic constraints on three dimensional structure, vertical flow and heat transfer in mantle.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 102, No. 8, Aug. 10, pp. 17981-94.MantleGeophysics - seismics, Geodynamics, tectonics
DS2000-0296
2000
Forte, A.M.Forte, A.M.Multidisciplinary analyses of deep Earth structure and dynamicsGeological Association of Canada (GAC)/Mineralogical Association of Canada (MAC) 2000 Conference, 2p. abstract.MantleGeophysics - seismics tomography, Geochemistry
DS2000-0297
2000
Forte, A.M.Forte, A.M.Inferences of global three dimensional structure in Earth's mantle from seismic and geodynamic data.Geological Association of Canada (GAC)/Mineralogical Association of Canada (MAC) 2000 Conference, 2p. abstract.MantleGeophysics - seismics tomography, Mantle heterogeneity
DS2000-0298
2000
Forte, A.M.Forte, A.M., Mitrovica, J.X.A high viscosity layer in Earth's lower mantle: implications for deep mantle flow and mixing.Geological Association of Canada (GAC)/Mineralogical Association of Canada (MAC) 2000 Conference, 2p. abstract.MantleGeophysics - seismics tomography, Core mantle boundary
DS2000-0299
2000
Forte, A.M.Forte, A.M., Perry, H.K.C.Geodynamics evidence for a chemically depleted continental tectosphereScience, Vol. 290, no, 5498, Dec. 8, pp. 1940-6.MantleGeodynamics - tectonics, Lithosphere
DS2001-0324
2001
Forte, A.M.Forte, A.M., Mitrovica, J.X.Deep mantle high viscosity flow and thermochemical structure inferred from seismic and geodynamic data.Nature, Vol. 410, Apr. 26, pp. 1049-56.MantleGeodynamics, Convective flow
DS2002-0472
2002
Forte, A.M.Forte, A.M., Mitrovica, J.X., Espesset, A.Geodynamic and seismic constraints on the thermochemical structure and dynamics of convection in the deep mantle.Philosophical Transactions, Royal Society of London Series A Mathematical, Vol.1800, pp. 2521-44.MantleGeophysics - seismic, geothermometry
DS2002-0809
2002
Forte, A.M.Karato, S., Forte, A.M.,Liebermann, R.C., Masters, G., Stixrude, L.Earth's deep interior: mineral physics and tomography from the atomic to the global scale.American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph Series, 117,289p., 289p.MantleBook - geodynamics, seismic tomography, core, boundary, Discontinuities, mantle minerals, mantle structure
DS2002-1065
2002
Forte, A.M.Mitrovica, J.X., Forte, A.M.On the radial profile of mantle viscosityAmerican Geophysical Union, Geodynamics Series, Vol. 29, pp. 187-200.MantleGeophysics - seismics
DS2003-0433
2003
Forte, A.M.Gaboret, C., Forte, A.M., Montagner, J.P.The unique dynamics of the Pacific hemisphere mantle and its signature on seismicEarth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 208, 3-4, pp. 219-233.MantleGeophysics - seismics
DS2003-1068
2003
Forte, A.M.Perry, H.K.C., Forte, A.M., Eaton, F.W.S.Upper mantle thermochemical structure below North America from seismicGeophysical Journal International, Vol. 154, 2, pp. 279-99.MantleGeophysics - seismics, Discontinuity
DS200412-0596
2003
Forte, A.M.Gaboret, C., Forte, A.M., Montagner, J.P.The unique dynamics of the Pacific hemisphere mantle and its signature on seismic anisotropy.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 208, 3-4, pp. 219-233.MantleGeophysics - seismics
DS200412-1339
2002
Forte, A.M.Mitrovica, J.X., Forte, A.M.On the radial profile of mantle viscosity.American Geophysical Union, Geodynamics Series, Vol. 29, pp. 187-200.MantleGeophysics - seismics
DS200412-1531
2004
Forte, A.M.Perry, H.K.C., Forte, A.M., Eaton, D.W.S.Upper mantle thermochemical structure below North America from seismic geodynamic flow models.Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 154, 2, pp. 279-299.Canada, Northwest TerritoriesGeothermometry, geophysics - seismics, discontinuity
DS200612-1118
2006
Forte, A.M.Quere, S., Forte, A.M.Influence of past and present day plate motions on spherical models of mantle convection: implications for mantle plumes and hotspots.Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 165, 3, pp. 1041-1057.MantleTectonics
DS200612-1307
2006
Forte, A.M.Simmons, N.A., Forte, A.M., Grand, S.P.Constraining mantle flow with seismic and geodynamic data: a joint approach.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 246, 1-2, June 15, pp. 109-124.MantleGeophysics - seismics
DS200712-0755
2007
Forte, A.M.Moucha, R., Forte, A.M., Mitrovica, J.X., Daradich, A.Lateral variations in mantle rheology: implications for convection related surface observables and inferred viscosity models.Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 169, 1, pp. 113-135.MantleGeophysics - seismics
DS200712-0756
2007
Forte, A.M.Moucha, R., Forte, A.M., Mitrovica, J.X., Daradich, A.Lateral variations in mantle rheology: implications for convection related surface observables and inferred viscosity models.Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 169, 1, pp. 113-135.MantleGeophysics - seismics
DS200812-0770
2008
Forte, A.M.Moucha, R., Forte, A.M., Mitrovica, J.X., Rowley, D.B., Quere, S., Simmons, Grand, S.P.Dynamic topography and long term sea level variations: there is no such thing as a stable continental platform.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 271, 1-4, pp. 101-108.MantleGeomorphology
DS200812-0771
2008
Forte, A.M.Moucha, R., Forte, A.M., Mitrovica, J.X., Rowley, D.B., Quere, S., Simmons, N.A., Grand, S.P.Dynamic topography and long term sea level variations: there is no such thing as a stable continental platform.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 271, 1-4, pp. 101-108.MantleCraton
DS200812-0772
2008
Forte, A.M.Moucha, R., Forte, A.M., Rowley, D.B., Mitrovica, J.X., Simmons, N.A., Grand, S.P.Mantle convection and the recent evolution of the Colorado Plateau and the Rio Grande Rift valley.Geology, Vol. 36, 6, pp. 439-442.United States, Colorado PlateauConvection
DS201012-0206
2010
Forte, A.M.Forte, A.M., Moucha, R., Simmons, N.A., Grand, S.P., Mitrovica, J.X.Deep mantle contributions to the surface dynamics of the North American continent.Tectonophysics, Vol.481, 1-4, pp. 3-15.Canada, United StatesTectonics
DS201012-0207
2010
Forte, A.M.Forte, A.M., Quere, S., Moucha, R., Simmons, N.A., Grand, S.P., Mitrovica, J.X., Rowley, D.B.Joint seismic geodynamic mineral physical modeling of African geodynamics: a reconciliation of deep mantle convection with surface geophysical constraints.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 295, 3-4, pp. 329-341.AfricaGeophysics - seismics
DS201212-0248
2012
Forte, A.M.Glisovic, P., Forte, A.M., Moucha, R.Time dependent convection models of mantle thermal structure constrained by seismic tomography and geodynamics: implications for mantle plume dynamics and CMB heat flow.Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 190, 2, pp. 785-815.MantleGeothermometry
DS201212-0491
2012
Forte, A.M.Morrow, E., Mitrovica, J.X., Forte, A.M., Gilisovic, P., Huybers, P.An enigma in estimates of the Earth's dynamic ellipticity.Geophysical Journal International, in press availableMantleGeodynamics
DS201212-0688
2012
Forte, A.M.Soldati, G., Boschi, L., Forte, A.M.Tomography of core mantle boundary and lowermost mantle coupled by geodynamics.Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 189, 2, pp. 730-746.MantleGeodynamics
DS1992-0474
1992
Fortescue, J.A.C.Fortescue, J.A.C.Lands cape geochemistry: retrospect and prospect -1990Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 7, No. 1, January pp. 1-54GlobalGeomorphology, geochemistry, Environmental geochemistry -review
DS1975-0510
1977
Forth, H.Forth, H.Diamonds in Canada, 1977Collection of Articles And Comments By A Gem Merchant In Tor, APPROX. 30P.Canada, Ontario, QuebecKimberlite, Diamond Distribution, Carbonatite
DS1995-0554
1995
Fortier, S.M.Fortier, S.M., et al.Determination of the magnetite water equilibrium oxygen isotope fractionation factor at 350: ion microprobe..Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 59, No. 18, pp. 3871-3875GlobalHematite, Microscopy
DS1995-0780
1995
Fortier, S.M.Hegner, E., Ruddick, J.C., Fortier, S.M., Hulbert, L.neodymium, Strontium, Phosphorus, Argon, and Oxygen isotopic systematics of Sturgeon Lake kimberlite-emplacement age, alteration, source..Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 120, No. 2, Jun. pp. 212-222.SaskatchewanGeochronology, Deposit -Sturgeon Lake
DS200612-0407
2005
Fortin, B.Fortin, B.Ekati Diamond Mine - Panda, Koala and Fox, can these animals be caged? Geotechnical considerations and ground support at the Ekati Diamond Mine.32ndYellowknife Geoscience Forum, p. 21 abstractCanada, Northwest TerritoriesGeotectonics
DS1989-0440
1989
Fortin, P.Fortin, P., Trescases, J.J., Melfi, A.J., Schmitt, J.M., Thiryrare earth elements (REE) accumulations in the Curtibia basin, BrasilXiii International Geochemical Exploration Symposium, Rio 89 Brazilian Geochemical, pp. 66-68. AbstractBrazilCarbonatite, Curtiba
DS2003-0838
2003
Fortov, V.E.Lomonosov, I.V., Fortov, V.E., Frolova, A.A., Khishchenko, K.V.The simulation of transformation of graphite to diamond under conditions of dynamicHigh Temperature, (Kluwer Publication), Vol. 41, 4, pp. 447-458.GlobalDiamond synthesis
DS200412-1171
2003
Fortov, V.E.Lomonosov, I.V., Fortov, V.E., Frolova, A.A., Khishchenko, K.V., Charakhchyan, A.A., Shurshalov, L.V.The simulation of transformation of graphite to diamond under conditions of dynamic compression in a conic target.High Temperature, Vol. 41, 4, pp. 447-458.TechnologyDiamond synthesis
DS1995-0555
1995
Forty First Annual MeetingForty First Annual Meeting, Institute Lake Superior GeologyProceedings VolumeInstitute on Lake Superior Geology, AbstractsOntario, Wisconsin, MinnesotaGreenstone belts, Book -Table of contents
DS200912-0867
2009
ForuieZimmermann, U., Foruie, Naidoo, Van Staden, Chemalle, Nakamura, Koyayashi, Kosler, Beukes, Tait.Unroofing the Kalahari craton: provenance dat a from neoproterozoic to Paleozoic successions.Goldschmidt Conference 2009, p. A1536 Abstract.Africa, South AfricaTectonics
DS1920-0459
1929
Foshag, W.F.Merrill, G.P., Foshag, W.F.Minerals from the Earth and Sky. Part I, the Story of Meteorites. Part Ii, Gems and Gem Minerals.New York: Smithsonian Sci. Series, 331P.GlobalKimberlite
DS1940-0207
1949
Foshag, W.F.Foshag, W.F., Switzer, G.Gem Stones; United States Bureau of Mines, 1949United States Bureau of Mines MINERALS YEARBOOK, United StatesBlank
DS1950-0024
1950
Foshag, W.F.Foshag, W.F., Jones, G.The Diamond Industry in 1949Gems And Gemology, Vol. 6, No. 11, NOVEMBER PP. 341-343.United States, Canada, GlobalEconomics, Imports, Production
DS1992-0475
1992
Fossen, H.Fossen, H., Rykkelid, E.Post collisional extension of the Caledonide orogen in Scandinavia:structural expressions and tectonic significanceGeology, Vol. 20, No. 8, August pp. 737-740ScandinaviaOrogeny, Structure
DS2002-0656
2002
Fossen, H.Harris, L.B., Koyi, H.A., Fossen, H.Mechanisms for folding of high grade rocks in extensional tectonic settingsEarth Science Reviews, Vol. 59, 1-4, Nov. pp. 163-210.GlobalUHP, Tectonics
DS201810-2376
2018
Fossen, H.Salazar-Mora, C.A., Huismans, R.S., Fossen, H., Egydio-Silva, M.The Wilson cycle and effects of tectonic structural inheritance on rifted passive margin formations.Tectonics, doi.org/10.1029/ 2018TC004962Oceanstectonics

Abstract: The parallelism between older collisional belts and younger rift systems is widely known and particularly well portrayed along the Atlantic Ocean. How tectonic inherited and new?formed shear zones control rift nucleation and the final architecture of rifted conjugate passive margins is still poorly understood. Here we present lithospheric?scale thermo?mechanical numerical models that self?consistently create extensional and contractional tectonic inheritance, where prior extension and contraction are systematically varied. Our results show that (1) initial reactivation occurs along the former lithospheric suture zones; (2) upper crustal thick?skinned basement thrusts are partially or fully reactivated depending on the amount of prior contraction and size of the orogen; (3) with a small amount of contraction, thick?skinned thrusts are efficiently reactivated in extension and provide the template for rifted margin formation; (4) with larger amounts of contraction, thick?skinned thrusts distal to the lithospheric suture zone do not reactivate in extension; and (5) reactivation of prior contractional shear zones dominates during the early stages of rifting, while during the final stage of margin formation new?formed extensional shear zones dominate. Force balance analysis predicts an inverse relation between midcrustal viscosity and the maximum offset for reactivation of weak upper crustal structures. Force balance also predicts that the degree of weakening or healing of the weak suture and the thermal thinning of the necking area control at which stage suture reactivation is deactivated and extension proceeds by mantle lithosphere thermal necking. Two rifted conjugate margins with orogenic inheritance in the North and South Atlantic are used for comparison.
DS1860-0182
1872
FossorFossorTwelve Months at the South African Diamond FieldsLondon: E. Stanford., 68P.Africa, South Africa, Cape ProvinceHistory
DS1996-0559
1996
FosterGraham, S., Lambert, D.D., Shee, S.R., Hamilton, R., FosterAlkaline ultramafic rocks as probes of lithospheric mantle enrichment events in the eastern Yilgarn craton.Australia Nat. University of Diamond Workshop July 29, 30. abstract, 1p.AustraliaCraton, Alkaline rocks, geochronology
DS1997-0307
1997
FosterEbinger, C., Djomani, Y.P., Mbede, E., Foster, DawsonRifting Archean lithosphere: the Eyasi Manyara Natron Rifts, East AfricaJournal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 154, pp. 947-960.Tanzania, East AfricaTectonics, Geophysics - gravity anomalies
DS1997-0357
1997
Foster, A.Foster, A., Ebinger, C., Rex, D.Tectonic development of the northern Tanzanian sector of the East African rift systemJournal of Geological Society, Vol. 154, No. 4, July pp. 689-699.TanzaniaTectonics, Rifting
DS202006-0920
2020
Foster, A.Foster, A., Darbyshire, F., Schaeffer, A.Anisotropic structure of the central North American craton surrounding the Mid-continent rift: evidence form Rayleigh waves.Precambrian Research, Vol. 342, 18p. PdfUnited States, Canadageophysics - seismics
DS1970-0079
1970
Foster, B.P.Foster, B.P.Study of the Kimberlite-alnoite Dikes in Central New YorkMsc. Thesis, University Buffalo, 59P.United States, Appalachia, New YorkPetrography, Dike Descriptions, Mineralogy, Geochemistry
DS1970-0182
1970
Foster, B.P.Reitan, P.H., Szekely, J., Foster, B.P.Material Emplacement Models for Dikes Extending to the MantlEos, Vol. 51, P. 447. (abstract.).United States, Appalachia, New YorkBlank
DS1970-0511
1972
Foster, B.P.Foster, B.P., Reitan, P.H.Kimberlite Dike Emplacement in the Central Finger Lakes Region.Geological Society of America (GSA), Vol. 4, P. 17. (abstract.).United States, Kansas, Central States, WilsonBlank
DS1983-0348
1983
Foster, B.P.Kay, S.M., Snedden, W.T., Foster, B.P., Kay, R.W.Upper Mantle Crustal Fragments in the Ithaca KimberlitesJournal of GEOLOGY, Vol. 91, No. 3, PP. 277-290.United States, Appalachia, New YorkNodules, Xenoliths, Petrography
DS1986-0426
1986
Foster, B.P.Kay, S.M., Foster, B.P.Kimberlites of the Finger Lakes regionNew York State Geol. Association Field Trip Guidebook, 58th. Annual Meeting, pp. 219-238GlobalDike, Age
DS1992-0163
1992
Foster, C.T.Briggs, W., Foster, C.T.Pressure-temperature conditions of Early Proterozoic metamorphism During the Trans-Hudson Orogen as determined rocks straddling the Flin Flon-KisseynewboundaryCanadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 29, No. 11, November, pp. 2497-2507ManitobaMetamorphic terrain, Proterozoic
DS200512-0752
2004
Foster, D.Mueller, P., Foster, D., Mogk, D., Wooden, J.New insights into the Proterozoic evolution of the western margin of Laurentia and their tectonic implications.Geological Society of America Annual Meeting ABSTRACTS, Nov. 7-10, Paper 173-6, Vol. 36, 5, p. 404.United States, WyomingGeothermometry
DS200512-1150
2004
Foster, D.Vogl, J.J., Foster, D., Mueller, P., Wooden, J.L.Paleoproterozoic suturing of the Wyoming craton and Medicine Hat Block and it's influence on Phanerozoic crustal evolution.Geological Society of America Annual Meeting ABSTRACTS, Nov. 7-10, Paper 217-2, Vol. 36, 5, p. 507.United States, WyomingAccretion, magmatism
DS201502-0057
2014
Foster, D.AGifford, J.N., Mueller, P.A., Foster, D.A, Mogk, D.W.Precambrian crustal evolution in the Great Falls Tectonic Zone: insights from xenoliths from the Montana Alkali province.Journal of Geology, Vol. 122, Sept. pp. 531-548.United States, MontanaAlkalic
DS1991-0409
1991
Foster, D.A.Dumitru, T.A., Gans, P.B., Foster, D.A., Miller, E.L.Refrigeration of the western Cordilleran lithosphere during Laramide shallow angle subductionGeology, Vol. 19, No. 11, November pp. 1145-1148CordilleraSubduction, Tectonics
DS1993-0452
1993
Foster, D.A.Foster, D.A., Gleadow, A.J.W.Episodic denudation in East Africa: a legacy of intracontinentaltectonism.Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 20, No. 21, November 5, pp. 2395-2398.East Africa, Kenya, TanzaniaTectonics, Isostacy, Thermochronology
DS1996-0461
1996
Foster, D.A.Foster, D.A., Gleadow, J.W.Structural framework and denudation history of the flanks of the Kenya and Anza Rifts, East Africa.Tectonics, Vol. 15, No. 2, Apr. pp. 258-71.Kenya, East AfricaTectonics, Rifting
DS1997-0438
1997
Foster, D.A.Gray, D.R., Foster, D.A.Orogenic concepts - application and definition: Lachlan Fold Belt, EasternAustraliaAmerican Journal of Science, Vol. 297, No. 9, Nov. 1, pp. 859-891AustraliaTectonics, Lachlan fold belt
DS1997-0439
1997
Foster, D.A.Gray, D.R., Foster, D.A., Bucher, M.Recognition and definition of orogenic events in the Lachlan Fold BeltAustralian Journal ofEarth Science, Vol. 44, No. 4, Aug. pp. 489-502AustraliaTectonics, orogeny, Lachlan Fold Belt, model
DS1997-1077
1997
Foster, D.A.Soesoo, A., Bons, P.D., Gray, D.R., Foster, D.A.Divergent double subduction: tectonics and petrologic consequencesGeology, Vol. 25, No. 8, August pp. 755-758.MantleTectonics, Subduction
DS1998-0440
1998
Foster, D.A.Foster, D.A., Ehlers, K.40Ar 39Ar thermochronology of the southern Gawler Craton - implications for East Gondwana and Rondinia.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 103, No. 5, May 10, pp. 10177-94.AustraliaMesoproterozoic, Neoproterozoic, Geochronology, Gondwana
DS2000-0300
2000
Foster, D.A.Foster, D.A., Gray, D.R.Timing of orogenic events in the Lachlan Orogen (2000)Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 47, No. 4, Aug. 1, pp. 813-22.AustraliaTectonics - orogeny
DS2002-0473
2002
Foster, D.A.Foster, D.A., Mueller, P.A., Heatherington, A., Vogl, J., Meert, J., Lewis, R.Configuration of the 2.0 - 1.6 GA accretionary margin NW of the Wyoming Province:Geological Society of America Annual Meeting Oct. 27-30, Abstract p. 559.WyomingTectonics, Gondwana
DS200512-1028
2004
Foster, D.A.Spaggiardi, C.V., Gray, D.R., Foster, D.A.Lachlan Orogen subduction accretion systematics revisited.Australia Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 51, 4, pp. 549-553.AustraliaSubduction - not specific to diamonds
DS200712-0321
2006
Foster, D.A.Foster, D.A., Mueller, P.A.,Mogk, D.W., Wooden, J.L., Vogl, J.J.Proterozoic evolution of the western margin of the Wyoming Craton: implications for the tectonic and magmatic evolution of the northern Rocky Mountains.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 43, 10, pp. 1601-1619,United States, Wyoming, Colorado PlateauMagmatism
DS201412-0248
2015
Foster, D.A.Foster, D.A., Goscombe, B.D., Newstead, B., Mapani, B., Mueller, P.A., Gregory, L.C., Muvangua, E.U-Pb age and Lu-Hf isotopic dat a of detrital zircons from the Neoproterozoic Damara sequence: implications for Congo and Kalahari before Gondwana.Gondwana Research, Vol. 28, 1, pp. 179-190.AfricaGeochronology
DS201412-0291
2014
Foster, D.A.Gifford, J.N., Mueller, P.A., Foster, D.A., Mogk, D.W.Precambrian crustal evolution in the Great Falls Tectonic Zone: insights from xenoliths from the Montana alkali province.Journal of Geology, Vol. 122, 5, pp. 531-548.United States, MontanaAlkalic
DS201412-0601
2013
Foster, D.A.Mueller, P.A., Mogk, D.W., Henry, D.J., Wooden, J.L., Foster, D.A.The plume to plate transition: Hadean and Archean crustal evolution in the northern Wyoming province, USA.Dilek & Furnes eds. Evolution of Archean crust and early life. Springer Publication, pp. 23-54.United StatesMantle plume
DS201509-0399
2015
Foster, D.A.Hongsresawat, S., Panning, M.P., Russo, R.M., Foster, D.A., Monteiller, V., Chevrot, S.USArray shear wave splitting shows seismic anisotropy from both lithosphere and asthenosphere.Geology, Vol. 43, 8, pp. 667-670.United StatesSeismic -anisotropy

Abstract: North America provides an important test for assessing the coupling of large continents with heterogeneous Archean- to Cenozoic-aged lithospheric provinces to the mantle flow. We use the unprecedented spatial coverage of the USArray seismic network to obtain an extensive and consistent data set of shear wave splitting intensity measurements at 1436 stations. Overall, the measurements are consistent with simple shear deformation in the asthenosphere due to viscous coupling to the overriding lithosphere. The fast directions agree with the absolute plate motion direction with a mean difference of 2° with 27° standard deviation. There are, however, deviations from this simple pattern, including a band along the Rocky Mountain front, indicative of flow complication due to gradients in lithospheric thickness, and variations in amplitude through the central United States, which can be explained through varying contributions of lithospheric anisotropy. Thus, seismic anisotropy may be sourced in both the asthenosphere and lithosphere, and variations in splitting intensity are due to lithospheric anisotropy developed during deformation over long time scales.
DS201809-2027
2018
Foster, D.A.Gifford, J.N., Mueller, P.A., Foster, D.A., Mogk, D.W.Extending the realm of Archean crust in the Great Falls tectonic zone: evidence from the Little Rocky Mountains, Montana.Precambrian Research, Vol. 315, pp. 264-281.United States, Montanacraton

Abstract: Two prominent features separate the Archean Wyoming and Hearne cratons: the Paleoproterozoic Great Falls tectonic zone (GFTZ) and the Medicine Hat block (MHB), neither of which is well defined spatially because of Phanerozoic sedimentary cover. Based on limited data, the MHB is thought to be a structurally complex mix of Archean (2.6-3.1?Ga) and Proterozoic (1.75?Ga) crust, but is recognized primarily by its geophysical signature, and its influence on the geochemistry of younger igneous rocks. Similarly, the GFTZ was recognized on the basis of broad differences in geophysical patterns, isopachs of Paleozoic sedimentary sections, and lineaments; however, juvenile arc rocks in the Little Belt Mountains (LBM) and strongly overprinted Archean rocks in southwestern Montana show it to be a dominantly Paleoproterozoic feature. The Little Rocky Mountains (LRM) of Montana provide access to exposures of the northeastern-most Precambrian crust in the MHB-GFTZ region. U/Pb ages of zircons from Precambrian rocks of the LRM range from 2.4 to 3.3?Ga, with most ages between 2.6 and 2.8?Ga. Whole-rock analyses yield Sm-Nd TDM from 3.1 to 4.0?Ga and initial ?Nd(T) values calculated at U-Pb zircon crystallization ages range from ?0.9 to ?10.5, indicating significant contributions from older Archean crust. The high proportion of 2.6-2.8?Ga U/Pb ages differentiates LRM crust from arc-related Paleoproterozoic magmatic rocks exposed in the LBM to the southwest. The age and isotopic composition of the LRM gneisses are similar to crust in the northern Wyoming Province (2.8-2.9?Ga), but Paleoproterozoic K-Ar cooling ages suggest crust in the LRM experienced the Paleoproterozoic metamorphism and deformation that characterizes the GFTZ. Consequently, its history differs markedly from the adjacent Beartooth-Bighorn magmatic zone of the northern Wyoming Province, which does not record Paleoproterozoic tectonism, but has a strong correlation with the Montana metasedimentary terrane that was strongly overprinted during the Paleoproterozoic Great Falls orogeny that defines the GFTZ. The LRM, therefore, likely provides a unique, and perhaps the only, opportunity to characterize Archean crust of the MHB.
DS1989-0283
1989
Foster, D.S.Coman, S.M., Foster, D.S., Oldale, R.N.Evidence from seismic-reflection profiles of late Wisconsinian icereadvances in the Lake Michigan basinGeological Society of America (GSA) Abstract Volume, Vol. 21, No. 4, p. 7. (abstract.)MichiganGeomorphology
DS1994-0538
1994
Foster, F.J.Foster, F.J.Australian mineral sands -problems but confidenceEngineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 195, No. 1, January pp. WW 56-58, 60, 62.AustraliaAlluvials -dredging problems, Minerals sands -not specific to diamonds but useful
DS1994-0539
1994
Foster, F.J.Foster, F.J.The art of negotiation... communication, observation, concentration and persuasion are keyEngineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 195, No. 9, Sept. p. ww 33-37GlobalAgreements, Mining equipment
DS1989-1323
1989
Foster, G.A.Saari, D.S., Foster, G.A.Head to head evaluation of the Pro-cite and Sci-mate bibliographic database management systemsDatabase, Vol. 12, No. 1, February pp. 22-38. Database # 17984GlobalComputer, Program - Pro-cite/Sci-mate
DS200612-0684
2006
Foster, G.L.Kemp, A.J.S., Hawkesworth, C.J., Paterson, B.A., Foster, G.L., Woodhead, J.D., Hergt, J.M., Wormald, R.J.The case of crust mantle interaction during silicic magma genesis: the zircon testimony.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 70, 18, 1, p. 12, abstract only.MantleMagmatism
DS1995-0556
1995
Foster, J.A.Foster, J.A.Environmental management systemMining and the Environment: regulation and liability, 12pCanadaLegal, Environment
DS1991-0504
1991
Foster, J.G.Foster, J.G., Hamilton, R., Rock, N.M.S.The mineralogy, petrology and geochemistry of ultramafic lamprophyres Of the Yilgarn craton, western AustraliaProceedings of Fifth International Kimberlite Conference held Araxa June 1991, Servico Geologico do Brasil (CPRM) Special, pp. 112-115AustraliaGeochronology, Mineralogy -cognate
DS1996-0462
1996
Foster, J.G.Foster, J.G.Coupled Rhenium- Osmium (Re-Os) isotopic and fluid dynamic constraints on the genesis of Archean komatiite Association iron nickel copper (platinum group elements (PGE)Geological Society of Australia 13th. held Feb, No. 41, abstracts p. 147AustraliaNickel, copper, geochronology, Deposit -Mount Keith, Kambalda, Perseverance
DS1996-0463
1996
Foster, J.G.Foster, J.G., Lambert, D.D., Maas, R.Rhenium- Osmium (Re-Os) isotopic evidence for genesis of Archean nickel ores from uncontaminated komatiitesNature, Vol. 382, No. 6593, Aug. 22, pp. 703-705AustraliaNickel, komatiites, Geochronology
DS201412-0249
2014
Foster, K.Foster, K., Dueker, K., Schmandt, B., Yuan, H.A sharp cratonic lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary beneath the American Midwest and its relation to mantle flow.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 402, pp. 82-89.United States, Colorado PlateauGeophysics - seismics
DS201609-1718
2016
Foster, R.Foster, R.Mineral deposits of Africa: a compilation ( 1907-2016) 300 papers sourced from Economic Geology, SP, Monographs, Newsletter.Society of Economic Geologists, Disc Compilation, Vol. 12, Member price $ 68. USAfricaCompilation of deposits ( not specific to diamonds)
DS1989-1447
1989
Foster, R.P.Starling, A., Gilligan, J.M., Carter, A.H.C., Foster, R.P.Experimental evidence for very low solubility of rareearth elements inCO2 rich fluids at mantle conditions #2Nature, Vol.340, No. 6231, July 27, pp. 298-300GlobalRare earth, Mantle
DS1993-0453
1993
Foster, R.P.Foster, R.P., Piper, D.P.Archean lode gold deposits in Africa: crustal setting, metallogenesis andcratonizationOre Geology Reviews, Vol. 8, pp. 303-347South Africa, Tanzania, Zaire, ZimbabweGold, Deposits
DS1970-0154
1970
Foster, R.W.Murray, L.G., Joynt, R.H., O'shea, D.O.C., Foster, R.W., Kleinja.The Geological Environment of Some Diamond Deposits Off The coast of Southwest Africa.Institute of Geological Sciences Report, No. 70/13, PP. 119-142.Southwest Africa, NamibiaGeology, Geomorphology, Diamond Mining Recovery, Littoral Placers
DS1995-0557
1995
Foster, R.W.Foster, R.W.A historical review of de Beers marine (PTY) role in the development of marine diamond mining off southwest Africa.Exploration and Mining Geology, Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 85-86.NamibiaAlluvial, placers, Mining
DS1997-0854
1997
Fosterm D.A.Noble, W.P., Fosterm D.A., Gleadow, A.J.W.The Post Pan African thermal and extensional history of crystalline basement rocks in eastern TanzaniaTectonophysics, Vol. 275, No. 4, July 20, pp. 313-330TanzaniaTectonics, Geothermometry
DS1990-0885
1990
Fostiropoulos, K.Kratschmer, W., Lamb, L.D., Fostiropoulos, K., Huffman, D.R.Solid C 60: a new form of carbonNature, Vol. 347, No. 6291, September 27, pp. 354-358GlobalExperimental petrology, Carbon- Solid C 60
DS202004-0511
2020
Fosu, B.R.Fosu, B.R., Ghosh, P., Viladkar, S.G.Clumped isotope geochemistry of carbonatites in the north-western Deccan igneous province: aspects of evolution, post-depositional alteration and mineralization.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 274, pp. 118-135.Indiacarbonatite

Abstract: Carbonatites crystallise along a wide range of solidus temperatures and are commonly affected by post-magmatic textural re-equilibration and diagenesis. Further insights into the formation and modification of carbonatites are provided using carbon, oxygen and clumped isotope (?47) data of rocks from spatially associated Amba Dongar and Siriwasan alkaline complexes in the north-western Deccan igneous province, India. We derive apparent equilibrium blocking temperatures to help constrain the thermal evolution of the different rock types found within the alkaline complexes in a petrographic context. The apparent temperatures for the carbonatites are significantly low but are consistent with reports on other global carbonatites and model predictions. Rapidly cooled Oldoinyo Lengai natrocarbonatite yielded similar low temperatures, even in the absence of bulk isotopic alteration. The isotopic proxies and petrographic observations favour both isotopic exchange reactions and diagenesis in altering ?47 values in calciocarbonatites. Diagenetic reactions are however strongly favoured, as secondary calcites in nephelinites and ferrocarbonatites record much lower temperatures than in the calciocarbonatites, highlighting the effect of fluids and diagenetic reactions in 13C18O bond ordering in carbonatites. Variations in the CO isotope data reveal the coupling of fractional crystallisation and post-magmatic fluid-rock interactions on bulk rock composition. After emplacement, the resetting of clumped isotope signatures in carbonatites is facilitated by post-magmatic processes in both open and closed systems.
DS202105-0763
2021
Fosu, B.R.Fosu, B.R., Ghosh, P., Weisenberger, T.B., Spurgin, S., Viladar, S.G.A triple oxygen isotope perspective on the origin, evolution, and diagenetic alteration of carbonatites.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 299, pp. 52-68. pdfMantlecarbonatites

Abstract: Carbonatites are unique magmatic rocks that are essentially composed of carbonates, and they usually host a diverse suite of minor and accessory minerals. To provide additional insights on their petrogenesis, triple oxygen isotope analyses were carried out on carbonatites from sixteen localities worldwide in order to assess the behaviour of oxygen isotopes (mass-dependent fractionation) during their formation. The study evaluates the mineralogical differences, i.e., calcite, dolomite, ankerite, and Na-carbonates, and the mode of emplacement (intrusive or extrusive) in the mantle-derived carbonatites to further constrain the triple oxygen isotopic composition (??17O) of the upper mantle. ??17O values in the intrusive calcite carbonatites vary between ?0.003 to ?0.088‰ (n?=?20) and ?0.024 to ?0.085‰ (n?=?5) in the dolomite varieties. We surmise that the magnitude of isotopic fractionation in the different carbonate phases during their formation is similar and thus, the observed variations are independent of mineralogy and may be related to alteration in the rocks. Taking the samples that classify as primary igneous carbonatites altogether, the average ??17O value of the mantle is estimated as ?0.047?±?0.027‰ (1SD, n?=?18) which overlaps those of other mantle rocks, minerals and xenoliths, indicating that the mantle has a relatively homogenous oxygen isotope composition. Two ankerite carbonatites have identical ??17O values as calcite but a few samples, together with pyroclastic tuffs have significantly lower ??17O values (?0.108 to ?0.161‰). This deviation from mantle ??17O signature suggests diagenetic alteration (dissolution and recrystallisation) and mixing of carbonate sources (juvenile and secondary carbonates) which is consistent with the high ?18O and clumped isotope (?47) values recorded in the pyroclastic and ankeritic rocks. In summary, diagenetic alteration driven by fluid-rock interaction at low temperatures, sub-solidus re-equilibration with magmatic waters, and the incorporation of secondary carbonates altogether facilitate the alteration of original isotopic compositions of carbonatites, obliterating their primary mantle signatures.
DS202202-0225
2022
Fosu, B.R.Yakovlev, D.A., Kostrovistsky, S.I., Fosu, B.R., Ashchepkov, I.V.Diamondiferous kimberlites from recently explored Upper Muna field ( Siberian craton): petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry insights,Geological Society of London Special Publication 513, pp. 71-102.Russia, Siberiadeposit - Muna

Abstract: Petrographic, geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of diamond deposits from the Upper Muna field have been investigated. Geochemically, diamondiferous kimberlites from Upper Muna belong to the most widespread Fe-Mg-rich rocks in the Yakutian kimberlite province (average FeOtotal = 8.4 wt%, MgO = 32.36 wt%, TiO2 = 1.6 wt%). Striking mineralogical features of Upper Muna kimberlites are: (1) abundance of monticellite and perovskite in the groundmass; (2) rare occurrence of Mg-ilmenite; (3) abundance of phlogopite megacrysts (up to 8 cm across); and (4) coexistence of low-Cr (0.1-4 wt% Cr2O3, with 0.8-1.2 wt% TiO2) and high-Cr (3-8 wt% Cr2O3, with 0.1-0.6 wt% TiO2) garnet megacrysts with contrasting rare earth element patterns. The compositional features of groundmass minerals, the relatively low CaO and CO2 contents in kimberlites and few deuteric alteration in Upper Muna kimberlites suggest high-temperature melt crystallization during pipe emplacement. Based on the compositional data of garnet and Cr-diopside from megacrysts and peridotites, we suggest a poor Cr dunite-harzburgitic and lherzolitic mantle source beneath the Upper Muna field where Cr-diopside crystallized within a wide pressure and temperature range (40-65 kbar and 900-1350°?). The mineral geochemistry, trace element distribution and Sr-Nd isotope variations of Upper Muna kimberlites are typical for group I kimberlites and reflect a deep-seated asthenospheric (convective mantle) source for the kimberlites.
DS202203-0373
2022
Fosu, B.R.Yakovlev, D.A., Kostrovistsky, S.I., Fosu, B.R., Ashchepkov, I.V.Diamondiferous kimberlites from recently explored Upper Muna field ( Siberian craton): petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry insights,Geological Society of London Special Publication 513, pp. 71-102.Russia, Siberiadeposit - Muna

Abstract: Petrographic, geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of diamond deposits from the Upper Muna field have been investigated. Geochemically, diamondiferous kimberlites from Upper Muna belong to the most widespread Fe-Mg-rich rocks in the Yakutian kimberlite province (average FeOtotal = 8.4 wt%, MgO = 32.36 wt%, TiO2 = 1.6 wt%). Striking mineralogical features of Upper Muna kimberlites are: (1) abundance of monticellite and perovskite in the groundmass; (2) rare occurrence of Mg-ilmenite; (3) abundance of phlogopite megacrysts (up to 8 cm across); and (4) coexistence of low-Cr (0.1-4 wt% Cr2O3, with 0.8-1.2 wt% TiO2) and high-Cr (3-8 wt% Cr2O3, with 0.1-0.6 wt% TiO2) garnet megacrysts with contrasting rare earth element patterns. The compositional features of groundmass minerals, the relatively low CaO and CO2 contents in kimberlites and few deuteric alteration in Upper Muna kimberlites suggest high-temperature melt crystallization during pipe emplacement. Based on the compositional data of garnet and Cr-diopside from megacrysts and peridotites, we suggest a poor Cr dunite-harzburgitic and lherzolitic mantle source beneath the Upper Muna field where Cr-diopside crystallized within a wide pressure and temperature range (40-65 kbar and 900-1350°?). The mineral geochemistry, trace element distribution and Sr-Nd isotope variations of Upper Muna kimberlites are typical for group I kimberlites and reflect a deep-seated asthenospheric (convective mantle) source for the kimberlites.
DS2001-1182
2001
FouchVan der Lee, S., Van De Car, Fouch, JamesCombined sensitivity to the Kaapvaal tectosphere of regional and teleseismic surface and S Waves.Slave-Kaapvaal Workshop, Sept. Ottawa, 3p. abstractSouth AfricaGeophysics - seismics, Lithosphere
DS2001-0528
2001
Fouch, D.J.James, D.E., Fouch, D.J., Van De Car, M.J., VanderleeTectosphere structure beneath southern AfricaGeophysical Research Letters, Vol. 28, No. 13, July 1, pp. 2485-88.South AfricaTectonics
DS2000-0440
2000
Fouch, M.James, D., Fouch, M., Vandecar, J.Seismic studies of lithsopheric structure beneath southern Africa: implications for formation cratons...Geological Society of America (GSA) Abstracts, Vol. 32, No. 7, p.A-163.South AfricaCraton - evolution Kaapvaal, Geophysics - seismics
DS2003-1267
2003
Fouch, M.Shirey, S.B., Harris, J.W., Richardson, S.H.,Fouch, M., James, D.E., CartignyRegional patterns in the paragenesis and age of inclusions in diamond, diamondLithos, Vol. 71, 2-4, pp. 243-258.South AfricaDiamond inclusions
DS200412-1806
2003
Fouch, M.Shirey, S.B., Harris, J.W., Richardson, S.H.,Fouch, M., James, D.E., Cartigny, P.,Deines, P., Vijoen, F.Regional patterns in the paragenesis and age of inclusions in diamond, diamond composition and the lithospheric seismic structurLithos, Vol. 71, 2-4, pp. 243-258.Africa, South AfricaDiamond inclusions
DS2001-0325
2001
Fouch, M.J.Fouch, M.J., James, Silver, VanDecar, Van der LeeImaging broad ranges in structural variations beneath the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe Cratons, southern Africa.Slave-Kaapvaal Workshop, Sept. Ottawa, 5p. abstractSouth Africa, ZimbabweGeophysics - seismics, Tomography - Kimberley array
DS2002-0761
2002
Fouch, M.J.James, D.E., Fouch, M.J.Formation and evolution of Archean cratons: insights from southern AfricaGeological Society of London Special Publication, No. 199, pp. 1-26.South AfricaTectonics
DS200412-0567
2004
Fouch, M.J.Fouch, M.J., James, D.E., Van De Car, J.C., Van Der Lee, S.Mantle seismic structure beneath the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe Cratons.South African Journal of Geology, Vol. 107, 1/2, pp. 33-44.Africa, South Africa, ZimbabweGeophysics - seismics, tectonics, magmatism
DS200412-0568
2004
Fouch, M.J.Fouch, M.J., Silver, P.G., Lee, J.N.Small scale variations in seismic anisotropy near Kimberley, South Africa.Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 157, 2, pp. 764-774.Africa, South AfricaGeophysics - seismics
DS200412-1824
2004
Fouch, M.J.Silver, P.G., Fouch, M.J., Gao, S.S., Schmitz, M.Seismic anisotropy, mantle fabric, and the magmatic evolution of Precambrian southern Africa.South African Journal of Geology, Vol. 107, 1/2, pp. 45-58.Africa, South AfricaGeophysics - seismics, tectonics, magmatism
DS200612-0408
2006
Fouch, M.J.Fouch, M.J., Rondenay, S.Seismic anisotropy beneath stable continental interiors.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, In press - availableMantleGeophysics - seismics, plate tectonics
DS200612-0767
2006
Fouch, M.J.Lassak, T.M., Fouch, M.J., Hall, C.E., Kaminski, E.Seismic characterization of mantle flow in subduction systems: can we resolve a hydrated mantle wedge?Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 243, 3-4, March 30, pp. 632-649.MantleSubduction, water
DS200612-1572
2006
Fouch, M.J.Yoburn, J.B., Fouch, M.J., Arrowsmith, J.R., Keller, G.R.A new GIS driven geophysical database for the southwestern United States.In: Sinha, A.K. Geoinformatics: data to knowledge, GSA Special Paper, 397, 397,pp.249-268.United StatesGeophysics - data
DS201112-0603
2011
Fouch, M.J.Lin, F-C., Ritzwoller, M.H., Yang, Y., Moschetti, M.P., Fouch, M.J.Complex and variable crustal and uppermost mantle seismic anisotropy in the western United States.Nature Geoscience, Vol. 4, pp. 55-71.MantleTomography
DS201412-0369
2014
Fouch, M.J.Hopper, E., Ford, H.A., Fischer, K.M., Lekic, V., Fouch, M.J.The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary and the tectonic and magmatic history of the northwestern United States.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 402, pp. 69-81.United StatesGeophysics - seismics
DS201605-0836
2016
Fouchee, A.Fouchee, A., Stabbert, W.Technological advances of Longi-Multotec high intensity rare earth magnetic seperators improving DMS media circuits.Diamonds Still Sparkling SAIMM 2016 Conference, Mar. 14-17, pp. 153-158.TechnologyDMS - applied
DS201804-0731
2018
Fougerouse, D.Reddy, S., Saxey, D., Rickard, W., Fougerouse, D.Atom probe microscopy and potential applications to diamond research.4th International Diamond School: Diamonds, Geology, Gemology and Exploration Bressanone Italy Jan. 29-Feb. 2nd., pp. 36-37. abstractTechnologydiamond inclusions
DS2002-0290
2002
Foulger, G.R.Christiansen, R.L., Foulger, G.R., Evans, J.R.Upper mantle origin of the Yellowstone hotspotGeological Society of America Bulletin, Vol. 114,10,Oct. pp. 1245-56.IdahoPlumes
DS2003-0417
2003
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R., Anderson, D.L.Iceland is cool: an origin for the Iceland volcanic province in the remelting of subductedJournal of Geothermal Research, IcelandBlank
DS2003-0418
2003
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R., Du, Z., Julian, B.R.Iclandic type crustGeophysical Journal International, IcelandBlank
DS2003-0419
2003
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R., Narland, J.H.Is hotspot volcanism a consequence of plate tectonics?Science, No. 5621, May 9, pp. 921-5.MantleTectonics
DS2003-0420
2003
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R., Natland, J.H., Anderson, D.L.Iceland is fertile: the geochemistry of Icelandic lavas indicates extensive melting ofJournal of Geothermal Research, IcelandBlank
DS200412-0487
2004
Foulger, G.R.Du, Z., Foulger, G.R.Surface wave waveform inversion for variation in upper mantle structure beneath Iceland.Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 157, 1, pp. 305-314.Europe, IcelandGeophysics - seismics
DS200412-0569
2003
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R., Anderson, D.L.Iceland is cool: an origin for the Iceland volcanic province in the remelting of subducted Iapetus slabs at normal mantle temperJournal of Geothermal Research, Vol. June 30p.Europe, IcelandGeophysics - seismics, mantle, plume
DS200412-0570
2003
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R., Du, Z., Julian, B.R.Iclandic type crust.Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 155, pp. 567-590.Europe, IcelandGeophysics - seismics, mantle, plume
DS200412-0571
2003
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R., Narland, J.H.Is hotspot volcanism a consequence of plate tectonics?Science, No. 5621, May 9, pp. 921-5.MantleTectonics
DS200412-0572
2003
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R., Natland, J.H., Anderson, D.L.Iceland is fertile: the geochemistry of Icelandic lavas indicates extensive melting of subducted Iapetus crust in the CaledonianJournal of Geothermal Research, Vol. June 27p.Europe, IcelandEclogite, volcanism, subduction
DS200512-0295
2005
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R.The generation of melting anomalies by plate tectonic processes.Chapman Conference held in Scotland August 28-Sept. 1 2005, 1p. abstractMantleMantle plume, geodynamics
DS200512-0296
2005
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R.Plume skepticism: motivation and approaches.Chapman Conference held in Scotland August 28-Sept. 1 2005, 1p. abstractMantleMantle plume, geothermometry
DS200512-0297
2005
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R.How hot is Iceland?Chapman Conference held in Scotland August 28-Sept. 1 2005, 1p. abstractMantle, IcelandMantle plume, geothermometry
DS200512-0298
2005
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R., Anderson, D.L.A cool model for the Iceland hotspot.Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Vol. 141, 1-2, March 1, pp. 1-22.Europe, IcelandMagmatism, subduction, tectonics
DS200512-0299
2005
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R., Natland, J.H., Anderson, D.L.A source for Icelandic magmas in remelted Iapetus crust.Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Vol. 141, 1-2, March 1, pp.23-44.Europe, IcelandRecycled, subduction, tectonics, plates, gechemistry
DS200512-0300
2005
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R., Natland, J.H., Anderson, D.L.Genesis of Iceland melt anomaly by plate tectonic processes.Plates, Plumes, and Paradigms, pp. 595-626. ( total book 861p. $ 144.00)Europe, IcelandTectonics - melting
DS200512-0964
2005
Foulger, G.R.Sharma, K.K., Foulger, G.R.Neoproterozoic anorogenic magmatism associated with Rodinia breakup: not a result of mantle superplume.Chapman Conference held in Scotland August 28-Sept. 1 2005, 1p. abstractMantle, GondwanaMantle plume, rifting
DS200512-1145
2005
Foulger, G.R.Vinnick, L.P., Foulger, G.R., Du,Z.Seismic boundaries in the mantle beneath Iceland: a new constraint on temperature.Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 160, 2, pp. 533-538.Europe, IcelandGeophysics - seismics
DS200612-0356
2005
Foulger, G.R.Du, Z., Vinnik, L.P., Foulger, G.R.Evidence from P to S mantle converted waves for a flat '660 km' discontinuity beneath Iceland.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 241, 1-2, pp. 271-280.Europe, IcelandPlume, boundary, hot spot
DS200612-0409
2006
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R.Older crust underlies Iceland.Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 165, 2, pp. 672-676.Europe, IcelandGeophysics - seismics
DS200712-0322
2007
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R.The plate model for the genesis of melting anomalies.Plates, plumes and Planetary Processes, pp. 1-28.MantleMelting
DS200712-0323
2007
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R., Jurdy, D.M.Plates, plumes and planetary processes.GSA Bookstore, 950p. approx. $ 180.00MantleBook - individual papers of interest cited separately
DS200712-0324
2007
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R., Meyer, R.The European Cenozoic volcanic province: the type example of an implausible mantle plume (IMP)?AGU Fall meeting, December 10-14, 1p. abstract on mantleplumes.orgEurope, GermanyMantle plume
DS201012-0208
2010
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R.Plates vs plumes: a geological controversy.Wiley Blackwell, 364p. Oct. 2010 $ 130.00MantlePlume theories - book
DS201212-0206
2012
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R.Are 'hot spots' hot spots?Journal of Geodynamics, Vol. 58, pp. 1-28.MantlePlume
DS201312-0273
2013
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R., Panza, G.F., Artemieva, I.M., Bastow, I.D., Cammarano, F., Evans, J.R., Hamilton, W.B., Julian, B.R., Lustrino, M., Thybo, H., Yanovskaya, T.B.Caveat on tomographic images.Terra Nova, Vol. 25, 4, pp. 259-281.MantleSeismic tomography, geodynamics
DS201511-1847
2015
Foulger, G.R.Julian, B.R., Foulger, G.R., Hatfield, O., Jackson, S.E., Simpson, E., Einbeck, J., Moore, A.Hotspots in hindsight. Mentions kimberlitesGeological Society of America Special Paper, No. 514, pp. SPE514-08.MantleHotspots

Abstract: Thorne et al. (2004), Torsvik et al. (2010; 2006) and Burke et al. (2008) have suggested that the locations of melting anomalies ("hot spots") and the original locations of large igneous provinces ("LIPs") and kimberlite pipes, lie preferentially above the margins of two "large lower-mantle shear velocity provinces", or LLSVPs, near the bottom of the mantle, and that the geographical correlations have high confidence levels (> 99.9999%) (Burke et al., 2008, Fig. 5). They conclude that the LLSVP margins are "Plume-Generation Zones", and that deep-mantle plumes cause hot spots, LIPs, and kimberlites. This conclusion raises questions about what physical processes could be responsible, because, for example, the LLSVPs are apparently dense and not abnormally hot (Trampert et al., 2004). The supposed LIP-hot spot-LLSVP correlations probably are examples of the "Hindsight Heresy" (Acton, 1959), of performing a statistical test using the same data sample that led to the initial formulation of a hypothesis. In this process, an analyst will consider and reject many competing hypotheses, but will not adjust statistical assessments correspondingly. Furthermore, an analyst will test extreme deviations of the data, , but not take this fact into account. "Hindsight heresy" errors are particularly problematical in Earth science, where it often is impossible to conduct controlled experiments. For random locations on the globe, the number of points within a specified distance of a given curve follows a cumulative binomial distribution. We use this fact to test the statistical significance of the observed hot spot-LLSVP correlation using several hot-spot catalogs and mantle models. The results indicate that the actual confidence levels of the correlations are two or three orders of magnitude smaller than claimed. The tests also show that hot spots correlate well with presumably shallowly rooted features such as spreading plate boundaries. Nevertheless, the correlations are significant at confidence levels in excess of 99%. But this is confidence that the null hypothesis of random coincidence is wrong. It is not confidence about what hypothesis is correct. The correlations probably are symptoms of as-yet-unidentified processes.
DS201604-0604
2016
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R.Fundamentals of the plates vs plume plates.Japan Geoscience Union Meeting, 1p. AbstractMantleDebate - magmatism
DS201711-2512
2017
Foulger, G.R.Foulger, G.R.Origin of the South Atlantic igneous province. ( Lucapa zone)Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, in press available, 19p.Africa, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congocarbonatites

Abstract: The South Atlantic Igneous Province comprises the Paraná Basalts, Rio Grande Rise, Tristan archipelago and surrounding guyot province,Walvis Ridge, Etendeka basalts and, in somemodels, the alkaline igneous lineament in the Lucapa corridor, Angola. Although these volcanics are often considered to have a single generic origin, complexities that suggest otherwise are observed. The Paraná Basalts erupted ~5 Ma before sea-floor spreading started in the neighborhood, and far more voluminous volcanic margins were emplaced later. A continental microcontinent likely forms much of the Rio Grande Rise, and variable styles of volcanism built the Walvis Ridge and the Tristan da Cunha archipelago and guyot province. Such complexities, coupled with the northward-propagating mid-ocean ridge crossing amajor transverse transtensional intracontinental structure, suggest that fragmentation of Pangaea was complex at this latitude and that the volcanism may have occurred in response to distributed extension. The alternative model, a deep mantle plume, is less able to account for many observations and no model variant can account for all the primary features that include eruption of the Paraná Basalts in a subsiding basin, continental breakup by rift propagation that originated far to the south, the absence of a time-progressive volcanic chain between the Paraná Basalts and the Rio Grande Rise, derivation of the lavas from different sources, and the lack of evidence for a plume conduit in seismic-tomography- and magnetotelluric images. The region shares many common features with the North Atlantic Igneous Province which also features persistent, widespread volcanismwhere a propagating mid-ocean ridge crossed a transverse structural discontinuity in the disintegrating supercontinent.
DS1996-0294
1996
Foulkes, J.Cookenboo, H., Foulkes, J.Discovery and preliminary evaluation of the 5034 kimberlite at KennedyLake, northwest Territories.northwest Territories Exploration overview 1995, March pp. 3-7. abstractNorthwest TerritoriesHistory, Mineralogy, Deposit -5034
DS1996-0396
1996
Foulkes, J.Dupuis, J., Cookenboo, H., Foulkes, J.Integrated kimberlite exploration program in northwest Territories: Ranch Lake, Jericho and5034 Diamondiferous kimberlites.northwest Territories Exploration overview 1995, March pp. 3-10. abstractNorthwest TerritoriesHistory, GIS, Deposit -Ranch Lake, Jericho, 5034
DS200412-0573
2004
Foulkes, J.Foulkes, J.Canadian diamond exploration techniques. an introduction.Resource World Magazine, Vol. 2, 5, July/August pp. 15,16,18.Canada, Northwest Territories, Saskatchewan, Quebec, OntarioNews item - layman's overview
DS200512-0310
2004
Founch, M.J.Ganero, E.J., Maupin, V., Lay, T., Founch, M.J.Variable azimuthal anisotropy in Earth's lowermost mantle.Science, No. 5694, Oct. 8, p. 259-260.MantleGeophysics
DS200712-1081
2007
Fountain, D.Thomson, S., Fountain, D., Watts, T.Airborne geophysics - evolution and revolution.Proceedings of Exploration 07 edited by B. Milkereit, pp. 19-37.TechnologyGeophysics - airborne - review
DS1986-0258
1986
Fountain, D.M.Furlong, K.P., Fountain, D.M.Continental crustal underplating-thermal considerations and seismicpetrologic consequencesJournal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 91, no, 8, July 10, pp. 8285-8294GlobalCrustal genesis, Geophysics
DS1987-0220
1987
Fountain, D.M.Fountain, D.M.Geological and geophysical nature of the lower continental crust based on laboratory seismologyUnited States Geological Survey (USGS) Circular No. 956 Geophysics and petrology of the deep crust and, pp. 25-26GlobalCrust, Geophysics
DS1989-0441
1989
Fountain, D.M.Fountain, D.M.Seismic properties of the lower continental crust - a reviewGeological Association of Canada (GAC) Annual Meeting Program Abstracts, Vol. 14, p. A101. (abstract.)OntarioTectonics, Kapuskasing Lithoprobe
DS1989-0442
1989
Fountain, D.M.Fountain, D.M.Nature of Superior Province lower continental crust based on rock velocity measurements from the Kapuskasing uplift, OntarioGeological Society of America (GSA) Annual Meeting Abstracts, Vol. 21, No. 6, p. A99. AbstractOntarioTectonics, Kapuskasing rift
DS1989-1011
1989
Fountain, D.M.Mereu, R.F., Mueller, S., Fountain, D.M.Properties and processes of earth's lower crustAmerican Geophysical Union (AGU) Geophysical Monograph Series, No. GM 51/IUGG 6, 352p. ISBN 0-87590-456-4 @ 32.00GlobalMantle
DS1990-0486
1990
Fountain, D.M.Fountain, D.M., Percival, J., Salisbury, M.H.Exposed cross sections of the continental crust- synopsisExposed cross sections of the Continental Crust, ed. M.H. Salisbury and, pp. 653-662GlobalCrust, Geophysics
DS1990-0487
1990
Fountain, D.M.Fountain, D.M., Salisbury, M.H., Percival, J.Seismic structure of the continental crust based on rock velocity measurements from the Kapuskasing UpliftJournal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, No. B2, February 10, pp. 1167-1186OntarioGeophysics -seismics, Kapuskasing Zone
DS1992-0476
1992
Fountain, D.M.Fountain, D.M., Arculus, R., Kay, R.M.Continental Lower Crust #3Elsevier, 700p. $ approx. $ 120.00MantleMantle -lower continental crust, Xenoliths
DS1992-0477
1992
Fountain, D.M.Fountain, D.M., Arculus, R., Kay, R.M.Continental lower crust #1Elsevier, approx. $ 120.00GlobalBook -ad, Continental lower crust
DS1992-0478
1992
Fountain, D.M.Fountain, D.M., Arculus, R., Kay, R.W.Continental lower crust #2Elsevier, 485pGlobalCrust, lithosphere, magma, fluids, granulite terranes, Geophysics, seismics, MOHO, xenoliths
DS1993-0446
1993
Fountain, D.M.Florio, G., Fedi, M., Rapolla, A., Fountain, D.M., Shive, P.N.Anisotropic magnetic susceptibility in the continental lower crust and its implications for the shape of magnetic anomalies.Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 20, No. 23, December 14, pp. 2623-2626.MantleGeophysics Magnetics
DS1994-0540
1994
Fountain, D.M.Fountain, D.M., Boundy, T.M., et al.Eclogite facies shear zones - deep crustal reflectors?Tectonophysics, Vol. 232, pp. 411-424.NorwayTectonics -shear zones, Eclogites
DS1994-1517
1994
Fountain, D.M.Salisbury, M.H., Fountain, D.M.The seismic velocity and Poisson's ratio structure of the Kapuskasing uplift from laboratory measurements.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 31, No. 7, July pp. 1052-1063.OntarioGeophysics -seismics, Tectonics -Kapuskasing uplift
DS1995-1623
1995
Fountain, D.M.Rudnick, R.L., Fountain, D.M.Nature and composition of the continental crust: a lwoer crustalperspective.Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 33, No. 3, August pp. 267-310.MantleGeophysics -seismics, geochemistry, Crust -continental, glossary, heat flow
DS1860-0312
1879
Fouque, F.Fouque, F., Michel-Levy, A.Note sur Les Roches Accompagnant et Contenant le Diamant Dans l'afrique Australe.Soc. Min. France (paris) Bulletin., Vol. 2, PP. 216-228.Africa, South AfricaDiamond, Mineralogy
DS1860-0313
1879
Fouque, F.Fouque, F., Michel-Levy, A.Sur la Presence du Diamant dans une Roche Ophitique de l'afrique Australe. Dolerite dyke Academy of Science (PARIS) C.R., Vol. 89, PP. 1125-1127.Africa, South AfricaMineralogy
DS1988-0054
1988
Fourcade, S.Bernard-Griffiths, J., Peucat, J.J., Fourcade, S., Kienast, J.R.Origin and evolution of 2 Ga old carbonatite complex(lhouhaouene, Ahaggar, Algeria:) neodymium and Sr isotopicevidenceContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 100, No. 3, pp. 339-348AlgeriaGeochronology, Carbonatite
DS1988-0530
1988
Fourcade, S.Ouzegane, K., Fourcade, S., Kienast, J.R., Javoy, M.New carbonatite complexes in the Archean In ouzzal nucleus(Ahaggar, Algeria)- mineralogical and geochemical dataContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 52, pp. 247-275AlgeriaCarbonatite
DS1991-0102
1991
Fourcade, S.Bernardgriffiths, J., Fourcade, S., Dupuy, C.Isotopic study (Strontium, neodymium, Oxygen and Carbon) of lamprophyresEarth Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 103, No. 1-4, April pp. 190-199MoroccoGeochronology, Crust, lamprophyres
DS1991-1742
1991
Fourcade, S.Tourpin, S., Gruau, G., Blais, S., Fourcade, S.Resetting of rare earth elements (REE) and neodymium and Strontium isotopes during carbonization of a komatiite flow from FinlandChemical Geology, Vol. 90, No. 1-2 March 25, pp. 15-30FinlandKomatiite, Alteration
DS1991-1743
1991
Fourcade, S.Tourpin, S., Gruau, G., Blais, S., Fourcade, S.Resetting of rare earth elements (REE) and neodymium and StrontiumChemical Geology, Vol. 90, No. 1-2 March 25, pp. 15-30FinlandKomatiite, Alteration
DS1993-0899
1993
Fourcade, S.Lecuyer, C., Gruau, G., Anhaeusser, C.R., Fourcade, S.The origin of fluids and the effects of metamorphism on the primary chemical compositions of Barberton komatiites: new evidence from geochemistry, isotopesEconomic Geology Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Inf. Circular No. 272, 32pSouth AfricaGeochemistry, Komatiites
DS1993-1667
1993
Fourcade, S.Viladkar, S.G., Kienast, J.R., Fourcade, S.Mineralogy of the Newania carbonatites Rajasthan, IndiaTerra Abstracts, IAGOD International Symposium on mineralization related to mafic, Vol. 5, No. 3, abstract supplement p. 55.IndiaCarbonatite, Mineralogy
DS1994-1011
1994
Fourcade, S.Lecuyer, C., Gruau, G., Anhaeusser, C.R., Fourcade, S.The origin of fluids and effects of metamorphism on the primary chemical compositions of Barberton komatiites: new evidenceGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 58, No. 2, January pp. 1043South AfricaGeochemistry, Geochronology
DS1996-0464
1996
Fourcade, S.Fourcade, S., Kienast, J.R., Ouzegane, K.Metasomatic effects related to channelled fluid streaming through deepcrust: fenites and carbonatitesJournal of Metamorphic Geology, Vol. 14, pp. 763-781.AlgeriaHoggar, Proterozoic granuiltes, Carbonatite
DS2002-0331
2002
Fourcade, S.Coulon, C., Megartsi, M., Fourcade, S., Maury, R.C., Bellon, H., Louni Hacini, A.Post collisional transition from calc-alkaline to alkaline volcanism during the Neogene inLithos, Vol.62,3-4,pp. 87-110.AlgeriaSubduction - slab
DS200912-0211
2009
Fourcault, J-M.Farges, F., Sucher, S., Horovitz, H., Fourcault, J-M.The French Blue and the Hope' new dat a from the discovery of a historical lead cast.Gems & Gemology, Vol. 45, 1, Spring pp. 4-19.TechnologyDiamonds notable
DS201506-0268
2015
Fourdan, B.Frizon de Lamotte, D., Fourdan, B., Leleu, S., Leparmentier, F., de Clarens, P.Style of rifting and the stages of Pangea break up.Tectonics, Vol. 34, 5, pp. 1009-1029.Global, RussiaPangea
DS201512-1909
2015
Fourdan, D.De Lamotte, F., Fourdan, D., Leleu, B., Leparmentier, S., Clarens, F.Style of rifting and the stages of Pangea.Tectonics, Vol. 34, 5, pp. 1009-1029.MantlePangea

Abstract: Pangea results from the progressive amalgamation of continental blocks achieved at 320?Ma. Assuming that the ancient concept of “active” versus “passive” rifting remains pertinent as end-members of more complex processes, we show that the progressive Pangea breakup occurred through a succession of rifting episodes characterized by different tectonic evolutions. A first episode of passive continental rifting during the Upper Carboniferous and Permian led to the formation of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. Then at the beginning of Triassic times, two short episodes of active rifting associated to the Siberian and Emeishan large igneous provinces (LIPs) failed. The true disintegration of Pangea resulted from (1) a Triassic passive rifting leading to the emplacement of the central Atlantic magmatic province (200?Ma) LIP and the subsequent opening of the central Atlantic Ocean during the lowermost Jurassic and from (2) a Lower Jurassic active rifting triggered by the Karoo-Ferrar LIP (183?Ma), which led to the opening of the West Indian Ocean. The same sequence of passive then active rifting is observed during the Lower Cretaceous with, in between, the Parana-Etendeka LIP at 135?Ma. We show that the relationships between the style of rifts and their breakdown or with the type of resulting margins (as magma poor or magma dominated) are not straightforward. Finally, we discuss the respective role of mantle global warming promoted by continental agglomeration and mantle plumes in the weakening of the continental lithosphere and their roles as rifting triggers.
DS201904-0757
2019
Fourdrin, S.Malavergegne, V., Bureau, H., Raepsaet, C., Gaillard, C., Poncet, F., Surble, M., Sifre, S., Shcheka, D., Fourdrin, S., Deldicque, C., Khodja, D., HichamExperimental constraints on the fate of H and C during planetary core-mantle differentiation. Implications for the Earth.Icarus - New York, Vol. 321, 1, pp. 473-485.Mantlecarbon

Abstract: Hydrogen (H) and carbon (C) have probably been delivered to the Earth mainly during accretion processes at High Temperature (HT) and High Pressure (HP) and at variable redox conditions. We performed HP (1-15?GPa) and HT (1600-2300°C) experiments, combined with state-of-the-art analytical techniques to better understand the behavior of H and C during planetary differentiation processes. We show that increasing pressure makes H slightly siderophile and slightly decreases the highly siderophile nature of C. This implies that the capacity of a growing core to retain significant amounts of H or C is mainly controlled by the size of the planet: small planetary bodies may retain C in their cores while H may have rather been lost in space; larger bodies may store both H and C in their cores. During the Earth's differentiation, both C and H might be sequestrated in the core. However, the H content of the core would remain one or two orders of magnitude lower than that of C since the (H/C)core ratio might range between 0.04 and 0.27.
DS201707-1332
2016
Fourestier, J.Guowu, L., Guangming, Y., Fude, L., Ming, X., Xiangkun, G., Baoming, P., Fourestier, J.Fluorcalciopyrochlore, a new mineral species from Bayan Obo, inner Mongolia, P.R. China.The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 54, pp. 1285-1291.China, Mongoliacarbonatite - Bayan Obo

Abstract: Fluorcalciopyrochlore, ideally (Ca,Na)2Nb2O6F, cubic, is a new mineral species (IMA2013-055) occurring in the Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE deposit, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. The mineral is found in a dolomite-type niobium rare-earth ore deposit. Associated minerals are dolomite, aegirine, riebeckite, diopside, fluorite, baryte, phlogopite, britholite-(Ce), bastnäsite-(Ce), zircon, magnetite, pyrite, fersmite, columbite-(Fe), monazite-(Ce), rutile, and others. Crystals mostly form as octahedra {111}, dodecahedra {110}, and cubes {100}, or combinations thereof, and generally range in size from 0.01 to 0.3 mm. It is brownish-yellow to reddish-orange in color with a light yellow streak. Crystals of fluorcalciopyrochlore are translucent to transparent with an adamantine to greasy luster on fractured surfaces. It has a conchoidal fracture. No parting or cleavage was observed. The Mohs hardness is 5, and the calculated density is 4.34(1) g/cm3. The empirical formula is (Ca1.14Na0.74Ce0.06Sr0.03Th0.01Fe0.01Y0.01La0.01Nd0.01)?2.02(Nb1.68Ti0.29Zr0.02Sn0.01)?2.00O6.00(F0.92O0.08)?1.00 on the basis of 7(O,F) anions pfu. The simplified formula is (Ca,Na)2Nb2O6F. The strongest four reflections in the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in Å (I) hkl] are: 6.040 (9) 1 1 1, 3.017 (100) 2 2 2, 2.613 (17) 0 0 4, 1.843 (29) 0 4 4, and 1.571 (15) 2 2 6. The unit-cell parameters are a 10.4164(9) Å, V 1130.2(2) Å3, Z = 8. The structure was solved and refined in space group FdEmbedded Image m with R = 0.05. The type material is deposited in the Geological Museum of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China, catalogue number M12182.
DS1998-1158
1998
FouriePhillips, D., Harris, J.W., Kiviets, Burgess, Fourie40 Ar39 Laser probe analyses of clinopyroxene diamond inclusions from the Orapa and Mbuyi Miya Mines.7th. Kimberlite Conference abstract, pp. 687-9.GlobalGeochronology, diamond inclusions, Deposit - Orapa, Mbuyi Miya
DS1998-1159
1998
FouriePhillips, D., Kiviets, Barton, Smith, Viljoen, Fourie40 Ar39 dating of kimberlites and related rocks: problems and solutions7th. Kimberlite Conference abstract, pp. 690-2.South Africa, Botswana, ZimbabweGeochronology, Deposit - Venetia, Oaks, Colorssus, Lace, Rex, Pniel
DS200912-0522
2009
FourieMuller, M.R., Jones, Evans, Grutter, Hatton, Garcia, Hamilton, Miensopust, Cole, Ngwisanyi, Hutchins, Fourie, Jelsma,Aravanis.Pettit, Webb, WasborgLithospheric structure, evolution and diamond prospectivity of the Rehoboth Terrane and western Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa: constraints from broadbandLithos, In press - available 57p..Africa, South Africa, BotswanaGeophysics - broadband magnetotellurics
DS201112-0312
2011
FourieEvans, R.L., Jones, A.G., Garcia, X., Muller, M., Hamilton, Evans, Fourie, Spratt, Webb, Jelsma, HutchinsElectrical lithosphere beneath the Kaapvaal craton, southern Africa.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 116, B4, B04105.Africa, South AfricaGeophysics - seismics
DS201810-2381
2018
Fourie, A.Stamm, N., Schmidt. M.W., Szymanowski, D., von Quadt, A., Mohapi, T., Fourie, A.Primary petrology, mineralogy and age of the Letseng-la-Terae kimberlite ( Lesotho), southern Africa) and parental magmas of Group 1 kimberlites.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 173, pp. 76- doi.org/10.1007/ s00410-018-1502-1Africa, Lesothodeposit - Letseng

Abstract: The Letšeng-la-Terae kimberlite (Lesotho), famous for its large high-value diamonds, has five distinct phases that are mined in a Main and a Satellite pipe. These diatreme phases are heavily altered but parts of a directly adjacent kimberlite blow are exceptionally fresh. The blow groundmass consists of preserved primary olivine with Fo86?88, chromite, magnesio-ulvöspinel and magnetite, perovskite, monticellite, occasional Sr-rich carbonate, phlogopite, apatite, calcite and serpentine. The bulk composition of the groundmass, extracted by micro-drilling, yields 24-26 wt% SiO2, 20-21 wt% MgO, 16-19 wt% CaO and 1.9-2.1 wt% K2O, the latter being retained in phlogopite. Without a proper mineral host, groundmass Na2O is only 0.09-0.16 wt%. However, Na-rich K-richterite observed in orthopyroxene coronae allows to reconstruct a parent melt Na2O content of 3.5-5 wt%, an amount similar to that of highly undersaturated primitive ocean island basanites. The groundmass contains 10-12 wt% CO2, H2O is estimated to 4-5 wt%, but volatiles and alkalis were considerably reduced by degassing. Mg# of 77.9 and 530 ppm Ni are in equilibrium with olivine phenocrysts, characterize the parent melt and are not due to olivine fractionation. 87Sr/86Sr(i)?=?0.703602-0.703656, 143Nd/144Nd(i)?=?0.512660 and 176Hf/177Hf(i)?=?0.282677-0.282679 indicate that the Letšeng kimberlite originates from the convective upper mantle. U-Pb dating of groundmass perovskite reveals an emplacement age of 85.5?±?0.3 (2?) Ma, which is significantly younger than previously proposed for the Letšeng kimberlite.
DS200612-0524
2006
Fourie, C.J.S.Hamilton, M.P., Jones, A.G., Evans, R.L., Evans, S., Fourie, C.J.S., Garcia, X., Mountford, A., Spratt, J.E., SAMTEX MTElectrical anisotropy of South African lithosphere compared with seismic anisotropy from shear wave splitting analyses.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, In press, availableAfrica, South AfricaGeophysics - magnetotellurics
DS200712-0404
2006
Fourie, C.J.S.Hamilton, M.P., Jones, A.G., Evans, R.L., Evans, S., Fourie, C.J.S., Mountford, SprattElectrical anisotropy of South African lithosphere compared with seismic from shear wave splitting analyses.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 158, 2-4, Oct. 16, pp. 226-239.Africa, South AfricaGeophysics - seismics
DS1950-0386
1958
Fourie, G.P.Fourie, G.P.Die Diamant voorkomste in die Omgewing Van Swartruggens Transvaal.Geological Survey of South Africa Bulletin., No. 26, PP. 1-16.South Africa, TransvaalGeology, Diamond Occurrences
DS200912-0285
2009
Fourie, L.Harvey, S., Kjarsgaard, McClintock, M., Shimell, M., Fourie, L., Du Plessis, P., Read, G.Geology and evaluation strategy of the Star and Orion South kimberlites, Fort a la Corne, Canada.Lithos, In press availableCanada, SaskatchewanDeposit - Star, Orion
DS201212-0288
2012
Fourie, L.Harvey, S., Read, G., DesGagnes, B., Shimell, M., Danoczi, J., Van Breugel, B., Fourie, L., Stilling, A.Utilization of olivine macrocryst grain size and abundance dat a as a proxy for diamond size and grade in pyroclastic deposits of the Orion South kimberlite Fort a la Corne, Sasakatchewan, Canada.10th. International Kimberlite Conference Feb. 6-11, Bangalore India, AbstractCanada, SaskatchewanDeposit - Orion South
DS201412-0344
2013
Fourie, L.Harvey, S., Read, G., DesGagnes, B., Shimell, M., van Breugel, B., Fourie, L.Utilization of olivine macrocryst grain size and abundance dat a as a proxy for diamond size and grade in pyroclastic deposits of the Orion South kimberlite, Fort a la Corne, Saskatchewan, Canada.Proceedings of the 10th. International Kimberlite Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 79-96.Canada, SaskatchewanDeposit - Orion South
DS2000-0421
2000
Fourie, L.F.Hoosen, Z., Kurzlaukis, S., Kiviets, G.B., Fourie, L.F.New high Pressure precision ages from the Gideon and Maltahohe kimberlite fields, southern Namibia.Journal of African Earth Sciences, p. 31. abstract.NamibiaGeochronology - age determination, Deposit - Gibeon, Maltahohe
DS201412-0967
2014
Fourie, P.Ward, J.D., Bowen, D.C., Fourie, P., Ntsalong, L.The Kao kimberlite, Lesotho: main pipe - main mine?GSSA Kimberley Diamond Symposium and Trade Show provisional programme, Sept. 12, title onlyAfrica, LesothoDeposit - Kao
DS201112-0335
2011
Fourie, P.H.Fourie, P.H., Zimmermana, U., Beukes, N.J., Naidoo, T., Kobayasji, K., Kosler, J., Nakamura, Tait, TheronProvenance and reconnaissance study of detrital zircons of the Paleozoic Cape Supergroup: revealing the interaction of Kalahari and Rio de la Plat a cratons.International Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 100, 2, pp. 527-541.Africa, South Africa, South America, BrazilGeochronology
DS1985-0175
1985
Fourie, P.J.Eriksson, S.C., Fourie, P.J., Dejager, D.H.A Cumulate Origin for the Minerals in Clinopyroxenites of ThephalaborwacomplexTransactions Geological Society of South Africa, Vol. 88, pt. 2, May-August pp. 207-214South AfricaCarbonatite
DS200712-0795
2007
FournellePage, F.Z., Fu, B., Kita, N.T., Fournelle, Spicuzza, Schulze, Viljoen, Basei, ValleyZircons from kimberlite: new insights into oxygen isotopes, trace elements, and Ti in zircon thermometry.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 71, 15, pp. 3887-3903.TechnologyZircon thermometry
DS200812-0372
2008
Fournelle, J.Fu, B., Page, F.Z., Cavosie, A.J., Fournelle, J., Kita, N.T., Lackey, J.S., Wilde, S.A., Valley, J.W.Ti in zircon thermometry: applications and limitations.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 37p. in press availableTechnologyGeothermometry - kimberlites
DS201901-0039
2018
Fournelle, J.Gu, T., Valley, J., Kitajima, K., Spicuzza, M., Fournelle, J., Stern, R., Ohfuji, H., Wang, W.Evidence of subducted altered oceanic crust into deep mantle from inclusions of type IaB diamonds,Gems & Gemology, Sixth International Gemological Symposium Vol. 54, 3, 1p. Abstract p. 306-7.Mantlediamond inclusions

Abstract: Nitrogen is one of the most common impurities in diamond, and its aggregation styles have been used as criteria for diamond classification. Pure type IaB diamonds (with 100% nitrogen in B aggregation) are rather rare among natural diamonds. The occurrence of the B center is generally associated with high temperature and a long residence time of the host diamond, which would potentially provide information on the earth’s deep interior. Seawater circulation is the unique process that shapes the surface of our planet and potentially has a profound effect on its interior due to slab subduction. In about 50 type IaB diamonds with detectable micro-inclusions submitted to GIA for screening, we found that more than 70% of them contained a typical mineral assemblage from the sublithosphere. Jeffbenite (TAPP), majorite garnet, enstatite, and ferropericlase have been observed, which could be retrograde products of former bridgmanite. CaSiO3-walstromite with larnite and titanite is the dominant phase present in approximately 40% of all diamond samples. Direct evidence from oxygen isotope ratios measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry, or SIMS, (?18OVSMOWin the range +10.7 to +12.5‰) of CaSiO3-walstromite with coexisting larnite and titanite that retrograde from CaSiO3-perovskite suggest that hydrothermally altered oceanic basalt can subduct to depths of >410 km in the transition zone. Incorporation of materials from subducted altered oceanic crust into the deep mantle produced diamond inclusions that have both lower mantle and subduction signatures. Ca(Si,Al)O3-perovskite was observed with a high concentration of rare earth elements (>5 wt.%) that could be enriched under P-Tconditions in the lower mantle. Evidence from ringwoodite with a hydroxide bond, coexisting tuite and apatite, precipitates of an NH3phase, and cohenite with trace amounts of Cl imply that the subducted brines can potentially introduce hydrous fluid to the bottom of the transition zone. In the diamonds with subducted materials, the increasing carbon isotope ratio from the core to the rim region detected by SIMS (?13C from -5.5‰ to -4‰) suggests that an oxidized carbonate-dominated fluid was associated with recycling of the subducted hydrous material. The deep subduction played an important role in balancing redox exchange with the reduced lower mantle indicated by precipitated iron nanoparticles and coexisting hydrocarbons and carbonate phases.
DS201911-2562
2019
Fournelle, J.Siegrist, M., Yogodzinski, G., Bizimis, M., Fournelle, J., Churikova, T., Dektor, C., Mobley, R.Fragments of metasomatized forearc: origin and implications of mafic and ultramafic xenoliths from Kharchinsky volcano, Kamchatka.Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, Vol. 20, 9, pp. 4426-4456.Russiaxenoliths

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a study of rare rock fragments (xenoliths) that were transported from the Earth's deep interior to the surface during an eruption of Kharchinsky volcano, Kamchatka. The chemical compositions, mineralogy, and textures of the samples were studied with the goal of understanding the processes that affected rocks, which may play a role in the formation of magmas in the Kamchatka subduction zone. The key process that affected the xenoliths involved the addition of fluids and dissolved elements to the samples at temperatures of 500-700 °C. These fluids are derived from seawater that was transported to 30? to 50?km depths by subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath Kamchatka. Subsequent to the addition of fluid, there was a shift in the position of the Kamchatka?Pacific Plate boundary that led to an increase in temperature and the formation of small quantities of melt that crystallized to a distinctive group of secondary minerals that are present in the samples and that postdate (overprint) the initial effects of fluid addition. The final step in the evolution of the samples was infiltration by an Fe? and Mg?rich magma that crystallized principally amphibole?group minerals.
DS1995-1224
1995
Fournelle, J.H.Medaris, L.G.Jr., Fournelle, J.H., Jelinek, E.Thermobarometry and reconstructed chemical composition pyroxene spinelsymplectites: Czech Neogene lavas.Proceedings of the Sixth International Kimberlite Conference Abstracts, pp. 371-373.GlobalGeobarometry, Symplectites
DS1999-0555
1999
FourniePhillips, D., Kiviets, Barton, Smith, Viljoen, Fournie40 Ar-39 Ar dating of kimberlites and related rocks, problems and solutions.7th International Kimberlite Conference Nixon, Vol. 2, pp. 677-88.South Africa, Zimbabwe, Barkly WestGeochronology, argon, Venetia, Colossus, Postmas, Pniel, Marnitz, Rex, Lace
DS1993-0454
1993
Fournier, A.Fournier, A.Magmatic and hydrothermal controls of the light rare earth element (LREE) mineralization of the Sainte Honore carbonatite, QuebecMcGill University, Msc. thesisQuebecCarbonatite, Thesis
DS1993-0455
1993
Fournier, A.Fournier, A., Williams-Jones, A.E., Wood, S.A.Magmatic and hydrothermal controls of light rare earth element (LREE) mineralization of the St. Honorecarbonatite, QuebecTerra Abstracts, IAGOD International Symposium on mineralization related to mafic, Vol. 5, No. 3, abstract supplement p. 15QuebecCarbonatite, St. Honore
DS201412-0522
2014
Fournier, A.Livermore, P.W., Fournier, A., Gallet, Y.Core-flow constraints on extreme archeomagnetic intensity changes.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 387, pp. 145-156.MantleGeophysics - magnetics
DS201805-0936
2018
Fournier, A.Bocher, M., Fournier, A., Coltice, N.Ensemble Kalman filter for the reconstruction of the Earth's mantle circulation.Nonlinear Processes Geophysics, Vol. 25, pp. 99-123. pdfMantleconvection

Abstract: Recent advances in mantle convection modeling led to the release of a new generation of convection codes, able to self-consistently generate plate-like tectonics at their surface. Those models physically link mantle dynamics to surface tectonics. Combined with plate tectonic reconstructions, they have the potential to produce a new generation of mantle circulation models that use data assimilation methods and where uncertainties in plate tectonic reconstructions are taken into account. We provided a proof of this concept by applying a suboptimal Kalman filter to the reconstruction of mantle circulation (Bocher et al., 2016). Here, we propose to go one step further and apply the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) to this problem. The EnKF is a sequential Monte Carlo method particularly adapted to solve high-dimensional data assimilation problems with nonlinear dynamics. We tested the EnKF using synthetic observations consisting of surface velocity and heat flow measurements on a 2-D-spherical annulus model and compared it with the method developed previously. The EnKF performs on average better and is more stable than the former method. Less than 300 ensemble members are sufficient to reconstruct an evolution. We use covariance adaptive inflation and localization to correct for sampling errors. We show that the EnKF results are robust over a wide range of covariance localization parameters. The reconstruction is associated with an estimation of the error, and provides valuable information on where the reconstruction is to be trusted or not.
DS201412-0184
2014
Fournier, D.Devriese, S.G.R., Corcoran, N., Cowan, D., Davis, K., Bild-Enkin, D., Fournier, D., Heagy, L., Kang, S., Marchant, D., McMillan, M.S., Mitchell, M., Rosenkjar, G., Yang, D., Oldenburg, D.W.Magnetic inversion of three airborne dat a sets over the Tli Kwi Cho kimberlite complex.SEG Annual Meeting Denver, pp. 1790-1794 extended abstractCanada, Northwest TerritoriesGeophysics - Tli Kwi Cho
DS201412-0250
2014
Fournier, D.Fournier, D., Heagy, L., Corcoran, N., Devriese, S.G.R., Bild-Enkin, D., Davis, K., Kang, S., Marchant, D., McMillan, M.S., Mitchell, M., Rosenkjar, G., Yang, D., Oldenburg, D.W.Multi-EM systems inversion - towards a common conductivity model for Tli Kwi Cho complex.SEG Annual Meeting Denver, pp. 1795-1798. Extended abstractCanada, Northwest TerritoriesGeophysics - Tli Kwi Cho complex
DS201501-0006
2014
Fournier, D.Devriese, S.G.R., Corcoran, N., Cowan, D., Davis, K., Bild-Enkin, D., Fournier, D., Heagy, L., Kang, S., Marchant, D., McMillan, M.S., Mitchell, M., Rosenkjar, G., Yang, D., Oldenburg, D.W.Magnetic inversion of three airborne dat a sets over the Tli Kwi Cho kimberlite complex.SEG Annual Meeting Denver, 5p. Extended abstractCanada, Northwest TerritoriesDeposit - Tli Kwi Cho, geophysics

Abstract: The magnetic and electromagnetic responses from airborne systems at Tli Kwi Cho, a kimberlite complex in the Northwest Territories, Canada, have received considerable attention over the last two decades but a complete understanding of the causative physical properties is not yet at hand. Our analysis is distributed among three papers. In the first, we find a 3D magnetic susceptibility model for the area; in the second, we find a 3D conductivity model; and in the third paper, we find a 3D chargeability model. Our goal is to explain all the geophysical results within a geologic framework. In this first paper, we invert three independent airborne magnetic data sets flown over the Tli Kwi Cho kimberlite complex located in the Lac de Gras kimberlite field in Northwest Territories, Canada. The complex consists of two kimberlites known as DO-27 and DO-18. An initial airborne DIGHEM survey was flown in 1992 and AeroTEM and VTEM data subsequently acquired in 2003 and 2004, respectively. In this paper, we invert each magnetic data set in three dimensions. Both kimberlites are recovered in each model, with DO-27 as a more susceptible body than DO-18. Our goal is to simultaneously invert the three data sets to generate a single susceptibility model for Tli Kwi Cho. This project is part of a larger, on-going investigation by UBC-GIF on inverting magnetic, electromagnetic, and induced polarization data from the Tli Kwi Cho area.
DS201501-0009
2014
Fournier, D.Fournier, D., Heagy, L., Corcoran, N., Cowan, D., Devriese, S.G.R., Bild-Enkin, D., Davis, K., Kang, S., Marchant, D., McMillan, M.S., Mitchell, M., Rosenkjar, G., Yang, D., Oldenburg, D.W.Multi-EM systems inversion - towards a common conductivity model for Tli Kwi Cho complex.SEG Annual Meeting Denver, 5p. Extended abstractCanada, Northwest TerritoriesDeposit - Tli Kwi Cho, geophysics

Abstract: The magnetic and electromagnetic responses from airborne systems at Tli Kwi Cho, a kimberlite complex in the Northwest Territories, Canada, have received considerable attention over the last two decades but a complete understanding of the causative physical properties is not yet at hand. Our analysis is distributed among three posters. In the first we find a 3D magnetic susceptibility model for the area; in the second we find a 3D conductivity model; and in the third we find a 3D chargeability model that can explain the negative transient responses measured over the kimberlite pipes. In this second paper we focus upon the task of finding a conductivity model that is compatible with three airborne data sets flown between 1992 and 2004: one frequency-domain data set (DIGHEM) and two time-domain systems (AeroTEM and VTEM). The goal is to obtain a 3D model from which geologic questions can be answered, but even more importantly, to provide a background conductivity needed to complete the 3D IP inversion of airborne EM data. We begin by modifying our pre-existing 1D frequency and time domain inversion codes to produce models that have more lateral continuity. The results are useful in their own right but we have also found that 1D analysis is often very effective in bringing to light erroneous data, assisting in estimating noise floors, and providing some starting information for developing a background model for the 3D EM inversion. Here we show some results from our Laterally Constrained Inversion (LCI) framework. The recovered conductivity models seem to agree on the general location of the kimberlite pipes but disagree on the geometry and conductivity values at depth. The complete 3D inversions in time and frequency, needed to resolved these issues, are currently in progress.
DS201611-2103
2014
Fournier, D.Devriese, S.G.R., Corcoran, N., Cowan, D., Davis, K., Bild-Enkin, D., Fournier, D., Heagy, L., Kang, S., Marchant, D., McMillan, M.S., Mitchell, M., Rosenkjar, G., Yang, D., Oldenburg, D.W.Magnetic inversion of three airborne dat a sets over the Tli Kwi Cho kimberlite complex.SEG Annual Meeting Denver, pp. 1790-1794. pdfCanada, Northwest TerritoriesDeposit - Tli Kwi Cho

Abstract: The magnetic and electromagnetic responses from airborne systems at Tli Kwi Cho, a kimberlite complex in the Northwest Territories, Canada, have received considerable attention over the last two decades but a complete understanding of the causative physical properties is not yet at hand. Our analysis is distributed among three papers. In the first, we find a 3D magnetic susceptibility model for the area; in the second, we find a 3D conductivity model; and in the third paper, we find a 3D chargeability model. Our goal is to explain all the geophysical results within a geologic framework. In this first paper, we invert three independent airborne magnetic data sets flown over the Tli Kwi Cho kimberlite complex located in the Lac de Gras kimberlite field in Northwest Territories, Canada. The complex consists of two kimberlites known as DO-27 and DO- 18. An initial airborne DIGHEM survey was flown in 1992 and AeroTEM and VTEM data subsequently acquired in 2003 and 2004, respectively. In this paper, we invert each magnetic data set in three dimensions. Both kimberlites are recovered in each model, with DO-27 as a more susceptible body than DO-18. Our goal is to simultaneously invert the three data sets to generate a single susceptibility model for Tli Kwi Cho. This project is part of a larger, on-going investigation by UBC-GIF on inverting magnetic, electromagnetic, and induced polarization data from the Tli Kwi Cho area.
DS201611-2106
2016
Fournier, D.Fournier, D., Heagy, L.Where are the diamonds? - using Earth's potentialsSimPEG Team, 1p. Poster pdfTechnologyGeophysics - Magnetics, gravity
DS201611-2107
2014
Fournier, D.Fournier, D., Heagy, L., Corcoran, N., Cowan, D., Devriese, S.G.R., Bild-Enkin, D., Davis, K., Marchant, M., McMillan, M.S., Mitchell, M., Rosenkjar, G., Yang, D., Oldenburg, D.W.Multi-EM systems inversion - towards a common conductivity model for Tli Kwi Cho complex.SEG Annual Meeting Denver, pp. 1795-1799. pdfCanada, Northwest TerritoriesDeposit - Tli Kwi Cho

Abstract: The magnetic and electromagnetic responses from airborne systems at Tli Kwi Cho, a kimberlite complex in the Northwest Territories, Canada, have received considerable attention over the last two decades but a complete understanding of the causative physical properties is not yet at hand. Our analysis is distributed among three posters. In the first we find a 3D magnetic susceptibility model for the area; in the second we find a 3D conductivity model; and in the third we find a 3D chargeability model that can explain the negative transient responses measured over the kimberlite pipes. In this second paper we focus upon the task of finding a conductivity model that is compatible with three airborne data sets flown between 1992 and 2004: one frequency-domain data set (DIGHEM) and two time-domain systems (AeroTEM and VTEM). The goal is to obtain a 3D model from which geologic questions can be answered, but even more importantly, to provide a background conductivity needed to complete the 3D IP inversion of airborne EM data. We begin by modifying our pre-existing 1D frequency and time domain inversion codes to produce models that have more lateral continuity. The results are useful in their own right but we have also found that 1D analysis is often very effective in bringing to light erroneous data, assisting in estimating noise floors, and providing some starting information for developing a background model for the 3D EM inversion. Here we show some results from our Laterally Constrained Inversion (LCI) framework. The recovered conductivity models seem to agree on the general location of the kimberlite pipes but disagree on the geometry and conductivity values at depth. The complete 3D inversions in time and frequency, needed to resolved these issues, are currently in progress.
DS201611-2108
2016
Fournier, D.Fournier, D., Kang, S., McMillan, M.S., Oldenburg, D.W.Inversion of airborne geophysics over the Tli Kwi Cho kimberlite complex, Part II: electromagnetics.Tli Kwi Cho Workshop UBC, Sept. 8, 43p. Contact sdevriese @eos.ubc.caCanada, Northwest TerritoriesDeposit - Tli Kwi Cho
DS201611-2119
2015
Fournier, D.Kang, S., Fournier, D., Oldenburg, D.W.Inversion of airborne geophysics over the Tli Kwi Cho kimberlite complex.Tli Kwi Cho Workshop UBC, 24p. Contact [email protected]Canada, Northwest TerritoriesDeposit - Tli Kwi Cho
DS201705-0868
2016
fournier, D.Oldenburg, D., Kang, S., fournier, D.Airborne IP at Tli Kwi Cho.SEG Annual Meeting Dallas, 19 ppt.Canada, Northwest TerritoriesDeposit - Tli Kwi Cho
DS201804-0690
2017
Fournier, D.Fournier, D., Kang, S., Mmillan, M.S., Oldenburg, D.W.Inversion of airborne geophysics over the DO-27/DO18 kimberlites. Part 2. Electromagnetics.Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Interpretation, August T 313, 13p.Canada, Northwest Territoriesdeposit - Tli Kwi Cho

Abstract: We focus on the task of finding a 3D conductivity structure for the DO-18 and DO-27 kimberlites, historically known as the Tli Kwi Cho (TKC) kimberlite complex in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Two airborne electromagnetic (EM) surveys are analyzed: a frequency-domain DIGHEM and a time-domain VTEM survey. Airborne time-domain data at TKC are particularly challenging because of the negative values that exist even at the earliest time channels. Heretofore, such data have not been inverted in three dimensions. In our analysis, we start by inverting frequency-domain data and positive VTEM data with a laterally constrained 1D inversion. This is important for assessing the noise levels associated with the data and for estimating the general conductivity structure. The analysis is then extended to a 3D inversion with our most recent optimized and parallelized inversion codes. We first address the issue about whether the conductivity anomaly is due to a shallow flat-lying conductor (associated with the lake bottom) or a vertical conductive pipe; we conclude that it is the latter. Both data sets are then cooperatively inverted to obtain a consistent 3D conductivity model for TKC that can be used for geologic interpretation. The conductivity model is then jointly interpreted with the density and magnetic susceptibility models from a previous paper. The addition of conductivity enriches the interpretation made with the potential fields in characterizing several distinct petrophysical kimberlite units. The final conductivity model also helps better define the lateral extent and upper boundary of the kimberlite pipes. This conductivity model is a crucial component of the follow-up paper in which our colleagues invert the airborne EM data to recover the time-dependent chargeability that further advances our geologic interpretation.
DS201804-0705
2017
Fournier, D.Kang, S., Fournier, D., Oldenburg, D.W.Inversion of airborne geophysics over D0-27/D0-18 kimberlites. Part 3: Induced polarization.Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Interpretation, August T 327, 14p.Canada, Northwest Territoriesdeposit -Tli Kwi Cho

Abstract: The geologically distinct DO-27 and DO-18 kimberlites, often called the Tli Kwi Cho (TKC) kimberlites, have been used as a testbed for airborne geophysical methods applied to kimberlite exploration. This paper, which is the last of a three-part series, focuses on extracting chargeability information from time-domain electromagnetic (TEM) data. Three different TEM surveys, having similar coincident-loop geometry, have been carried out over TKC. Each records negative transients over the main kimberlite units and this is a signature of induced polarization (IP) effects. By applying a TEM-IP inversion workflow to a VTEM data set we decouple the EM and IP responses in the observations and then recover 3D pseudo-chargeability models at multiple times. A subsequent analysis is used to recover Cole-Cole parameters. Our models demonstrate that both DO-18 and DO-27 pipes are chargeable, but they have different Cole-Cole time constants: 110 and 1160 ?s, respectively. At DO-27, we also distinguish between two adjacent kimberlite units based on their respective Cole-Cole time constants. Our chargeability models are combined with the den-sity, magnetic susceptibility and conductivity models from Papers I and II and allow us to build a 3D petrophysical model of TKC using only information obtained from airborne geophysics. Comparison of this final petrophysical model to a 3D geological model derived from the extensive drilling program demonstrates that we can characterize the three main kimberlite units at TKC: HK, VK, and PK in 3D by using airborne geophysics.
DS200412-0574
2004
Fournier, M.Fournier, M., Jolivet, L., Davy, P., Thomas, J-C.Backarc extension and collision: an experimental approach to the tectonics of Asia.Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 157, 2, pp. 871-889.AsiaTectonics
DS1920-0153
1923
Fournier d'albe, E.E.Fournier d'albe, E.E.The Life of Sir William CrookesLondon: Unwin., 412P.South AfricaBiography, Kimberley Genesis, Sythesis
DS201909-2023
2019
Fouskas, F.Bosco-Santos, A., Gilholy, W.P., Fouskas, F., Baldim, M., Oliveira, E.P.Ferruginous - euxinc - oxic: a three step redox change in the Neoarchean record.Goldschmidt2019, 1p. AbstractSouth America, Brazilcraton

Abstract: Much of the secular record of sulfur mass independet fractionation (S-MIF) is based on pyrites extracted from a limited number of formations from Western Australia and Southern Africa. Here we present multiproxy evidence for an episodic loss of S-MIF in sulfides from a 2.7 Ga sedimentary record in the São Francisco craton, Brazil. Based on combined proxies, we assigned three phases, in a continous drill core, that track evolving water column redox conditions and changes in ecology. In Phase-I, the stratigraphically older rocks, reactive iron ratios suggest ferruginous conditions. The pyrites have modest S-MIF values (D33S from -0.7 to 2.6‰) and the carbon isotope composition of the iron formations is indicative of carbon fixation by anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria that oxidized Fe2+ (d13Corg from -27.7 to -17.5‰). Within Phase-II, an intermediate phase characterized by graphite schist, the iron ratios, expansion of the S-MIF (D33S from 2.15 to 3.4‰) and an excess of Mo relative to Corg suggest deposition in an anoxic environment with periodic development of euxinic conditions. Phase-III culminates in fully oxic conditions with a loss of S-MIF and emergence of sulfur mass dependent fractionation (S-MDF) with homogeneous d34S pyrite values (average = 3.3 ± 0.5‰). The loss of S-MIF in the Archean sulfides of Phase-III was interpreted as a response to increased oxygen levels that lead to an intensification of oxidative weathering. Based on the continous deposition within this drillcore, the development of more oxidizing conditions may have been relatively rapid, reinforcing the model that the transition from S-MIF to S-MDF can happen on rapid geological time scales and was recorded about 400 million years prior to the GOE in the Brazilian craton.
DS202004-0534
2020
Foustoukos, D.J.Stagno, V., Stopponi, V., Kono, Y., D'Arco, A., Lupi, S., Romano, C., Poe, B.T., Foustoukos, D.J., Scarlato, P., Manning, C.E.The viscosity and atomic structure of volatile bearing melililititic melts at high pressure and temperature and the transport of deep carbon.Minerals MDPI, Vol. 10, 267 doi: 10.23390/min10030267 14p. PdfMantleMelililite, carbon

Abstract: Understanding the viscosity of mantle-derived magmas is needed to model their migration mechanisms and ascent rate from the source rock to the surface. High pressure-temperature experimental data are now available on the viscosity of synthetic melts, pure carbonatitic to carbonate-silicate compositions, anhydrous basalts, dacites and rhyolites. However, the viscosity of volatile-bearing melilititic melts, among the most plausible carriers of deep carbon, has not been investigated. In this study, we experimentally determined the viscosity of synthetic liquids with ~31 and ~39 wt% SiO2, 1.60 and 1.42 wt% CO2 and 5.7 and 1 wt% H2O, respectively, at pressures from 1 to 4.7 GPa and temperatures between 1265 and 1755 °C, using the falling-sphere technique combined with in situ X-ray radiography. Our results show viscosities between 0.1044 and 2.1221 Pa•s, with a clear dependence on temperature and SiO2 content. The atomic structure of both melt compositions was also determined at high pressure and temperature, using in situ multi-angle energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction supported by ex situ microFTIR and microRaman spectroscopic measurements. Our results yield evidence that the T-T and T-O (T = Si,Al) interatomic distances of ultrabasic melts are higher than those for basaltic melts known from similar recent studies. Based on our experimental data, melilititic melts are expected to migrate at a rate ~from 2 to 57 km•yr?1 in the present-day or the Archaean mantle, respectively.
DS2000-0694
2000
FowlerMurphy, J.B., Strachan, R.A., Nance, Parker, FowlerProto-Avalonia: a 1.2 - 1.0 Ga tectonothermal event and constraints for the evolution of Rodinia.Geology, Vol. 28, No. 12, Dec. pp. 1071-4.GlobalGeodynamics, Geochronology
DS1993-0456
1993
Fowler, A.C.Fowler, A.C.Boundary layer theory and subductionJournal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 98, No. B 12, December 10, pp. 21, 997- 22, 005.MantleMantle convection, Plate tectonics
DS1993-0457
1993
Fowler, A.D.Fowler, A.D., Roach, D.E.Dimensionality analysis of time-series data: nonlinear methodsComputers and Geosciences, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 41-52GlobalComputer applications, Fractals
DS200912-0298
2009
Fowler, A.F.Hewitt, L.J., Fowler, A.F.Melt characterization in ascending mantle.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 114, B06210.MantleMagma flow, melting
DS200512-0686
2005
Fowler, C.M.Mareschal, J.C., Jaupart, C., Rolandone, F., Gariepy, C., Fowler, C.M., Bienfait, G., Carbonne, C., Lapointe, R.Heat flow, thermal regime, and elastic thickness of the lithosphere in the Trans-Hudson Orogen.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 42, 4, April pp. 517-532.Canada, Northwest TerritoriesGeothermometry
DS1985-0197
1985
Fowler, C.M.R.Fowler, C.M.R., Nisbet, E.G.The Subsidence of the Wiliston BasinCanadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 22, pp. 408-15.SaskatchewanCrust - Eustatic Control
DS1992-0479
1992
Fowler, C.M.R.Fowler, C.M.R., Stead, D., Pandit, B.I., Nisbet, E.G.Physical properties of rocks from the Trans-Hudson OrogenEos Transactions, Vol. 73, No. 14, April 7, supplement abstracts p. 322SaskatchewanLithoprobe, Geophysics -magnetics
DS2002-0474
2002
Fowler, C.M.R.Fowler, C.M.R., Ebinger, C., Hawkesworth, C.J.The Early Earth: physical, chemical and biological developmentGeological Society of London (U.K.), 352p.$ 142.00 http://bookshop.geolsoc.org.ukMantleBook - tectonics, deformation, lithosphere, Geophysics, models, plumes
DS2002-0475
2002
Fowler, C.M.R.Fowler, C.M.R., Ebinger, C.J., Hawkesworth, C.J.The early Earth: physical, chemical and biological developmentsGeological Society of London Special Publication, No. 199, 352p. $ 142. http://bookshop.geolsoc.org.ukBookArchean lithosphere, petrology, geophysics, structure, craton - evolution, models, environment
DS2002-0476
2002
Fowler, J.A.Fowler, J.A., Grutter, H.S., Kong, J.M., Wood, B.D.Diamond exploration in Northern Ontario with reference to the Victor kimberlite, near Attawapiskat.Exploration and Mining Geology, Vol. 10, 1-2, pp. 67-75.OntarioExploration - time lines for mining sequence, Evaluation, program
DS201212-0207
2012
Fowler, J.A.Fowler, J.A., Biscaye, E., Metatawabin, S.H.A.Diamond mining and sustainability at De Beers Canadian mines.10th. International Kimberlite Conference Feb. 6-11, Bangalore India, AbstractCanada, Ontario, Northwest TerritoriesDebeers - CSR
DS201312-0274
2013
Fowler, J.A.Fowler, J.A., Biscaye, E.S.Diamond mining and sustainability at De Beers' Canadian mines.Proceedings of the 10th. International Kimberlite Conference, Vol. 2, Special Issue of the Journal of the Geological Society of India,, Vol. 2, pp. 289-294.Canada, Ontario, Northwest TerritoriesDeposit - Victor, Snap Lake, CRS
DS201412-0251
2013
Fowler, J.A.Fowler, J.A., Biscaye, E.S., Metatawabin, S.H.A.Diamond mining and sustainability at De Beers' Canadian mines.Proceedings of the 10th. International Kimberlite Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 289-293.Canada, Ontario, Northwest TerritoriesEconomics - social responsibility
DS2001-0326
2001
Fowler, M.Fowler, M.Hope: adventures of a diamondAmazon.com $ approx. 20.00, $ approx. 20.00GlobalBook - history of the Hope Diamond
DS2001-0327
2001
Fowler, M.Fowler, M.Hope: adventures of a diamondAmazon.com $ approx. 20.00, $ approx. 20.00GlobalBook - history of the Hope Diamond
DS202111-1760
2021
Fowler, M.Bruno, H., Helibron, M., Strachen, R., Fowler, M., de MorrisonValeriano , C., Bersan, S., Moreira, H., Cutts, K., Dunlop, J., Almeida, R., Almeida, J., Storey, C.Earth's new tectonic regime at the dawn of the Paleozoic: Hf isotope evidence for efficient crustal growth and reworking in the Sao Francisco craton, Brazil.Geology, Vol. 49, 10, pp. 1214-1219. pdfSouth America, Brazilcraton

Abstract: A zircon Hf isotope data set from Archean and Paleoproterozoic magmatic and metasedimentary rocks of the southern São Francisco craton (Brazil) is interpreted as evidence of accretionary and collisional plate tectonics since at least the Archean-Proterozoic boundary. During the Phanerozoic, accretionary and collisional orogenies are considered the end members of different plate tectonic settings, both involving preexisting stable continental lithosphere and consumption of oceanic crust. However, mechanisms for the formation of continental crust during the Archean and Paleoproterozoic are still debated, with the addition of magmatic rocks to the crust being explained by different geodynamic models. Hf isotopes can be used to quantify the proportion of magmatic addition into the crust: positive ?Hf values are usually interpreted as indications of magmatic input from the mantle, whereas crust-derived rocks show more negative ?Hf. We show that the crust of the amalgamated Paleoproterozoic tectonostratigraphic terranes that make up the southern São Francisco craton were generated from different proportions of mantle and crustal isotopic reservoirs. Plate tectonic processes are implied by a consistent sequence of events involving (1) the generation of juvenile subduction-related magmatic arc rocks, followed by (2) collisional orogenesis and remelting of older crust, and (3) post-collisional bimodal magmatism.
DS1987-0737
1987
Fowler, M.B.Thompson, R.N., Fowler, M.B.Subduction related shoshonitic and ultrapotassic magmatism, a study of Siluro Ordovician syenites from the Scottish CaledonidesContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 94, No. 6, June pp. 507-522ScotlandCaledonide, Shoshonite
DS1990-0661
1990
Fowler, M.B.Harmon, R.S., Fowler, M.B.Oxygen isotope composition of the lower crustV.m. Goldschmidt Conference Held May 2-4, 1990, Program And Abstract, p. 51. Abstract onlyGlobalMantle, Geochronology
DS1996-0465
1996
Fowler, M.B.Fowler, M.B., Henney, P.J.Mixed Caledonian appinite magmas: implications for lamprophyre fractionation and high BaSr granite genesisContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 126, pp. 199-215.ScotlandLamprophyres
DS1993-1196
1993
Fowler, T.K.Jr.Paterson, S.R., Fowler, T.K.Jr.Extensional pluton emplacement models: do they work for large plutoniccomplexes?Geology, Vol. 21, No. 9, September pp. 781-784GlobalMagma emplacement model, Mantle, Tectonics
DS1992-0710
1992
Fox, A.J.Hinze, W.J., Allen, D.J., Fox, A.J., Sunwood, D., Woelk, T., GreenGeophysical investigations and crustal of the North American Midcontinent rift systemTectonophysics, Vol. 213, No. 1-2, special issue, pp. 17-32MidcontinentTectonics, Geophysics
DS1860-0264
1876
Fox, C.Fox, C.A Diamond Field. West Griqualand, South AfricaRoy. Geological Society (cornwall) Report, Vol. 19, No. 2, PP. 165-166.Africa, South Africa, Cape Province, Vaal RiverGeology
DS1920-0105
1922
Fox, C.S.Fox, C.S.Diamond Industry of IndiaDiamond Worker., Nov. P. 4.IndiaMining Methods
DS1988-0042
1988
Fox, J.S.Barrett, T.J., Wares, R.P., Fox, J.S.Two stage hydrothermal formation of a lower Proterozoic sediment hosted massive sulfide deposit, northern Labrador Trough, QuebecCanadian Mineralogist, Vol. 26, pp. 871-888. Database # 17329LabradorSulphides, Deposit- Soucy # 1
DS201812-2883
2018
Fox, K.Sims, K., Fox, K., Harris, M., Chimuka, L., Reichhardt, F., Muchemwa, E., Gowera, R., Hinks, D., Smith, C.B.Murowa deposit: Discovery of the Murowa kimberlites, Zimbabwe.Society of Economic Geology Geoscience and Exploration of the Argyle, Bunder, Diavik, and Murowa Diamond Deposits, Special Publication no. 20, pp. 359-378.Africa, Zimbabwedeposit - Murowa
DS1989-1192
1989
Fox, M.Pell, J., Fox, M.The Kechika yttrium and rare earth prospectBritish Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines, and Petroleum Resources, Geological Fieldwork Report 1989-1, pp. 417-421British ColumbiaAlkaline igneous, rare earth elements (REE).
DS200512-0301
2005
Fox, O.C.Fox, O.C., Sheehan, A.F.Upper mantle anisotropy beneath Precambrian Province boundaries, Southern Rocky Mountains.American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph, No. 154, pp. 347-360.United States,Wyoming, Colorado PlateauGeophysics - seismics, tectonics
DS201709-2035
2017
Fox, P.Morrison, S.M., Liu, C., Prabhu, E.A., Li, C., Downs, R.J., Golden, J.J., Fox, P., Hummer, D.R., Meyer, M.B., Hazen, R.M.Network analysis of mineralogical systems.American Mineralogist, in press availableTechnologydata sets

Abstract: A fundamental goal of mineralogy and petrology is the deep understanding of mineral phase relationships and the consequent spatial and temporal patterns of mineral coexistence in rocks, ore bodies, sediments, meteorites, and other natural polycrystalline materials. The multi-dimensional chemical complexity of such mineral assemblages has traditionally led to experimental and theoretical consideration of 2-, 3-, or n-component systems that represent simplified approximations of natural systems. Network analysis provides a dynamic, quantitative, and predictive visualization framework for employing “big data” to explore complex and otherwise hidden higher-dimensional patterns of diversity and distribution in such mineral systems. We introduce and explore applications of mineral network analysis, in which mineral species are represented by nodes, while coexistence of minerals is indicated by lines between nodes. This approach provides a dynamic visualization platform for higher-dimensional analysis of phase relationships, because topologies of equilibrium phase assemblages and pathways of mineral reaction series are embedded within the networks. Mineral networks also facilitate quantitative comparison of lithologies from different planets and moons, the analysis of coexistence patterns simultaneously among hundreds of mineral species and their localities, the exploration of varied paragenetic modes of mineral groups, and investigation of changing patterns of mineral occurrence through deep time. Mineral network analysis, furthermore, represents an effective visual approach to teaching and learning in mineralogy and petrology.
DS1990-0966
1990
Fox, P.J.Macdonald, K.C., Fox, P.J.The mid-ocean ridgeOcean Resources NL., Trans Hex International Ltd., Vol. 262, No. 6, June pp. 72-95Ocean RidgeTectonics, Plate tectonics
DS1993-0944
1993
Fox, P.J.Macdonald, K.C., Fox, P.J.It's only topography: part 2Gsa Today, Vol. 3, No. 2, February pp. 29, 30, 31, 34, 35GlobalOverview, Topography -computers
DS1950-0470
1959
Fozzard, P.M.H.Fozzard, P.M.H.Further Notes on the Volcanic Hills of IgwisiGeological Survey TANGANIKA RECORDS, Vol. 6, PP. 69-75.Tanzania, East AfricaGeology, Related Rocks
DS1990-0488
1990
Fozzard, P.M.H.Fozzard, P.M.H.Mining development in sub-Saharan Africa. Investment and its relationship to the enabling environmentNatural Resources forum, May pp. 97-105GlobalEconomics, Diamond production
DS1900-0553
1907
Fraas, E.Fraas, E.Pleistocene Fauna aus den Diamant seifen von SuedafrikaZeitschr. Deut. Geol. Ges., Vol. 59, BD. 1, PP. 232-243.Africa, South AfricaPalaeontology, Diamonds
DS1900-0554
1907
Fraas, E.Fraas, E.Fauna aus den Diamant seifen von Sud AfrikaZeitschr. Deut. Geol. Ges., Vol. 59, HEFT 2, PP. 232-243. ALSO: Neues Jahrbuch f?r MineralogieAfrica, South AfricaStratigraphy, Paleontology, Alluvial Diamond Placers
DS1996-0101
1996
Fracacci, K.N.Beard, B.L., Fracacci, K.N., Sobolev, N.V.Petrography and geochemistry of eclogites from the Mir kimberlite, Russia.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 125, No. 4, pp. 293-310.Russia, YakutiaGeochemistry, Deposit - Mir
DS1992-0480
1992
Fracolli, D.Fracolli, D.International initiatives in geoscience information: a global perspectiveGeoscience Information Society, proceedings, October 1991, Vol. 22, 220p. approx. $ 40.00BookGeoscience information, Table of contents
DS201412-0615
2014
Fradkov, A.S.Nauheimer, G., Fradkov, A.S., Neugebaurer, H.J.Mantle convection behaviour with segregation in the core-mantle boundary.Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 23, 16, pp. 2061-2064.MantleConvection
DS2000-0198
2000
FragaDallagnol, R., Lafon, Fraga, Scandolara, BarrosThe Precambrian evolution of the Amazonian Craton: one of the last unknown Precambrian terranes in the world.Igc 30th. Brasil, Aug. abstract only 1p.Brazil, Guyana ShieldCraton - Amazon, Tectonics
DS201707-1360
2017
Fraga, L.M.Reis, N.J., Nadeau, S., Fraga, L.M., Menezes Betiollo, L., Telma Lins Faraco, M., Reece, J., Lachhman, D., Ault, R.Stratigraphy of the Roraima Supergroup along the Brazil Guyana border in the Guiana shield, northern Amazonian craton - results of the Brazil Guyana geology and geodiversity mapping project.Brazil Journal of Geology, Vol. 47, 1, pp. 43-57.South America, Brazil, Guyanacraton

Abstract: The Geological and Geodiversity Mapping binational program along the Brazil?Guyana border zone allowed reviewing and in? tegrating the stratigraphy and nomenclature of the Roraima Supergroup along the Pakaraima Sedimentary Block present in northeastern Brazil and western Guyana. The area mapped corresponds to a buffer zone of approximately 25 km in width on both sides of the border, of a region extending along the Maú?Ireng River between Mount Roraima (the tri? ple?border region) and Mutum Village in Brazil and Monkey Mountain in Guyana. The south border of the Roraima basin is overlain exclusively by effusive and volcaniclastic rocks of the Surumu Group of Brazil and its correlated equivalent the Burro?Burro Group of Guyana.
DS201803-0447
2017
Fraga, L.M.Fraga, L.M., Cordani, U., Reis, N., Nadeau, S., Camara Maurer, V.U Pb shrimp and La ICPMS new dat a for different A type granites of the Orocaima igneous belt, central Guyana shield, northern Amazonian craton. ( Project Geology of the Guiana Shield)Anais Do 15 Simposio Geologia da Amazonia, Belem , Dec. 5p. Abstract pdfSouth America, Guianacraton

Abstract: The Orocaima Igneous Belt (OIB) is a huge plutono-volcanic belt at the central part of Guiana Shield, consisting mainly of 1.99-1.96 Ga volcano-plutonic rocks with high-K calc-alkaline, A-type and shosho-nitic geochemical signatures. Three A-type granitic bodies from the central part of the OIB have been dated using U-Pb SHRIMP and LA-ICPMS methods. A 1985±11 Ma age was calculated for the Macucal Mountain Granite of the Saracura Suite (Brazil) and ages of 1977±3.9 Ma and 1975±5 were calculated for the alkaline riebeckite granites respectively of the Lontra (Brazil) and Makarapan (Guyana) bodies. These ages are in the same range of those reported for the Aricamã A-type granitoids and the results indicate that different A-type magmatism took place in the 1.993-1.975 Ma interval along the OIB, coeval to high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonitic magmatism. This scenario fits well to a post-collisional setting.
DS201810-2371
2018
Fraga, L.M.Reis, N.J., Nadeau, S., Fraga, L.M., Betiollo, L.M., Faraco, M.T.L., Reece, J., Lachhman, D., Ault, R.Stratigraphy of the Roraima Supergroup along the Brazil-Guyana border in the Guiana shield, northern Amazonian craton- results of the Brazil-Guyana geology and geodiversity mapping project.Brazilian Journal of Geology, Vol. 47, 1, pp. 43-57.South America, Brazil, Guyanacraton

Abstract: The Geological and Geodiversity Mapping binational program along the Brazil?Guyana border zone allowed reviewing and in? tegrating the stratigraphy and nomenclature of the Roraima Supergroup along the Pakaraima Sedimentary Block present in northeastern Brazil and western Guyana. The area mapped corresponds to a buffer zone of approximately 25 km in width on both sides of the border, of a region extending along the Maú?Ireng River between Mount Roraima (the tri? ple?border region) and Mutum Village in Brazil and Monkey Mountain in Guyana. The south border of the Roraima basin is overlain exclusively by effusive and volcaniclastic rocks of the Surumu Group of Brazil and its correlated equivalent the Burro?Burro Group of Guyana.
DS201812-2833
2016
Fraga, L.M.Kroonenberg, S.B., de Roever, E.W.F., Fraga, L.M., Faraco, T., Lafon, J-M., Cordani, U., Wong, T.E.Paleoproterzoic evolution of the Guiana Shield in Suriname: a revised model.Netherlands Journal of Geolsciences, Vol. 95, 4, pp. 491-522.South America, SurinameGuiana shield

Abstract: The Proterozoic basement of Suriname consists of a greenstone-tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite belt in the northeast of the country, two high-grade belts in the northwest and southwest, respectively, and a large granitoid-felsic volcanic terrain in the central part of the country, punctuated by numerous gabbroic intrusions. The basement is overlain by the subhorizontal Proterozoic Roraima sandstone formation and transected by two Proterozoic and one Jurassic dolerite dyke swarms. Late Proterozoic mylonitisation affected large parts of the basement. Almost 50 new U-Pb and Pb-Pb zircon ages and geochemical data have been obtained in Suriname, and much new data are also available from the neighbouring countries. This has led to a considerable revision of the geological evolution of the basement. The main orogenic event is the Trans-Amazonian Orogeny, resulting from southwards subduction and later collision between the Guiana Shield and the West African Craton. The first phase, between 2.18 and 2.09 Ga, shows ocean floor magmatism, volcanic arc development, sedimentation, metamorphism, anatexis and plutonism in the Marowijne Greenstone Belt and the adjacent older granites and gneisses. The second phase encompasses the evolution of the Bakhuis Granulite Belt and Coeroeni Gneiss Belt through rift-type basin formation, volcanism, sedimentation and, between 2.07 and 2.05 Ga, high-grade metamorphism. The third phase, between 1.99 and 1.95 Ga, is characterised by renewed high-grade metamorphism in the Bakhuis and Coeroeni belts along an anticlockwise cooling path, and ignimbritic volcanism and extensive and varied intrusive magmatism in the western half of the country. An alternative scenario is also discussed, implying an origin of the Coeroeni Gneiss Belt as an active continental margin, recording northwards subduction and finally collision between a magmatic arc in the south and an older northern continent. The Grenvillian collision between Laurentia and Amazonia around 1.2-1.0 Ga caused widespread mylonitisation and mica age resetting in the basement.
DS201904-0772
2017
Fraga, L.M.Reis, N.J., Nadeau, S., Fraga, L.M., Menezes Betiollo, L., Telma Lins, Faraco, M., Reece, J., Lachhman, D., Ault, R.Stratigraphy of the Roraima Supergroup along the Brazil-Guyana border in the Guiana shield, northern Amazonian craton - results of the Brazil Guyana geology and geodiversity mapping project.Brazilian Journal of Geology, Vol. 41, 1, pp. 43-57.South America, Brazil, GuyanaGuiana shield

Abstract: The Geological and Geodiversity Mapping binational program along the Brazil-Guyana border zone allowed reviewing and integrating the stratigraphy and nomenclature of the Roraima Supergroup along the Pakaraima Sedimentary Block present in northeastern Brazil and western Guyana. The area mapped corresponds to a buffer zone of approximately 25 km in width on both sides of the border, of a region extending along the Maú-Ireng River between Mount Roraima (the triple-border region) and Mutum Village in Brazil and Monkey Mountain in Guyana. The south border of the Roraima basin is overlain exclusively by effusive and volcaniclastic rocks of the Surumu Group of Brazil and its correlated equivalent the Burro-Burro Group of Guyana.
DS201904-0718
1991
Fragoso-Cesar, A.R.Bossi, J., Campal, N., Civetta, L., Demarchi, G., Girardi, V.V., Mazzucchelli, M., Piccirillo, E.M., Rivalenti, G., Sinigol, S., Teixeira, W., Fragoso-Cesar, A.R.Petrological and geochronological aspects of the Precambrian mafic dyke swarm of Uruguay. IN: Eng. Note Date****BOL.IG-USP, Publ.Esp., Vol. 10, pp. 35-42.South America, Uruguaydykes

Abstract: The subparallel maflc dykes of the Aorida-Durazno-S.José region (SW Uruguay) trend N60-80W and vary in thickness from 0.6 to 50 m. They are part of the mafic dyke swarms intrudlng granitic-gnelssic basement that were mappecl by BOSSI et ai. (1989), In an ares approximately 200 km In length and 100 km in bresdth. Plagioclass, augite, subcalclc augite (plgeonite) and opaques are the maln components of the dykes. Orthopyroxene and oIlvine are very rare. Blotite and homblende are secondary minerais. Quartz-feldspar Intergrowths occur In the coarser gralnecl dykes. The characterlstlc textures are subophitic and intersertal.
DS1991-0505
1991
Fralick, P.Fralick, P., Barrett, T.J.Precambrian depositional systems along the southwestern edge of the Superior cratonGeological Association of Canada (GAC) Annual Meeting held Toronto May 1991, Guidebook, No. A3, 55pOntarioArchean sediments, Precambrian depositional systems
DS200512-0127
2004
Fralick, P.Burton, J.P., Fralick, P.Depositional placer accumulations in coarse grained alluvial braided river systems.Economic Geology, Vol. 98, August no. 5, pp. 995-1001.Canada, Alberta, OntarioGeomorphology, placers, indicator minerals
DS1994-0494
1994
Fralick, P.W.Eriksson, K.A., Krapez, B., Fralick, P.W.Sedimentology of Archean greenstone belts: signatures of tectonicevolutionEarth Science Reviews, Vol. 37, pp. 1-88South Africa, Canada, Ontario, Zimbabwe, AustraliaCraton -greenstone belts, Kaapvaal, Superior, Zimbabwe, Pilbara
DS1993-0458
1993
Fram, M.S.Fram, M.S., Lesher, C.E.Geochemical constraints on mantle melting during creation of the North Atlantic basinNature, Vol. 363, No. 6431, June 24, pp. 712-715MantleCraton, Geochemistry
DS1993-0459
1993
Fram, M.S.Fram, M.S., Lesher, C.E.Geochemical constraints on mantle melting during creation of the North-Atlantic BasinNature, Vol. 363, No. 6431, June 24, pp. 712-714MantleGeochemistry, Basin
DS1900-0405
1906
Frames, M.Frames, M.Note on Peridotite Breccia Dykes and Diamond PipesSouth Africa Mines Commerce and Industry, Vol. 4, SEPT. 15TH. PP. 36-37.Africa, South AfricaGeology, Detailed
DS1910-0527
1917
Frames, M.Frames, M.Alluvial Diamond Diggings: Wasted Energy. I. and IiSouth African Mining Journal, Vol. 27, PT. 1, No. 1366, Dec. 1ST. P. 292-293. ALSO: Dec. 8South AfricaMining Economics, Mining Engineering, Conditions
DS1860-1029
1898
Frames, M.E.Draper, D., Frames, M.E.The Diamond (1898)Johannesburg: Mathews And Walker., 40P.Africa, South AfricaProspecting
DS1860-1081
1899
Frames, M.E.Draper, D., Frames, M.E.On the Diamond Pipes of the South African RepublicGeological Society of South Africa Transactions, Vol. 4, PT. 1, P. 5. P. 34.Africa, South AfricaGeology
DS1993-0424
1993
Franca, A.B.Eyles, C.H., Eyles, N., Franca, A.B.Glaciation and tectonics in an active intracratonic basin: the late Palaeozoic Itar are Group, Parana Basin, BrasilSedimentology, Vol. 40, No. 1, February pp. 1-26BrazilGeomorphology, Tectonics
DS202203-0340
2022
Franca, G.S.de Moura Almeida, Y., Marotta, G.S., Franca, G.S., Vidotti, R.M., Fuck, R.A.Crustal thickness estimation and tectonic analysis of the Amazonian craton from gravity data.Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 111, 10p. PdfSouth America, Brazilgeophysics - seismics

Abstract: The crustal thickness in South America has been mostly determined using seismological techniques. However, because these techniques provide point constraint or profile-specific results, the crustal thickness maps become especially dependent on both the number and spatial distribution of seismological stations. In the Amazonian Craton, the extensive forest cover restricts the number of existing stations, not allowing to elaborate a solely seismological crustal thickness model with homogeneous data coverage. Therefore, to overcome this difficulty, this work proposes a crustal thickness model for the Amazonian Craton developed based on the Parker-Oldenburg method and the Global Geopotential Model called GECO, considering the relationships between wavelengths and depths of the investigation sources. Furthermore, the developed iterative process allowed to determine the average depth of the crust-mantle interface, the density contrast at the interface, and the minimum and maximum frequencies used in the signal filtering process, making the model more robust for defining the used constants. The average crustal thickness of the Amazonian Craton was estimated as 40.25 km, with a standard deviation of the differences of 4.91 km, compared to crustal thickness defined by the seismological data. The estimated model shows great consistency with the data set used while allowing important inferences about craton compartmentation. Also, the geological provinces displayed an N-S connecting trend under the Amazonas, Solimões, and Acre basins, correlating the Guyana Shield with the Central Brazil Shield. Additionally, we observed various tectonic cycles acting on the craton while significantly modifying the structure of the provinces, possibly removing cratonic roots and rejuvenating the crust in older provinces.
DS201907-1567
2017
Franca, O.S.Pereira, R.G., Fuck, R.A., Franca, O.S., Leite, A.A.Evidence of young, proximal and primary ( YPP) diamond source occurring in alluviums in the Sant Antonio do Bonito, Santo Inacio and Dourahinho rivers in the Coromandel region, Minas Gerais.Brazil Journal of Geology, Vol. 47, 3, pp. 383-401. pdfSouth America, Brazilkimberlites, kamafugites, Tres Ranchos, Coromandel

Abstract: Magmatism associated with the Alto Paranaíba structural high comprises kimberlites, kamafugites, and alkaline complexes, forming an approximately 400 x 150 km NW-SE belt in the southern São Francisco Craton. Dating of some intrusions reveals ages between 120 and 75 Ma. Chemical analyses of garnet recovered in alluvium from traditional diamond digging areas indicate peridotitic garnet windows in Três Ranchos and Coromandel. Six hundred and eighty (680) diamonds acquired or recovered during mineral exploration in the digging areas of Romaria, Estrela do Sul, Três Ranchos and Coromandel show unique characteristics, certain populations indicating young, proximal and primary sources (YPP). Analyses of 201 stones from Santo Antônio do Bonito, Santo Inácio and Douradinho rivers alluvium, Coromandel, present no evidence of transport, characterizing a proximal source. Within these river basins, exposures of the Late Cretaceous Capacete Formation basal conglomerate contain mainly small rounded and/or angular quartzite pebbles and of basic and ultrabasic rocks, as well as kimberlite minerals (garnet, ilmenite, spinel, sometimes diamond). A magnetotelluric profile between the Paraná and Sanfranciscana basins shows that the thick underlying lithosphere in the Coromandel region coincides with the peridotitic garnet window and with a diamond population displaying proximal source characteristics. Diamond-bearing kimberlite intrusions occur in different areas of Alto Paranaíba.
DS1997-0210
1997
Francala, L.Conticelli, S., Francala, L., Manetti, P. Cioni, R.Petrology and geochemistry of the ultrapotassic rocks from the SabatiniJournal of Volcanology, Vol. 75, No. 1-2 Jan. pp. 107-136.ItalyUltrapotassic, Magma
DS1987-0221
1987
Francalanci, L.Francalanci, L., Peccerillo, A., Poli, G.Partition coefficients for minerals in potassium alkaline rocks: dat a from Roman province (Central Italy)Geochemical Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 1-10ItalyAlkaline rocks, Analyses
DS1975-0743
1978
France, J.France, J.The Areal Geology and Economic Geology of BotswanaGeol. Pruzkum., Vol. 20, No. 3, PP. 81-84.BotswanaBlank
DS200912-0227
2008
France, L.France, L., Ouillon, N., Chazot, G., Kornprobst, J., Boivin, P.CMAS 3D a new program to visualize and project major element composites in the CMAS system.Computers & Geosciences, in press availableTechnologyMineral chemistry - not specific to diamonds
DS201509-0396
2015
France, L.France, L., Chazot, G., Kornprobst, J., Dallai, L., Vannucci, R., Gregoire, M., Bertrand, H., Boivin, P.Mantle refertilization and magmatism in old orogenic regions: the role of late-orogenic pyroxenites.Lithos, Vol. 232, pp. 49-75.Africa, Morocco, Cameroon, Jordan, Europe, FranceXenoliths

Abstract: Pyroxenites and garnet pyroxenites are mantle heterogeneities characterized by a lower solidus temperature than the enclosing peridotites; it follows that they are preferentially involved during magma genesis. Constraining their origin, composition, and the interactions they underwent during their subsequent evolution is therefore essential to discuss the sources of magmatism in a given area. Pyroxenites could represent either recycling of crustal rocks in mantle domains or mantle originated rocks (formed either by olivine consuming melt-rock reactions or by crystal fractionation). Petrological and geochemical (major and trace elements, Sr-Nd and O isotopes) features of xenoliths from various occurrences (French Massif-Central, Jordan, Morocco and Cameroon) show that these samples represent cumulates crystallized during melt percolation at mantle conditions. They formed in mantle domains at pressures of 1-2 GPa during post-collisional magmatism (possibly Hercynian for the French Massif-Central, and Panafrican for Morocco, Jordan and Cameroon). The thermal re-equilibration of lithospheric domains, typical of the late orogenic exhumation stages, is also recorded by the samples. Most of the samples display a metasomatic overprint that may be either inherited or likely linked to the recent volcanic activity that occurred in the investigated regions. The crystallization of pyroxenites during late orogenic events has implications for the subsequent evolution of the mantle domains. The presence of large amounts of mantle pyroxenites in old orogenic regions indeed imparts peculiar physical and chemical characteristics to these domains. Among others, the global solidus temperature of the whole lithospheric domain will be lowered; in turn, this implies that old orogenic regions are refertilized zones where magmatic activity would be enhanced.
DS201709-1985
2017
France, L.France, L., Boulanger, M., Mollex, G., Devidal, J-L. .Oldoinyo Lengai natrocarbonatite derives from calciocarbonatite.Goldschmidt Conference, abstract 1p.Africa, Tanzaniadeposit, Oldoinyo

Abstract: Carbonatites are rare magmas containing almost no silica; the corresponding crystallized rocks represent the main rare earth elements (REE) deposits in production. Oldoinyo Lengai (Tanzania) is the only active carbonatite volcano on Earth, and may be used as a natural laboratory to identify the parameters responsible for the genesis of the >500 reported fossil occurrences of carbonatite magmas. Nevertheless the carbonatites emitted at Oldoinyo Lengai are unique as alkalirich (natrocarbonatites), and their origin may not be representative of the fossil carbonatites (calcio-, ferro-, magnesio-carbonatites). Here we use three-phases melt inclusions trapped in clinopyroxenes and nephelines from cognate cumulates – that sample the active magma chamber of Oldoinyo Lengai – emitted during the 2007-08 sub-plinian explosive eruption to track the carbonatite presence within the plumbing system, and to eventually quantify its composition at depth. We show that although natrocarbonatites are emitted at Oldoinyo Lengai summit, more classical calciocarbonatites are present at magma chamber depth, consistent with rare natrocarbonatites being derived from more classical calciocarbonatites by further magma differentiation. Those unique cognate samples allows us to provide the first direct measurements of partition coefficients for major and trace elements of natural coexisting in equilibrium carbonatite and silicate melts. Partition coefficients suggests that natrocarbonatites derive from calciocarbonatites by fractionating Ca-rich, and Na-poor phases. The Oldoinyo Lengai can therefore be used as a perfect analogue of fossil igneous systems that are now exhumed, commonly lacking any relation with the initial geodynamic setting, and form REE mineral deposits.
DS201709-2034
2017
France, L.Mollex, G., France, L., Furi, E., Bonnet, R., Botcharnikov, R.E., Zimmermann, L., Wilke, S., Deloule, E., Chazot, G., Kazimoto. E.O., Marty, B., Burnard, P.The Oldoinyo Lengai volcano plumbing system architecture, and composition from source to surface.Goldschmidt Conference, abstract 1p.Africa, Tanzaniadeposit, Oldoinyo

Abstract: Cognate xenoliths that have been emitted during the last sub-plinian eruption in 2007-08 at Oldoinyo Lengai (OL) represent a unique opportunity to document the igneous processes occuring within the active magma chamber. Detailed petrographic descriptions coupled to a thermobarometric approach, and to the determination of volatile solubility models, allow us to identify the melt evolution at magma chamber conditions, and the storage parameters (P, T). Results indicate that a fresh phonolite melt (~1060°C) was injected into a crustal magma chamber at 11.5 ±3.5 km depth, in agreement with geophysical surveys performed during the eruption. The phonolite contains high volatile contents: 3.2 wt.% H2O and 1.4 wt.% CO2. The liquid line of descent highlights an evolution to nephelinite compositions by cooling down to 880°C. Our results support previous results related to this eruption, and are similar to the historical products emitted during the whole volcano history, allowing us to suggest that no major modification in the plumbing system has occured during the OL evolution. New noble gas results show that: i. fumaroles display constant He isotopic signature since 1988; ii. Cognate xenoliths documenting the active magma chamber and fumaroles display similar He isotopic values (6.58±0.46RA, and 7.31±0.40RA, respectively); iii. OL He isotopic composition is similar to that of other silicate volcanoes of the Arusha region, and comparable to the typical subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) range (5.2 to 7.0 RA); iv. Ne isotopic ratio of OL is following the MORB signature. Those results are interpreted as showing that 1/ no major modification in the hydrothermal system architecture has occured since 1988 despite major modification of the summit crater morphology, 2/ no contamination by either the atmospheric gases, or crustal material assimilation has occured between the magma chamber and the surface, and 3/ the source of OL and of the other silicate volcanoes in the Arusha region is a SCLM metasomatized by asthenospheric fluids.
DS201802-0240
2018
France, L.Gu, X., Ingrin, J., Deloule, E., France, L., Xia, Q.Metasomatism in the sub-continental lithospheric mantle beneath the south French Massif Central: constraints from trace elements, Li and H in peridotite minerals.Chemical Geology, Vol. 478, pp. 2-17.Europe, Franceperidotite

Abstract: Mantle metasomatism by percolating melts/fluids can significantly modify the geochemical and mineralogical compositions of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). We present a detailed study of water contents and Li concentrations and isotopic compositions in mantle minerals from a suite of peridotite xenoliths entrained by a Cenozoic Strombolian volcano in the southern French Massif Central (FMC). Wide ranging clinopyroxene trace element distributions (e.g., (La/Yb)N from 0.25 to 22.21; Ti/Eu ratios from 453 to 4892) suggest that the SCLM has undergone metasomatism by carbonatitic melts/fluids or melts/fluids related to subducted materials. Two amphibole-bearing samples exhibit depletion of light rare earth elements (LREE; (La/Yb)N = 0.26 and 0.30, respectively) in amphiboles, similar to that in co-existing clinopyroxenes; these samples indicate that amphiboles grew during a separate modally metasomatic event predating the cryptic metasomatism accounting for LREE enrichment and negative HFSE anomalies in other samples. Mineral Li concentrations are similar to those in the normal mantle, with inter-mineral Li partitioning nearly equilibrated and intragranular Li distributions nearly homogeneous. However, negative ?7Li values of pyroxenes in some samples (as low as ? 8.8‰ in clinopyroxene of sample MC38) can be attributed to diffusive exchange with a small-volume melt of moderate Li concentration and light Li isotopic composition, originally associated with a recycled component. Preservation of the currently observed large inter-mineral Li isotopic variations indicates that melt percolation occurred shortly before entrainment of the peridotite xenoliths by the host magma. Mineral water contents vary from 41 to 428 ppm in clinopyroxenes and from 28 to 152 ppm in orthopyroxenes, and their roughly negative co-variation with coexisting olivine Fo contents imply that partial melting was the main control over mineral water content variations in most samples. Varied water contents in LREE-enriched metasomatized samples indicate the involvement of metasomatic agents of different origins. The aqueous agent responsible for generation of amphiboles in two samples did not produce a notable increase in the water contents of coexisting nominally anhydrous minerals.
DS201909-2020
2019
France, L.Baudouin, C., France, L., Boulanger, M., Dalou, C., Devidal, J-L.New constraints on trace element partitioning between minerals and alkaline melts.Goldschmidt2019, 1p. AbstractGlobalalkaline rocks
DS201909-2063
2019
France, L.Mollex, G., France, L., Boulanger, M., Devidal, J-L.Oldoinyo Lengai natrocarbonatites derive from classical calciocarbonatites: a melt inclusion approach.Goldschmidt2019, 1p. AbstractAfrica, Tanzaniadeposit - Oldoinyo Lengai

Abstract: Carbonatites are rare magmas containing almost no silica; their igneous counterparts represent the main rare earth element deposits inoperation. No consensus exists on their origin, genesis and evolution. Oldoinyo Lengai (Tanzania) is the only active carbonatite volcano, but the alkali-rich natrocarbonatites it erupts are unique among the >500 reported fossil carbonatite occurrences. Here, we use threephase melt inclusions hosted in minerals from cognate cumulates (clinopyroxene, nepheline, Ti-garnet, interstitial melt)— which sampled the active Oldoinyo Lengai magma chamber during the 2007-08 sub-Plinian explosive eruption—to track the carbonatite presence within the plumbing system, and to eventually quantify its composition at depth. We show that although natrocarbonatites are emitted at the Oldoinyo Lengai summit, more classical calciocarbonatites are present at magma chamber depth (~3.5 kbar, 1050 to 900°C), which is consistent with the model of rare natrocarbonatites deriving from calciocarbonatites by further magma differentiation. We also show that those calciocarbonatites are not isolated but rather conjugated with alkali-rich silica melt suggesting a joint evolution. We eventually present the first direct measurements of major and trace element partition coefficients between natural coexisting carbonate and silicate melts. Partitioning behaviour and recent experiments support our conclusion that natrocarbonatites derive from calciocarbonatites by fractionating Ca-rich, Na-poor phases. As natrocarbonatites are highly unstable at surface conditions, they were likely erupted but not preserved in association with fossil calciocarbonatites worldwide. Oldoinyo Lengai can then be considered as representative of other carbonatite systems, and provide us with the unique opportunity to observe the plumbing system architecture, and to constrain the protracted differentiation path of a carbonatite system.
DS202006-0911
2020
France, L.Baudouin, C., France, L., Boulanger, M., Dalou, C., Devidal, J-L.Trace element partitioning between clinopyroxene and alkaline magmas: parametrization and role of M1 site on HREE enrichment in clinopyroxenes.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 175, 15p. PdfAfrica, Tanzaniadeposit - Oldoinyo Lengai

Abstract: Trace element partitioning between minerals and liquids provides crucial constraints on igneous processes. We quantified trace element concentrations in clinopyroxene (Cpx) phenocrysts and their phonolite melt inclusions from the 2007-08 eruption of Oldoinyo Lengai (Tanzania), and report Cpx-melt partition coefficients (D) and corresponding partitioning equations for rare earth elements (REE) and high field strength elements (HFSE) in alkaline magmas. Heavy REE (HREE: Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) are enriched relative to middle REE in alkaline Cpx and display a specific partitioning behavior that is characteristic of alkaline systems. HFSE (Ti, Zr, Hf) and HREE have similar D values (DHf?=?0.25; DLu?=?0.4) that are significantly higher than MREE (DSm?=?0.06). High DHREE/DMREE are strongly correlated with the high values of DZr and DHf relative to the low DMREE values. In this study, REE partitioning between phonolite melt and Cpx is not consistent with standard models assuming incorporation of all REE in the Cpx M2 site, but rather highlights HREE substitution in both the M1 and M2 sites. Here we highlight the preferential incorporation of HREE in the VI-coordinated M1 site, whereas light REE and MREE remain mostly distributed in the VIII-coordinated M2 site. REE partitioning is strongly dependent on Cpx chemistry: the ideal ionic radius and HREE incorporation in the M1 site increase with increasing Fe3+ content and decrease with increasing Mg2+ and AlVI content. In our study, we focus on alkaline evolved magmas, and update existing models to obtain adequate DHREE for alkaline evolved melts. We provide equations to quantify REE and HFSE partitioning, and HREE enrichment in Cpx that are based on Cpx major element composition and temperature. We propose a new model based on the lattice strain approach that predicts HREE partitioning between Cpx and alkaline magmas. The knowledge of the melt composition or of the trace element contents is not required to obtain DREE from the new model. An improved parameterization of HFSE partitioning between Cpx and phonolite and trachy-phonolite melts is also provided herein. We discuss the potential implications of the new data on our understanding of REE deposits that are commonly associated with igneous alkaline complexes.
DS202011-2033
2020
France, L.Casola, V., France, L., Galy, A., Bouden, N., Villeneuve, J.No evidence for carbon enrichment in the mantle source of carbonatites in eastern Africa.Geology, Vol. 48, 10, pp. 971976. pdfAfrica, Tanzaniadeposit - Oldoinyo Lengai

Abstract: Carbonatites are unusual, carbon-rich magmas thought to form either by the melting of a carbon-rich mantle source or by low-degree partial melting of a carbon-poor (<80 ppm C) mantle followed by protracted differentiation and/or immiscibility. Carbonate-bearing mantle xenoliths from Oldoinyo Lengai (East African Rift), the only active volcano erupting carbonatites, have provided key support for a C-rich mantle source. Here, we report unique microscale O and C isotopic analyses of those carbonates, which are present as interstitial grains in the silicate host lava, veins in the xenoliths, and pseudo-inclusions in olivine xenoliths. The ?18O values vary little, from 19‰ to 29‰, whereas ?13C values are more variable, ranging from -23‰ to +0.5‰. We show that such carbonate ?18O values result from the low-temperature precipitation of carbonate in equilibrium with meteoric water, rather than under mantle conditions. In this framework, the observed ?13C values can be reproduced by Rayleigh distillation driven by carbonate precipitation and associated degassing. Together with petrological evidence of a physical connection between the three types of carbonates, our isotopic data support the pedogenic formation of carbonates in the studied xenoliths by soil-water percolation and protracted crystallization along xenolith cracks. Our results refute a mechanism of C enrichment in the form of mantle carbonates in the mantle beneath the Natron Lake magmatic province and instead support carbonatite formation by low-degree partial melting of a C-poor mantle and subsequent protracted differentiation of alkaline magmas.
DS202012-2210
2020
France, L.Casola, V., France, L., Galy, A., Bouden, N., Villeneuve, J.No evidence for carbon enrichment in the mantle source of carbonatites in eastern Africa.Geology, Vol. 48, 10, 5p. PdfAfrica, Tanzaniacarbonatites

Abstract: Carbonatites are unusual, carbon-rich magmas thought to form either by the melting of a carbon-rich mantle source or by low-degree partial melting of a carbon-poor (<80 ppm C) mantle followed by protracted differentiation and/or immiscibility. Carbonate-bearing mantle xenoliths from Oldoinyo Lengai (East African Rift), the only active volcano erupting carbonatites, have provided key support for a C-rich mantle source. Here, we report unique microscale O and C isotopic analyses of those carbonates, which are present as interstitial grains in the silicate host lava, veins in the xenoliths, and pseudo-inclusions in olivine xenoliths. The ?18O values vary little, from 19‰ to 29, whereas ?13C values are more variable, ranging from -23‰ to +0.5‰. We show that such carbonate ?18O values result from the low-temperature precipitation of carbonate in equilibrium with meteoric water, rather than under mantle conditions. In this framework, the observed ?13C values can be reproduced by Rayleigh distillation driven by carbonate precipitation and associated degassing. Together with petrological evidence of a physical connection between the three types of carbonates, our isotopic data support the pedogenic formation of carbonates in the studied xenoliths by soil-water percolation and protracted crystallization along xenolith cracks. Our results refute a mechanism of C enrichment in the form of mantle carbonates in the mantle beneath the Natron Lake magmatic province and instead support carbonatite formation by low-degree partial melting of a C-poor mantle and subsequent protracted differentiation of alkaline magmas.
DS202203-0346
2021
France, L.France, L., Brouillet, F., Lang, S.Early carbonatite magmatism at Oldoinyo Lengai volcano ( Tanzania): carbonatite-silicate melt immiscibility in Lengai 1 melt inclusions.Comptes Rendus Geoscience, Vol. 353, no S2, pp. 273-288. pdfAfrica, Tanzaniadeposit - Oldoinyo Lengai

Abstract: Carbonatites are unusual C-rich alkaline magmas that have been reported throughout the geological record. Nevertheless, there is only one currently active carbonatite system on Earth: Oldoinyo Lengai stratovolcano in northern Tanzania (God’s mountain in Maasai culture). Present-day Lengai carbonatites are natrocarbonatites, peculiar Na-rich carbonatites that, under atmospheric conditions, alter and leach to compositions similar to the more common Ca-carbonatites within weeks, preventing any long-term geological record of such Na-rich magmas. It follows that the oldest report of natrocarbonatites at Oldoinyo Lengai dates to the 19th century. Here, by using samples from the Lengai I cone (11 ka), we show that immiscible silicate-carbonatite melts were already present at reservoir conditions at that time. Measurements of three-phase (carbonatite silicate gas) melt inclusions from Lengai I highlight that their chemical compositions were similar to those of immiscible melts recently present in the reservoir. Alkaline carbonatites in melt inclusions from both Lengai I and historical explosive eruptions are enriched in Ca relative to those historically effused at the surface and likely record higher equilibrium temperatures (1100 °C). We also report chemical maps that qualitatively document elemental partitioning between immiscible silicate-carbonatite melts. We show that at the melt inclusions’ entrapment conditions Si, Fe, K, Na, and Cl are compatible with the silicate phase when C, Ca, P, Sr, Ba, and F are compatible with the carbonate phase.
DS1992-0072
1992
Franceschi, G.Bakker, P.J., Franceschi, G., Kieley, J.W.The use of electromagnetic and magnetic methods in the exploration for kimberlitic rock: a case history from Western KenyaJournal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 4, May pp. 511-518KenyaGeophysics -magnetics, Kimberlites
DS1997-0171
1997
Franceschi, G.Castelli, D., Connolly, J., Franceschi, G.VERTEXVIEW: an interactive program to analyze and plot petrological phasediagramsComputers and geosciences, Vol. 23, No. 8, pp. 883-888GlobalComputer - VERTEXVIEW., Petrology
DS1982-0529
1982
Francesson, E.V.Rozova, E.V., Francesson, E.V., et al.Ferrigenous Chromespinelides in Kimberlites of YakutiaAcademy of Science USSR GEOL. SERIES, No. 11, PP. 78-86.RussiaKimberlite
DS2001-0563
2001
Francheschi, D.Kahn, J.R., Francheschi, D., Curi, A., Vale, E.Economic and financial aspects of mine closureNatural Res. Forum, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 265-74.GlobalLegal - economics, Mine closure
DS1992-0570
1992
Franchi, I.A.Gilmour, I., Russell, S.S., Arden, J.W., Lee, M.R., Franchi, I.A.Terrestrial carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios from Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary nanodiamondsScience, Vol. 258, December 4, pp. 1624-1626GlobalGeochronology, Nanodiamonds
DS201412-0577
2014
Franchi, I.A.Mikhail, S., Guillermier, C., Franchi, I.A., Beard, A.D., Crispin, K., Verchovsky, A.B., Jones, A.P., Milledge, H.J.Empirical evidence for the fractionation of carbon isotopes between diamond and iron carbide from the Earth's mantle.Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems: G3, Vol. 15, 4, pp. 855-866.MantleGeochronology
DS2003-0935
2003
Franciosi, L.Melluso, L., Morra, V., Brotzu, P., Franciosi, L., Lieberknecht, A.M.P., BennioGeochemical provinciality in the Cretaceous basaltic magmatism of northernJournal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 160, 3, pp. 477-488.MadagascarBlank
DS2003-0936
2003
Franciosi, L.Melluso, L., Morra, V., Brotzu, P., Franciosi, L., Petteruti Lieberknecht, A.M.Geochemical provinciality in the Cretaceous basaltic magmatism of northernJournal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 160, 3, May pp. 477-88.MadagascarMagmatism - not specific to diamonds
DS200412-1295
2003
Franciosi, L.Melluso, L., Morra, V., Brotzu, P., Franciosi, L., Lieberknecht, A.M.P., Bennio, L.Geochemical provinciality in the Cretaceous basaltic magmatism of northern Madagascar: mantle source immplications.Journal of the Geological Society, Vol. 160, 3, pp. 477-488.Africa, MadagascarGeochemistry - not specific to diamonds
DS200412-1296
2003
Franciosi, L.Melluso, L., Morra, V., Brotzu, P., Franciosi, L., Petteruti Lieberknecht, A.M., Benno, L.Geochemical provinciality in the Cretaceous basaltic magmatism of northern Madagascar: mantle source implications.Journal of the Geological Society, Vol. 160, 3, May pp. 477-88.Africa, MadagascarMagmatism - not specific to diamonds
DS200512-0716
2005
Franciosi, L.Melluso, L., Morra, V., Bortsu, P., Tommasini, S., Renna, MR, Duncan, R., Franciosi, L., D'Amelio, F.Geochronology and petrogenesis of the Cretaceous Antampombato Ambatovy Complex and associated dyke swarm, Madagascar.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 46, 10, pp. 1963-1996.Africa, MadagascarGeochronology - dike
DS1984-0146
1984
FrancisBedard, J.H., Francis, HYNES, Nadeau.Fractionation in the Feeder System at a Proterozoic Rifted MarginCanadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 21, pp. 489-99.GlobalBasalts, Tectonics
DS1992-0512
1992
FrancisGaonach, H., Ludden, Picard, FrancisHighly alkaline lavas in a Proterozoic rift zone: implications for Precambrian mantle metasomatic processGeology, Vol. 20, Mar. pp. 247-50.Labrador, Ungava, QuebecTectonics, Cape Smith thrust belt, Mantle metasomatism, Alkaline lavas, Nephelinites, basanites
DS1998-0734
1998
FrancisKent, A.J.R., Stolper, Woodhead, Hutcheon, FrancisUsing glass inclusions to investigate a heterogeneous mantle: an example from N and EMORB like lavas BaffinMineralogical Magazine, Goldschmidt abstract, Vol. 62A, p. 765-6.Northwest Territories, Baffin IslandBasalts - phenocrysts, olivine
DS1989-0939
1989
Francis, C.A.Mariano, A.N., Francis, C.A.Dalyite from fenites in carbonatite complexes of the Minas Gerais-Goiasbelt, BrasilGeological Society of America (GSA) Annual Meeting Abstracts, Vol. 21, No. 6, p. A46. AbstractBrazilCarbonatite, Mineralogy -Dalyite
DS201412-0252
2014
Francis, C.A.Francis, C.A., Betts, J.H.Coming to terms with diamonds: a matter of facts.Rocks and Minerals, Jan.-Feb. pp. 30-34.Diamond terms
DS1985-0198
1985
Francis, D.Francis, D.The Baffin Bay lavas and the value of picrites as analogues ofprimarymagmasContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 89, No. 2-3, pp. 144-154Northwest Territories, Padloping IslandPicrite
DS1986-0253
1986
Francis, D.Francis, D.The pyroxene paradox in Mid Ocean Ridge Basalt (MORB) glasses- a signature of picriticparentalmagmasNature, Vol. 319, No. 6054, Feb. 13, pp. 586-588GlobalPicrite
DS1987-0222
1987
Francis, D.Francis, D.Mantle melt interaction recorded in spinel lherzolite xenoliths from the Alligator Lake volcanic complex, Yukon CanadaJournal of Petrology, Vol. 28, pt. 3, pp. 569-597YukonMagma genesis, Xenolith
DS1989-0443
1989
Francis, D.Francis, D.Mantle xenoliths and the sources of alkaline magmasGeological Association of Canada (GAC) Annual Meeting Program Abstracts, Vol. 14, p. A50. (abstract.)GlobalExperimental Petrology, Xenoliths
DS1989-0444
1989
Francis, D.Francis, D., Ludden, J.The mantle sources for Quaternary alkaline volcanism in the Northern Canadian CorrdilleraNew Mexico Bureau of Mines Bulletin., Continental Magmatism Abstract Volume, Held, Bulletin. No. 131, p. 97 Abstract held June 25-July 1British Columbia, YukonVolcanology, Mantle
DS1990-0489
1990
Francis, D.Francis, D., Ludden, J.The mantle source for olivine nephelinite, basanite and alkaline olivine basalt at Fort Selkirk, Yukon,CanadaJournal of Petrology, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 371-400YukonBasanite, Alkaline rocks
DS1990-1082
1990
Francis, D.Nadeau, S., Pineau, F., Javoy, M., Francis, D.Carbon concentrations and isotopic ratios in fluid-inclusion bearing upper mantle xenoliths along the northwestern margin of North AmericaChemical Geology, Vol. 81, No. 4, February 20, pp. 271-298United StatesGeochemistry, Xenolith inclusions
DS1991-0506
1991
Francis, D.Francis, D.Some implications of xenolith glasses for the mantle sources of alkaline mafic magmasContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 108, No. 1-2, pp. 175-180GlobalXenoliths, Mantle
DS1992-0481
1992
Francis, D.Francis, D., Chartrand, A., Ludden, J.Implications of HFS/LIL trace element variations for the mantle sources of recent alkaline volcanism in northern British Columbia and the Yukon, CanadaEos Transactions, Vol. 73, No. 14, April 7, supplement abstracts p.325British Columbia, YukonAlkaline volcanism., Geochemistry
DS1992-1283
1992
Francis, D.Robillard, I., Francis, D., Ludden, J.N.The relationship between E and N type magmas in the Baffin Bay lavasContribution to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 112, pp. 230-241.GlobalPicrite, Crustal contamination
DS1993-1607
1993
Francis, D.Toft, P.B., Scowen, A.H., Arkani-Hamed, J., Francis, D.Demagnetization by hydration in deep crustal rocks in the Grenville Province of Quebec, Canada: implications for magnetic anomalies of continental collision zonesGeology, Vol. 21, No. 11, November pp. 999-1002QuebecTectonics, Geophysics -magnetics
DS1994-0541
1994
Francis, D.Francis, D.Chemical interaction between picrite magmas and upper crust along the margins of the Muskox intrusionGeological Survey of Canada Paper, No. 92-12, 94pNorthwest TerritoriesMagma, Muskox intrusion
DS1994-0542
1994
Francis, D.Francis, D., Ludden, J., Shi, L.Tertiary olivine nephelinite intrusions of the Mount Llangorse alkaline volcanic field of northern British Columbia.Geological Association of Canada (GAC) Abstract Volume, Vol. 19, p.British ColumbiaAlkaline rocks, Llangorse
DS1994-0802
1994
Francis, D.Hynes, A., Francis, D., Legault, F.Basalt petrochemistry as a probe of crustal thickness in the Hudson BayArc, Quebec.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 127, No. 1-4, October pp. 11-24.QuebecGeochemistry, Crustal thickness
DS1994-1023
1994
Francis, D.Legault, F., Francis, D., Hynes, A., Budkewitsch, P.Proterozoic continental volcanism in the Belcher Islands: implications For the evolution Circum UngavaCanadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 31, pp. 1536-49.Quebec, Ungava, Labrador, Belcher Islandsvolcanism., Fold Belt
DS1995-0462
1995
Francis, D.Dunphy, J.M., Ludden, J.N., Francis, D.Geochemistry of mafic magmas from the Ungava orogen : implications for mantle reservoir compositions at 2.OGaChemical Geology, Vol. 120, pp. 361-380Quebec, Labrador, UngavaGeochemistry, Proterozoic mobile belts
DS1995-0558
1995
Francis, D.Francis, D.The implications of picritic lavas for the mantle sources of terrestrialvolcanism.Lithos, Vol. 34, No. 1-3, Jan. pp. 89-106MantleMagmatism, Picrites
DS1995-0559
1995
Francis, D.Francis, D., Ludden, J.The signature of amphibole in mafic alkaline lavas, a study in the Northern Canadian Cordillera.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 36, No. 5, Oct. 1, pp. 1171-1192.British Columbia, YukonAlkaline rocks
DS1996-0229
1996
Francis, D.Carignan, J., Ludden, J., Francis, D.On the recent enrichment of subcontinental lithosphere: a detailed uranium-lead (U-Pb)study of spinel lherzolite xenoliths...Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 60, No. 21, pp. 4241-52.YukonXenoliths
DS1997-0015
1997
Francis, D.Akinin, V.V., Roden, M., Francis, D., Apt, J., Moll-StalcupCompositional and thermal state of the upper mantle beneath the Bering Seabasalt Province: evidence....Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 34, No. 6, June pp. 789-800.RussiaChukchi Peninsula, Basalts
DS1997-0358
1997
Francis, D.Francis, D., et al.Mantle xenolith and alkaline basalt mapping of the lithospheric mantle beneath northwestern Canada.Lithoprobe Slave/SNORCLE., p. 128.MantleXenolith
DS1998-1294
1998
Francis, D.Schmidberger, S.S., Francis, D.The deep cratonic mantle roots beneath the Canadian craton: mantle xenolith evidence from Somerset Island.Mineralogical Magazine, Goldschmidt abstract, Vol. 62A, p. 1340.Northwest Territories, Somerset IslandOrthopyroxene, Deposit - Nikos
DS1998-1295
1998
Francis, D.Schmidberger, S.S., Francis, D.lead, neodymium, Strontium, Hafnium isotope dat a for Somerset Island mantle xenoliths - evidence for Archean deep mantle roots...Geological Association of Canada (GAC)/Mineralogical Association of, p. A167. abstract.Northwest Territories, Somerset IslandXenolith - petrology, Nikos kimberlites
DS1998-1334
1998
Francis, D.Shi, L., Francis, D., Bostock, M.Xenolith evidence for lithospheric melting above anomalously hot mantle under the northern Cordillera.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 131, No. 1, pp. 39-53.Canada, Northwest TerritoriesXenoltihs
DS1999-0222
1999
Francis, D.Francis, D., Ludden, J., Davis, W.Picrite evidence for more iron in Archean mantle reservoirsEarth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 167, No. 3-4, Apr. 15, pp. 197-214.MantlePicrite, Magma
DS1999-0633
1999
Francis, D.Schmidberger, S.S., Francis, D.Nature of the mantle roots beneath the North American Craton: mantle xenolith evidence from Somerset Island.Lithos, Vol. 48, No. 1-4, Sept. pp. 195-216.Northwest Territories, Somerset IslandXenoliths, Craton
DS2000-0674
2000
Francis, D.Modeland, S., Francis, D., Hynes, A.Geochemistry of mafic lavas from the Cape Smith foldbelt: as an eg. Paleoproterozoic Hawaiian hotspot?Geological Association of Canada (GAC)/Mineralogical Association of Canada (MAC) 2000 Conference, 1p. abstract.Quebec, Labrador, UngavaMagmatism, Mobile Belt
DS2000-0760
2000
Francis, D.Peslier, A.H., Reisberg, L., Francis, D.Rhenium- Osmium (Re-Os) constraints on harzburgite and lherzolite formation in the lithospheric mantle: a study xenolithsGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 64, No. 17, Sept. 1, pp. 3061-Northwest Territories, Western Canada, AlbertaXenoliths, Geochronology
DS2001-0003
2001
Francis, D.Abraham, A.C., Francis, D., Polve, M.Recent alkaline basalts as probes of the lithospheric mantle roots of the Northern Canadian Cordillera.Chemical Geology, Vol. 175, pp. 361-86.Yukon, British Columbia, CordilleraTectonics, Geochronology
DS2001-0328
2001
Francis, D.Francis, D.Cratonic mantle roots: the remnants of a chondritic Archean mantleKegs Diamond Short Course, Prospectors And Developers Association Of Canada (pdac)., MantleCraton - chondrites
DS2001-0329
2001
Francis, D.Francis, D.The composition, age and origin of the Canadian continental lithospheric mantle #1Slave-Kaapvaal Workshop, Sept. Ottawa, 2p. abstractNorthwest Territories, MantleGeochemistry, geochronology, Jericho, Somerset, Cordillera
DS2001-0330
2001
Francis, D.Francis, D., Schmidberger, S.The composition, age and origin of the Canadian continental lithospheric mantle #2Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada (PDAC) Short Course, 23p.Northwest Territories, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, OntarioXenolith - suites, Geochronology
DS2001-1031
2001
Francis, D.Schmidberger, S.S., Francis, D.Constraints on the trace element composition of the Archean mantle root beneath Somerset Island, Arctic .Journal of Petrology, Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 1095-1118.Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Somerset IslandGeochemistry
DS2001-1032
2001
Francis, D.Schmidberger, S.S., Simonetti, A., Francis, D.Strontium, neodymium, lead isotopes systematics of mantle xenoliths from Somerset island kimberlites. ( age 100 Ma).Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 65, No. 22, pp. 4243-55.Northwest Territories, Somerset IslandGeochronology - peridottites, pyroxenite xenoliths, Deposit - Nikos
DS2002-1069
2002
Francis, D.Modeland, S., Francis, D.Paleoproterozoic magmatism of central Baffin Island NunuvutGac/mac Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, Abstract Volume, P.76., p.76.Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Baffin IslandPicrites
DS2002-1070
2002
Francis, D.Modeland, S., Francis, D.Paleoproterozoic magmatism of central Baffin Island NunuvutGac/mac Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, Abstract Volume, P.76., p.76.Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Baffin IslandPicrites
DS2002-1420
2002
Francis, D.Schmidberger, S., Simonetti, A., Francis, D., GariepyProbing Archean lithosphere using the Lu Hf isotope systematics of peridotite xenoliths Somerset Island.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol.197,3-4,pp.245-59.Northwest Territories, Somerset IslandCraton, geochronology, Deposit - Nikos
DS2003-0421
2003
Francis, D.Francis, D.Implication of major element composition for the mantle sources of kimberlite, aillikite8 Ikc Www.venuewest.com/8ikc/program.htm, Session 7, AbstractMantleKimberlite petrogenesis, Review
DS2003-0422
2003
Francis, D.Francis, D.Cratonic mantle roots, remnants of a more chrondritic Archean mantle?Lithos, Vol. 71, 2-4, pp. 135-152.MantlePetrology - chrondite
DS2003-0423
2003
Francis, D.Francis, D., Abraham, A.C.Interrogating the Cordillera lithosphere with mafic volcanics and mantle xenolithsGeological Association of Canada Annual Meeting, Abstract onlyNorthwest TerritoriesXenoliths
DS2003-0962
2003
Francis, D.Modeland, S., Francis, D., Hynes, A.Enriched mantle components in Proterozoic continental flood basalts of the Cape SmithLithos, Vol. 71, 1, Nov. pp. 1-17.QuebecAlkaline rocks, Magmatism
DS2003-1226
2003
Francis, D.Schmidberger, S.S., Simonetti, A., Francis, D.Small scale Sr isotope investigation of clinopyroxenes from peridotite xenoliths by laserChemical Geology, Vol. Sept. 15, pp. 317-329.Somerset IslandGeochronology, Deposit - Nikos
DS2003-1227
2003
Francis, D.Schmidberger, S.S., Simonetti,. A., Francis, D.Small scale Sr isotope investigation of clinopyroxenes from peridotite xenoliths by laserChemical Geology, Vol. 199, No. 3-4, pp.317-29.MantleBlank
DS200412-0575
2003
Francis, D.Francis, D.Implication of major element composition for the mantle sources of kimberlite, aillikite, olivine lamproite and meimechite.8 IKC Program, Session 7, AbstractMantleKimberlite petrogenesis Review
DS200412-0576
2003
Francis, D.Francis, D.Cratonic mantle roots, remnants of a more chrondritic Archean mantle?Lithos, Vol. 71, 2-4, pp. 135-152.MantlePetrology - chrondite
DS200412-0577
2003
Francis, D.Francis, D., Abraham, A.C.Interrogating the Cordillera lithosphere with mafic volcanics and mantle xenoliths.Geological Association of Canada Annual Meeting, Abstract onlyCanada, Northwest TerritoriesXenoliths
DS200412-1342
2003
Francis, D.Modeland, S., Francis, D., Hynes, A.Enriched mantle components in Proterozoic continental flood basalts of the Cape Smith foldbelt, northern Quebec.Lithos, Vol. 71, 1, Nov. pp. 1-17.Canada, QuebecAlkaline rocks, Magmatism
DS200412-1756
2003
Francis, D.Schmidberger, S.S., Simonetti, A., Francis, D.Small scale Sr isotope investigation of clinopyroxenes from peridotite xenoliths by laser ablation MC-ICP-MS implications for maChemical Geology, Vol. 199, no. 3-4, pp.317-29.MantleGeochronology - Nikos
DS200512-0511
2004
Francis, D.Kent, A.J.R., Stolper, E.M., Francis, D., Woodhead, J., Frei, R., Eiler, J.Mantle heterogeneity during the formation of the North Atlantic igneous province: constraints from trace element and Sr Nd Os O isotope - Baffin Island picritesGeochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems: G3, Vol. 5, pp. Q11004 10.1029/2004GC000743Canada, Nunavut, Baffin IslandGeochemistry
DS200512-0748
2004
Francis, D.Morissette, C.J., Francis, D.Fragments of the Archean mantle in ultramafic dykes from Wawa ( Ontario).EOS Transaction of AGU, Vol. 85, no. 17, Joint Assembly Suppl. Abstract V23A-06. 1p.Canada, Ontario, WawaLamprophyre
DS200512-1045
2004
Francis, D.Stefan, I.A., Francis, D.Proterozoic mantle xenoliths in ultramafic dykes near Wawa, Ontario: implications for the lithospheic mantle underneath the central North American craton.Geological Society of America Annual Meeting ABSTRACTS, Nov. 7-10, Paper 17-7, Vol. 36, 5, p. 47.Canada, Ontario, WawaPicrite, ailikites
DS200512-1218
2004
Francis, D.Yaxley, G.M., Kamenetsky, V.S., Kamenetsky, M., Norman, M.D., Francis, D.Origins of compositional heterogeneity in olivine hosted melt inclusions from the Baffin Island picrites.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 148, 4, pp. 426-442.Canada, Nunavut, Baffin IslandPicrite
DS200612-0729
2006
Francis, D.Kopylova, M., Francis, D., Barron, L.The Earth's Mantle: new insights from diamonds and mantle xenoliths.Mineralogical Association of Canada, www.gacmac2006.caCanada, QuebecTechnical meeting - alluvials, UHP, craton
DS200712-0325
2007
Francis, D.Francis, D.Kimberlites as probes of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle.Geological Association of Canada, Gac-Mac Yellowknife 2007, May 23-25, Volume 32, 1 pg. abstract p.28.MantleMagma genesis
DS200812-0365
2008
Francis, D.Francis, D., Maurice, C.Ferropicrites and Archean crustal reworking in the northeastern Superior Provionce of Quebec.Goldschmidt Conference 2008, Abstract p.A281.Canada, QuebecPicrite
DS200812-0422
2008
Francis, D.Goldstein, S.B., Francis, D.The petrogenesis and mantle source of Archean ferropicrite from the Western Superior Province, Ontario, Canada.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 49, 10, pp. 1729-1753.Canada, Ontario, ManitobaPicrite
DS200812-0819
2008
Francis, D.O'Neil, J., Carlson, R.W., Francis, D., Stevenson, R.Neodynium 142 evidence for Hadean mafic crust. (Northern Quebec)Science, Vol. 321, 5807 Sept. 28, pp. 1828-1831.Canada, QuebecGeochronology
DS200812-0861
2008
Francis, D.Patterson, M., Francis, D., McCandless, T.Autoliths as samples of kimberlite magma.Goldschmidt Conference 2008, Abstract p.A727.Canada, AlbertaDeposit - Buffalo Head Hills
DS200812-0862
2008
Francis, D.Patterson, M., Francis, D., McCandless, T.Kimberlite: magmas or mixtures? Hypabyssal dykes from Foxtrot.9IKC.com, 3p. extended abstractCanada, QuebecDeposit - Foxtrot
DS200912-0228
2009
Francis, D.Francis, D., Patterson, M.Kimberlites and aillikites as probes of the continental lithospheric mantle.Lithos, Vol. 109, 1-2, pp. 72-80.Canadadiamond, carbonatite
DS200912-0484
2009
Francis, D.Maurice, C., Francis, D.Enriched crustal and mantle components and the role of the lithosphere in generating Paleoproterozoic dyke swarms of the Ungava Peninsula, Canada.Lithos, in press availableCanada, LabradorDykes
DS200912-0575
2009
Francis, D.Patterson, M., Francis, D., McCandless, T.Kimberlites: magmas or mixtures?Lithos, In press available, 20p.Canada, QuebecGeochemistry - whole rock, Foxtrot
DS201012-0209
2010
Francis, D.Francis, D., Minarik, W., Proenza, Y., Shi, L.An overview of the Canadian Cordilleran lithospheric mantle.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 47, 4, pp. 353-368.Canada, British ColumbiaGeophysics - seismic
DS201012-0478
2010
Francis, D.Maurice, C., Francis, D.Enriched crustal and mantle components and the role of the lithosphere in generating Paleoproterozoic dyke swarms of the Ungava Peninsula, Canada.Lithos, Vol. 114, pp. 95-108.Canada, Quebec, UngavaDykes
DS201012-0566
2010
Francis, D.Patterson, M.V., Francis, D.High -Al kimberlite produced by monticellite fractionation. Renard Stornoway38th. Geoscience Forum Northwest Territories, Abstract p. 74.Canada, QuebecFoxtrot, Lynx, Hibou dykes
DS201112-0759
2011
Francis, D.O'Neill, J., Francis, D., Carlson, R.W.Implications of the Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt for the formation of Earth's early crust.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 52, 5, pp.985-1009.Canada, Ontario, Superior ProvinceGeochronology, magmatism
DS201212-0542
2012
Francis, D.Patterson, M.V., Francis, D.The carbonatitic character of kimberlite magma.10th. International Kimberlite Conference Feb. 6-11, Bangalore India, AbstractGlobalCarbonatite
DS201312-0687
2013
Francis, D.Patterson, M.V., Francis, D.Kimberlite eruptions as triggers for early Cenozoic hyperthermals.Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems: G3, Vol. 14, pp. 448-456.MantleKimberlite genesis
DS201412-0463
2014
Francis, D.Kitayama, Y.C., Francis, D.Iron rich alkaline magmatism in the Archean Wawa greenstone belts ( Ontario, Canada).Precambrian Research, Vol. 252, pp. 53-70.Canada, OntarioNot specific to diamonds
DS201501-0020
2014
Francis, D.Mildragovic, D., Francis, D., Weis, D., Constantin, M.Neoarchean ( c.2.7Ga) plutons of the Ungava craton, Quebec, Canada: parental magma compositions and implications for Fe-rich mantle source regions.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 55, 12, pp. 2481-2512.Canada, QuebecMelting
DS201511-1864
2015
Francis, D.Milidragovic, D., Francis, D.Ca. 2.7 Ga ferropicrite magmatism: a record of Fe-rich heterogeneities during Neoarchean global mantle melting.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, in press available 20p.Canada, Ontario, QuebecUngava craton

Abstract: Although terrestrial picritic magmas with FeOTOT ?13 wt.% are rare in the geological record, they were relatively common ca. 2.7 Ga during the Neoarchean episode of enhanced global growth of continental crust. Recent evidence that ferropicritic underplating played an important role in the ca. 2.74–2.70 Ga reworking of the Ungava craton provides the impetus for a comparison of ca. 2.7 Ga ferropicrite occurrences in the global Neoarchean magmatic record. In addition to the Fe-rich plutons of the Ungava craton, volumetrically minor ferropicritic flows, pyroclastic deposits, and intrusive rocks form parts of the Neoarchean greenstone belt stratigraphy of the Abitibi, Wawa, Wabigoon and Vermillion domains of the southern and western Superior Province. Neoarchean ferropicritic rocks also occur on five other Archean cratons: West Churchill, Slave, Yilgarn, Kaapvaal, and Karelia; suggesting that ca. 2.7 Ga Fe-rich magmatism was globally widespread. Neoarchean ferropicrites form two distinct groups in terms of their trace element geochemistry. Alkaline ferropicrites have fractionated REE profiles and show no systematic HFSE anomalies, broadly resembling the trace element character of modern-day ocean island basalt (OIB) magmas. Magmas parental to ca. 2.7 Ga alkaline ferropicrites also had high Nb/YPM (>2), low Al2O3/TiO2 (<8) and Sc/Fe (-3 × 10?4) ratios, and were enriched in Ni relative to primary pyrolite mantle-derived melts. The high Ni contents of the alkaline ferropicrites coupled with the low Sc/Fe ratios are consistent with derivation from olivine-free garnet-pyroxenite sources. The second ferropicrite group is characterized by decisively non-alkaline primary trace element profiles that range from flat to LREE-depleted, resembling Archean tholeiitic basalts and komatiites. In contrast to the alkaline ferropicrites, the magmas parental to the subalkaline ferropicrites had flat HREE, lower Nb/YPM (<2), higher Al2O3/TiO2 (8-25) and Sc/Fe (-4 × 10?4) ratios, and were depleted in Ni relative to melts of pyrolitic peridotite; suggesting they were derived from garnet-free peridotite sources. Neodymium isotopic evidence indicates that the source of alkaline ferropicrites was metasomatically enriched shortly before magma generation (-3.0 Ga), but the subalkaline ferropicrites do not show evidence of precursor metasomatism. The metasomatic enrichment of the alkaline ferropicrite sources may have been accompanied by conversion of Fe-rich peridotite to secondary garnet-pyroxenite. Melting experiments on "pyrolitic" compositions and consideration of the dependence of the density of silicate liquids on pressure and temperature, suggest that ferropicrites cannot originate by melting of normal terrestrial mantle (Mg-number = 0.88-0.92) at high pressures and temperatures. The geochemical similarity between the subalkaline ferropicrites and the shergottite-nakhlite-chassigny (SNC) and howardite-eucrite-diogenite (HED) differentiated meteorites suggests, however, that the Fe-rich mantle may originate from the infall of Fe-rich chondritic meteorites. The occurrence of ca. 2.7 Ga Fe-rich rocks on at least six cratons that are commonly coeval with the more ubiquitous komatiites and Mg-tholeiites is consistent with the existence of heterogeneous Fe-rich "plums" throughout the Neoarchean mantle. The paucity of ferropicrites in the post-2.7 Ga geological record suggests that majority of these Fe-rich plums have been melted out during the global Neoarchean melting of the mantle.
DS201601-0029
2015
Francis, D.Milidragovic, D., Francis, D.Ca 2.7 Ga ferropicrite magmatism: a record of Fe-rich heterogeneities during Neoarchean global mantle melting.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, in press available, 14p.Canada, Africa, RussiaMelting

Abstract: Although terrestrial picritic magmas with FeOTOT ?13 wt.% are rare in the geological record, they were relatively common ca. 2.7 Ga during the Neoarchean episode of enhanced global growth of continental crust. Recent evidence that ferropicritic underplating played an important role in the ca. 2.74-2.70 Ga reworking of the Ungava craton provides the impetus for a comparison of ca. 2.7 Ga ferropicrite occurrences in the global Neoarchean magmatic record. In addition to the Fe-rich plutons of the Ungava craton, volumetrically minor ferropicritic flows, pyroclastic deposits, and intrusive rocks form parts of the Neoarchean greenstone belt stratigraphy of the Abitibi, Wawa, Wabigoon and Vermillion domains of the southern and western Superior Province. Neoarchean ferropicritic rocks also occur on five other Archean cratons: West Churchill, Slave, Yilgarn, Kaapvaal, and Karelia; suggesting that ca. 2.7 Ga Fe-rich magmatism was globally widespread.
DS201606-1110
2016
Francis, D.Rizo, H., Walker, R.J., Carlson, R.W., Horan, M.F., Mukhopadhyay, S., Manthos, V., Francis, D., Jackson, M.G.Preservation of Earth forming events in the tungsten isotopic composition of modern flood basalts…… ancient rocksScience, Vol. 352, no. 6287, May 13, pp. 809-812.Canada, Nunavut, Baffin IslandGeochronology

Abstract: How much of Earth's compositional variation dates to processes that occurred during planet formation remains an unanswered question. High-precision tungsten isotopic data from rocks from two large igneous provinces, the North Atlantic Igneous Province and the Ontong Java Plateau, reveal preservation to the Phanerozoic of tungsten isotopic heterogeneities in the mantle. These heterogeneities, caused by the decay of hafnium-182 in mantle domains with high hafnium/tungsten ratios, were created during the first ~50 million years of solar system history, indicating that portions of the mantle that formed during Earth’s primary accretionary period have survived to the present
DS1970-0909
1974
Francis, D.M.Francis, D.M., Mcgetchin, T.R.Compositional and Textural Relations in Lherzolite Nodules, nunivak Island Alaska.Eos, Vol. 55, No. 4, PP. 484-485. (abstract.).United States, AlaskaBlank
DS1975-0744
1978
Francis, D.M.Francis, D.M.The Implications of the Compositional Dependence of Texture in Spinel Lherzlite Xenoliths.Journal of GEOLOGY, Vol. 86, No. 4, PP. 473-485.United States, AlaskaBlank
DS1987-0040
1987
Francis, D.M.Bedard, J.H.J., Ludden, J.N., Francis, D.M.The Megantic intrusive complex, Quebec, a study of the derivation of silicaOver saturated anorogenic magmas of alkaline affinityJournal of Petrology, Vol. 28, No. 2, April pp. 355-388QuebecAlkaline rocks
DS1987-0041
1987
Francis, D.M.Bedard, J.H.J., Ludden, J.N., Francis, D.M.The Megantic intrusive complex, Quebec-a study of the derivation of silicaOver saturated anorogenic magmas of alkaline affinityJournal of Petrology, Vol. 28, No. 2, April pp. 355-388QuebecBlank
DS1988-0046
1988
Francis, D.M.Bedard, J.H.J., Francis, D.M., Ludden, J.Petrology and pyroxene chemistry of Montregian dykes-the origin of concentric zoning and green cores in clinopyroxenes from alkali basalts andlamprophyresCanadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 25, No. 12, December pp. 2041-2058QuebecPetrology, Montregian dykes
DS1989-0245
1989
Francis, D.M.Charland, A., Francis, D.M., Ludden, J.Petrological evolution of the Itcha Mt. Shield volcano central BritishColumbia; implications for alkaline volcanism in the Anahim beltNew Mexico Bureau of Mines Bulletin., Continental Magmatism Abstract Volume, Held, Bulletin. No. 131, p. 49. AbstractBritish ColumbiaAlkaline rocks, Mt. Shield
DS1989-0468
1989
Francis, D.M.Gaonach, H., Picard, C., Ludden, J.N., Francis, D.M.Alkaline rocks from a Proterozoic volcanic island in the Cape Smith thrustbelt, New Quebec.Geoscience Canada, Vol. 16, No. 3, September pp. 137-139QuebecBasanite, Nephelinite, phonolites, Proterozoic
DS1989-0469
1989
Francis, D.M.Gaonac'h, H., Picard, C., Ludden, J.N., Francis, D.M.Alkaline rocks from a Proterozoic volcanic island In the Cape Smith thrust belt, New QuebecGeoscience Canada, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 137-9.Quebec, Ungava, LabradorAlkaline rocks
DS1995-1617
1995
Francis, D.M.Rowins, S.M., Francis, D.M.The late Tertiary to recent Beaver River alkaline complex, southeasternYukon, Canada.Geological Society of America (GSA) Abstracts, Vol. 27, No. 6, abstract p. A 46.YukonAlkaline rocks, Deposit -Beaver River
DS1859-0130
1859
Francis, J.G.Francis, J.G.Beach Rambles in Search of Seaside Pebbles and Crystals. With Some Observations on the Origin of the Diamond and Other Precious Stones.London: Routledge, Warne And Routledge., 186P. ( CHAPTER 8- DIAMONDS).GlobalGemology, Kimberley
DS1991-0356
1991
Francis, P.W.De Silva, S.L., Francis, P.W.Volcanoes of the central Andes.Section of the book -large silicic systemsxeroxed. Not well in black and white as the photographs are in colour in thebookSpringer-Verlag, pp. 158-178Andes, ChileVolcanoes, Silicia systems
DS1994-0543
1994
Francis, P.W.Francis, P.W., Hawkesworth, C.J.Late Cenozoic rates of magmatic activity in the Central Andes and their relationship to crustal thickeningJournal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 151, pt. 5, Sept. pp. 845-854Andes, ChileMagma, Crustal thickening
DS1999-0355
1999
Francism D.Kay, I., Sol, S., Francism D.Shear wave splitting observations in the Archean Craton of westernSuperior.Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 26, No. 17, Sept. 1, pp. 2669-72.Ontario, ManitobaCraton, Geophysics
DS1997-0359
1997
Franck, S.Franck, S., Bounama, C.Continental growth and volatile exchange during earth's evolutionPhysics of the Earth and Plan. Interiors, Vol. 100, pp. 189-196.MantleGeothermometry, Heat transport, silicates
DS1998-0441
1998
Franck, S.Franck, S.Evolution of the global mean heat flow over 4.6 GYrTectonophysics, Vol. 291, No. 1-4, June 15, pp. 9-18.MantleHeat flow
DS201903-0509
2010
Francke, J.Francke, J.Applications of GPR in mineral resource applications. Mentions kimberliteIEEE.org * note date , 5p.Globalgeophysics - GPR

Abstract: Since the commercialisation of ground penetrating radar (GPR) in the 1970s, radar technology has been employed for niche applications in the mining industry. Although reliant on electrically resistive environments, GPR has gained acceptance in recent years as a standard exploration method for a number of deposit types, ranging from paleochannel delineation to iron ore mapping and kimberlite imaging. Numerous case studies have been published on GPR's applications to specific mineral exploration projects. Provided herein is an overview of commercialised GPR applications for surface mineral resource evaluations, covering examples of alluvial channels, nickel and bauxitic laterites, iron ore deposits, mineral sands, coal, kimberlite and massive sulphide examples.
DS1999-0223
1999
Franco, H.Franco, H., Abbott, D.Gravity signatures of terrane accretionLithos, Vol. 46, pp. 5-16.MantleGeophysics - gravity, Tectonics - not specific to diamonds
DS1960-0547
1965
Franco, R.R.Franco, R.R., Campos, J.E. DE S.As Pedras PreciosasSao Paulo:, BrazilKimberlite, Kimberley, Janlib, Gemology
DS201312-0275
2013
Francois, C.Francois, C., Philippot, P., Rey, P., Rubatto, D., Moyen, J-F.Archean geodynamic: fingerprinting sagduction vs subduction processes.Goldschmidt 2013, AbstractMantleSagduction
DS201711-2534
2017
Francois, C.Vidal, O., Rostom, F., Francois, C., Giraud, G.Global trends in metal consumption and supply: the raw material-energy nexus.Elements, Vol. 13, pp. 319-324.Globalresources

Abstract: The consumption of mineral resources and energy has increased exponentially over the last 100 years. Further growth is expected until at least the middle of the 21st century as the demand for minerals is stimulated by the industrialization of poor countries, increasing urbanization, penetration of rapidly evolving high technologies, and the transition to low-carbon energies. In order to meet this demand, more metals will have to be produced by 2050 than over the last 100 years, which raises questions about the sustainability and conditions of supply. The answers to these questions are not only a matter of available reserves. Major effort will be required to develop new approaches and dynamic models to address social, economic, environmental, geological, technological, legal and geopolitical impacts of the need for resources.
DS1992-0482
1992
Francois, L.M.Francois, L.M., Walker, J.C.G.Modelling the Phanerozoic carbon cycle and climate: constraints from the87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratio of seawaterAmerican Journal of Science, Vol. 292, No. 2, February pp. 81-135GlobalCarbon cycle, Geochronology
DS2001-0393
2001
Francois, L.M.Godderis, Y., Francois, L.M., Veizer, J.The early Paleozoic carbon cycleEarth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 190, No. 3-4, pp. 181-96.MantleCarbon cycle
DS201312-0112
2014
Francois, T.Burov, E., Francois, T., Yamato, P., Wolf, S.Mechanisms of continental subduction and exhumation of HP and UHP rocks.Gondwana Research, Vol. 25, pp. 464-493.MantleSubduction
DS201312-0166
2013
Francois, T.Cloetingh, S., Burov, E., Francois, T.Thermo-mechanical controls on intra-plate deformation and the role of plume folding interactions in continental topography.Gondwana Research, Vol. 24, 3-4, pp. 815-837.MantleHotspots
DS201412-0085
2014
Francois, T.Burov, E., Francois, T., Yamato, P., Wolf, S.Mechanisms of continental subduction and exhumation of HP and UHP rocks.Gondwana Research, Vol. 25, pp. 464-493.MantleSubduction, Eclogites
DS1993-0460
1993
Francois-Bongarcon, D.Francois-Bongarcon, D.The practice of the sampling theory of broken oresThe Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin (CIM Bulletin), Vol. 86, No. 970, May pp. 75-81OntarioMining, Geostatistics, Ore reserve estimation
DS1997-0360
1997
Francois-Bongarcon, D.Francois-Bongarcon, D.Bankable ore reserves and feasibility studiesAssaying and Reporting Conference Nov. 10-11, 1997 Singapore, 14p. and drilling 35pGlobalSampling, assaying, ore reserves, discoveries, Geostatistics, gold
DS2000-0301
2000
Francois-Bongarcon, D.Francois-Bongarcon, D., Gy, P.The most common error in applying Gy's formula in theory of mineral sampling, history liberation factorMin. Res. Ore Res. Est. AusIMM Guide, Mon. 23, pp. 67-72.AustraliaEconomics - geostatistics, ore reserves, exploration, Not specific to diamonds
DS1994-0544
1994
Francois-Bongarcon, D.M.Francois-Bongarcon, D.M.Myth and reality: status report on computer open pit optimization algorithms in the 1990'sMining in Latin America, Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (IMM)., pp. 77-90GlobalGeostatistics, computer, Open pit mining operations
DS2002-0477
2002
Franco-Nevada Mining Corporation LimitedFranco-Nevada Mining Corporation LimitedFranco-Nevada decreases interest in Aber. Sold 5,000,000 shares for $ 105,000,000 to hold 2,717,000.Franco Nevada Mining, Jan. 11, 1p.Northwest TerritoriesNews item - press release, Aber Diamond Corporation
DS1995-0560
1995
Franey, N.J.Franey, N.J.Regional mapping of geology by classification of multispectral data: a testcase over the Tuli block.Exploration and Mining Geology, Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 86.BotswanaRemote sensing
DS201905-1059
2019
FrankMortet, V., Vickova Zicova, Z., Taylor, A., Davydova, M., Frank, O,m Hubik, P., Lorincik, J., Aleshin, M.Determination of atomic boron concentration in heavily boron-doped diamond by Raman spectroscopy.Diamond & Related Materials, Vol. 93, pp. 54-58.Globalspectroscopy

Abstract: Raman spectroscopy has been foreseen as a simple and non-destructive characterization method to determine the boron concentration in heavily boron-doped diamond with metallic conductivity. However, currently available empirical studies are not fully satisfactory for enabling accurate determination of the boron concentration in diamond. Here, we study Raman spectra of epitaxial boron-doped diamond as a function of the boron concentration and the excitation wavelength. The zone center phonon and the phonon density of state maximum (at ca. 1200?cm?1) lines are analyzed using a decoupled double Fano-function. This analysis method accurately describes the observed variation of the asymmetric parameters with atomic boron concentration and the photon excitation energy and enables the determination of the atomic boron concentration from the parameters of the examined Raman lines.
DS1992-0483
1992
Frank, A.U.Frank, A.U.Spatial concepts, geometric dat a models, and geometric dat a structuresComputers and Geosciences, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 409-417GlobalComputers, Programs -Geographic information systems -data models
DS1950-0387
1958
Frank, F.C.Frank, F.C., Puttick, K.E.Etch Pits and Trigons on DiamondsPhilosphical Magazine., Vol. 3, No. 35, PP. 1262-1279.GlobalDiamond Morphology
DS1860-1084
1899
Frank, L.Frank, L.Ueber Bestimmung, Bewertung und Falschqung von Edelsteinen.in: Funfter Jahres bericht der Hoheren Handelsschule in Olmuetz.Olmuetz: J. Groak, 138P.GlobalGemology
DS2002-1414
2002
Frank, M.Schaltegger, U., Zeilinger, G., Frank, M., Burg, J.P.Multiple mantle sources during island arc magmatism. U Pb and Hf isotopic evidence from the Kohistan arc complex, Pakistan.Terra Nova, Vol. 14, 6, pp. 46-8.PakistanMagmatism - not specific to diamonds. Geochronology
DS202109-1466
2021
Frank, M.G.Frank, M.G.Flight of the diamond smugglers: a tale of pigeons, obsession, and greed along the coastal South Africa.Icon books available through Jonathan Ball Publishers, Amazon approx 15.00 224p. Africa, South Africabook
DS2003-0650
2003
Frank, O.Jehlicka, J., Svatos, A., Frank, O., Uhlik, F.Evidence for fullerenes in solid bitumen from pillow lavas of Proterozoic age fromGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 67, 8, pp. 1495-1506.Czech RepublicFullerenes
DS200412-0909
2003
Frank, O.Jehlicka, J., Svatos, A., Frank, O., Uhlik, F.Evidence for fullerenes in solid bitumen from pillow lavas of Proterozoic age from Mikov ( Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic).Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 67, 8, pp. 1495-1506.Europe, Czech RepublicFullerenes
DS1998-0448
1998
Frank, W.Frimmel, H.E., Frank, W.Neoproterozoic tectono-thermal evolution of Gariep Belt and its basement, Namibia and South AfricaPrecambrian Research, Vol. 90, No. 1-2, June 30, pp. 1-28Namibia, South AfricaTectonics, geothermometry, Gariep belt
DS201012-0457
2010
Franka, G.S.Lloyd, S., Van der Lee, S., Franka, G.S., Assumpcio, M., Feng, W.Moho map of South America from receiver functions and surface waves.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 115, B 11, B11315.South AmericaGeophysics - seismics
DS2000-0971
2000
FrankeValverde-Vaquero, P., Dorr, Belka, Franke, WiszniewskaUranium-lead (U-Pb) single grain dating of detrital zircon in the Cambrian of central Poland: implications for GondwanaEarth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 184, No.1, Dec.30, pp. 225-40.GlobalTectonics - Baltica, Trans European Suture Zone - not specific to diamonds
DS1860-1030
1898
Franke, M.Franke, M.Rapport Over Den Mynbouw in Het Pretoria Inspect ieveld Jaar rapport Van Den Staatsmijningenieur Voor Het Jaar 1898. PremierPretoria: Staatsdrukker., Africa, South Africa, TransvaalAlluvial Placers
DS1994-0545
1994
Franke, W.A.Franke, W.A., Teschner-Steinhardt, R.An experimental approach to the sequence of the stability of rock-forming minerals towards chemical weatheringCatena, Laterization and Supergene Ore, Vol. 21, No. 2-3, pp. 279-290Norway, Germany, Poland, IndiaExperimental mineralogy, Weathering
DS1991-0507
1991
Frankel, A.Frankel, A.Mechanisms of seismic attenuation in the crust: scattering and an elasticityin New York State, South Africa, and southern CaliforniaJournal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 96, No. B 4, April 10, pp. 6269-6290GlobalGeophysics -seismics, Mantle-crust
DS1980-0128
1980
Frankel, H.Frankel, H.The Development of Plate Tectonics by J. Morgan and D. MckenzieTerra Nova, Review, pp. 202-214.MantleTectonics - Brief History
DS1950-0271
1956
Frankel, J.J.Frankel, J.J.An Inclusion Bearing Olivine Melilitite from Mukorob South West AfricaRoyal Society. STH. AFR. Transactions, Vol. 35, No. 2, PP. 115-123.Southwest Africa, NamibiaPetrography, Melilite
DS201911-2522
2018
Frankfurter, R.Frankfurter, R., Kardas-Nelson, M., Benton, A., Barrie, M.B., Dibba, Y., Farmer, P., Richardson, E.T.Indirect rule redux: the political economy of diamond mining and its relation to the Ebola outbreak in Kono district, Sierra Leone.Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 45, no. 158, pp. 522-540.Africa, Sierra Leonehistory

Abstract: This article explores the relationship between the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak and the political economy of diamond mining in Kono District, Sierra Leone. The authors argue that foreign companies have recycled colonial strategies of indirect rule to facilitate the illicit flow of resources out of Sierra Leone. Drawing on field research conducted during the outbreak and in its aftermath, they show how this ‘indirect rule redux’ undermines democratic governance and the development of revenue-generation institutions. Finally, they consider the linkages between indirect rule and the Ebola outbreak, vis-à-vis the consequences of the region’s intentionally underdeveloped health care infrastructure and the scaffolding of outbreak containment onto the paramount chieftaincy system.
DS1984-0281
1984
Frankkamenetskii, D.A.Frankkamenetskii, D.A.The Theory and Growth of Unstable Phases and the Problem Of synthesis of Diamonds.Khim. Fiz., Vol. 3, No. 3, PP. 318-331.RussiaDiamond Synthesis
DS1960-0451
1964
Franklin, A.J.Franklin, A.J.Diamond Mining in Sierra LeoneInvestors Guardian-mining World., JULY 10TH. PP. 132-133.Sierra Leone, West AfricaHistory, Mining Recovery Diamonds, Geology
DS1994-0650
1994
Franklin, B.J.Graham, I.T., Franklin, B.J., Marshall, B.Evidence and timing of remobilization in upper mantle peridotiteGeological Society of Australia Abstract Volume, No. 37, pp. 143.MantlePeridotite
DS1975-0041
1975
Franklin, C.D.Brimmer, A.R., Franklin, C.D.Commissioning of a Process Control Computer at Consolidated diamond Mines.Journal of MIN. MET. SOC. STH. AFR., Vol. 76, PP. 176-178.South Africa, Southwest Africa, NamibiaDiamond Mining Recovery, Littoral Placers
DS1859-0038
1827
Franklin, J.Franklin, J.On the Diamond Mines of Panna in Bundelk hand (1827)Asiatic Soc. Bengal Journal, Vol. 1, PP. 277-Indiadeposit - Panna
DS1859-0040
1829
Franklin, J.Franklin, J.On the Diamond Mines of Panna in Bundelk hand (1829)Asiatic Soc. Bengal Journal, Vol. 18, PP. 100-122. ALSO N.S. Vol. 5, PP. 150-156. 1831.Indiadeposit - Panna
DS1859-0044
1833
Franklin, J.Franklin, J.On the Geology of a Portion of Bundelkhand, Boghelkhand And the Districts of Sagar and Jebelpur.Asiatic Soc. Bengal Journal, Vol. 18, PP. 23-43.IndiaJabalpur
DS1982-0211
1982
Franklin, J.M.Franklin, J.M., Pearson, W.N.D.Metallogeny of the Keweenawan (mid Continent) Rift Zone in The Lake Superior Region.Geological Association of Canada (GAC), Vol. 7, P. 50. (abstract.).GlobalMid-continent
DS1992-1225
1992
Franklin, J.M.Poulsen, K.H., Card, K.D., Franklin, J.M.Archean tectonic and metallogenic evolution of the Superior Province of the Canadian ShieldPrecambrian Research, Vol. 58, pp. 25-54OntarioMetallogeny, Superior Province
DS1993-0103
1993
Franklin, J.M.Bell, K., Franklin, J.M.Application of lead isotopes to mineral exploration in glaciated terrainsGeology, Vol. 21, No. 12, December pp. 1143-1146.ManitobaVMS Sulphides, Deposit -Chisel Lake
DS1984-0282
1984
Franklin, P.M.Franklin, P.M.100th. Anniversary of the Smithsonian National Gem CollectioRocks And Minerals, Vol. 59, No. 6, PP. 253-256.GlobalMineralogy, Diamonds Notable
DS1910-0182
1911
Franklin, R.Franklin, R.Planted DiamondsTech. World., VOL 15, MAY PP. 303-305.United States, Wyoming, Rocky MountainsBlank
DS1990-1168
1990
Franklin, S.E.Peddle, D.R., Franklin, S.E.GEODEMON - a Fortran 77 program for restoration and derivative processing of digital image dataComputers and Geosciences, Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 669-696GlobalComputers, Program -GEODEMON.
DS1991-0508
1991
Franklin, S.E.Franklin, S.E.Image transformations in mountainous terrain and the relationship to surface patternsComputers and Geosciences, Vol. 17, No. 8, pp. 1137-1150GlobalComputers, Program -Mountains/surface terrain
DS1991-0509
1991
Franklin, S.E.Franklin, S.E., Peddle, D.R., Wilson, B.A., Blodgett, C.F.Pixel sampling of remotely sensed digital imageryComputers and Geosciences, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 759-776GlobalComputers, Remote sensing
DS1991-0510
1991
Franklin, S.E.Franklin, S.E., Wilson, B.A.Spatial and spectral classification of remote-sensing imageryComputers and Geosciences, Vol. 17, No. 8, pp. 1151-GlobalComputer, Program -remote sensing imagery
DS201312-0513
2013
Franklyn, C.Kramers, J.D., Andreoli, M.A.G., Atanasova, M., Belyanin, G.A., Block, D.L., Franklyn, C., Harris, C., Lekgoathi, M., Montross, C.S., Ntsoane, T., Pischedda, V., Segonyane, P., Viljoen, K.S., Westraadt, J.E.Unique chemistry of a diamond bearing pebble from the Libyan desert glass strewnfield, SW Egypt: evidence for a shocked comet fragment.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol.382, pp. 21-31.Africa, EgyptShock diamonds
DS1950-0471
1959
Franks, P.C.Franks, P.C.Pectolite in Mica-peridotite, Woodson County, KansasAmerican MINERALOGIST., Vol. 44, No. 9-10, PP. 1082-1086.KansasKimberlite, Central States, Wilson, Woodson
DS1960-0663
1966
Franks, P.C.Franks, P.C.Ozark Precambrian-paleozoic Relations: Discussion of Igneous Rocks Exposed in Eastern Kansas.American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Vol. 50, PP. 1035-1042.United States, Kansas, Central States, WilsonBlank
DS1970-0291
1971
Franks, P.C.Franks, P.C., Bickford, M.E., Wagner, H.C.Metamorphism of Precambrian Granitic Xenoliths in a Mica Peridotite at Rose Dome, Woodson County, Kansas. Pt. 2 Petrologic and Mineralogic Studies.Geological Society of America (GSA) Bulletin., Vol. 82, No. 10, PP. 2869-2889.United States, Kansas, Central StatesBlank
DS1988-0222
1988
Franks, P.C.Franks, P.C., Smith, M.P.Labuntsovite, wadeite, catapleiite and adularia inlamproite(mica-peridotite) sill, Silver City Dome,Woodson County, KansasGeological Society of America (GSA) South Central Section, 22nd annual meeting, Vol. 20, No. 2, p. 99. AbstractKansasLamproite
DS1992-0484
1992
Franseen, E.K.Franseen, E.K.Sedimentary modeling: computer simulations and methods for improved parameter definitionKansas Geological Survey, Bulletin. 233, $ 50.00 United StatesBookComputer, Program -Sedimentary Modeling
DS1970-0910
1974
Frantcesson, E.V.Frantcesson, E.V.The Significance of Microdiamonds for the Prospecting of Primary Diamonds.Razved. Okhr. Nedr., No. 3, PP. 33-36.RussiaMicro-diamonds
DS1984-0429
1984
Frantcesson, E.V.Kozlov, A.A., Petrukhin, V.A., Semenov, G.S., Frantcesson, E.V.Rare and Radioactive Elements in Accessory Perovskites From the Kimberlites of Western Yakutia.Geochemistry International (Geokhimiya)., No. 11, NOVEMBER PP. 1684-1688.Russia, YakutiaUranium
DS1991-0912
1991
Frantcesson, E.V.Kolodko, A.A., Levin, V.I., Frantcesson, E.V., Kisel, S.I.Genetic types of kimberlite pipe craters of a new diamond bearing province of the USSR and some aspects of their developmentProceedings of Fifth International Kimberlite Conference held Araxa June 1991, Servico Geologico do Brasil (CPRM) Special, pp. 516-517RussiaEuropean part, Pipes
DS1981-0356
1981
Frantcesson, YE.V.Rozova, YE.V., Frantcesson, YE.V., et al.Geikeloilmenite and Titanium Chromite from the Zimnyaya Kimberlite Pipe, Western Yakutia.Doklady Academy of Science USSR, Earth Science Section., Vol. 248, No. 1-6, PP. 152-156.RussiaBlank
DS1970-0080
1970
Frantsesson, E.V.Frantsesson, E.V.The Petrology of KimberlitesCanberra: Australia Nat. University Publishing, No. 150, 194P.South Africa, RussiaGeology, Petrology, Mineralogy, Kimberley, Janlib
DS1984-0620
1984
Frantsesson, E.V.Rozova, E.V., Frantsesson, E.V., Botova, M.M.Native Iron and Complex Iron, Titanium, and Manganese Oxides in Kimberlites.Doklady Academy of Sciences AKAD. NAUK SSSR., Vol. 278, No. 2, PP. 456-461.RussiaBlank
DS1985-0199
1985
Frantsesson, E.V.Frantsesson, E.V., Roxova, E.V., Botova, M.M., Pleshakov, A.P.Zoning of Chrome Spinellids from Yakutian KimberlitesDoklady Academy of Sciences AKAD. NAUK SSSR., Vol. 280, No. 3, PP. 742-745.RussiaMineralogy
DS1985-0200
1985
Frantsesson, Y.V.Frantsesson, Y.V., Rozova, Y.V., Botova, M.M., Pleshakov, A.P.Zoning in Chrome Spinels in Kimberlites from Yakutia.(russian)Doklady Academy of Sciences Akademy Nauk SSSR (Russian), Vol. 280, No. 3, pp. 742-745RussiaMineralogy, Kimberlite
DS1960-0343
1963
Frantsesson, YE. V.Frantsesson, YE. V.Proprietes Thermoelectriques des Solutions Solides Naturelles D'apres l'exemple des Ilmenites de Kimberlites de Yakoutie.Akad. Nauk Sssr, Sib. Div. Otdel., Geologii I Geofiziki, No. 3, PP. 95-L06. French Geological Survey (BRGM) TRANSLATION No. 4695.RussiaBlank
DS1960-0452
1964
Frantsesson, YE. V.Frantsesson, YE. V.The Nature of the Sculptured Surfaces on Kimberlite MineralsVestn. Moscow Gos. University Ser. Geol., No. 5, PP. 55-6L.RussiaBlank
DS1960-0548
1965
Frantsesson, YE. V.Frantsesson, YE. V.Particulars of the Petrochemistry of Kimberlites and Their Place in the Classification of Eruptive Rocks.West. Moscow University Geol., No. 4, PP. 45-52.RussiaBlank
DS1960-0825
1967
Frantsesson, YE. V.Frantsesson, YE. V.Two Phases of Formation in the Amakinskoy Kimberlite Pipe, Western yakutia.Vses. Zaved. Izv. Geol. Razv., No. 6, PP. 41-49.RussiaBlank
DS1960-0853
1967
Frantsesson, YE. V.Kolesnikov, L.V., Frantsesson, YE. V.Thermomagnetic Analyses of the Ferromagnetic Minerals and Its Possible Use for Kimberlite Prospecting.Transactions ALL UNION Conference ON GEOL. of DIAMOND DEPOSITS., PERM., RussiaBlank
DS1960-0948
1968
Frantsesson, YE. V.Frantsesson, YE. V., Prokopchuk, B.I.Kimberlites, a Tectonomagmatic Facies of the Alkaline Ultramafic Associations of the Platforms Based on a Study of the Siberian PlatformIn: Volcanism And Tectogenesis. International Geological Congress 23rd., PP. 159-163.RussiaBlank
DS1960-1202
1969
Frantsesson, YE. V.Rozhkov, I.S., Frantsesson, YE. V.Terminology and Classification of Kimberlitic RocksSovetsk. Geol., No. 11, PP. 20-30.RussiaBlank
DS1970-0292
1971
Frantsesson, YE. V.Frantsesson, YE. V., Lutts, B.G.A Find of Graphite Bearing Pyrope Peridotite in the Mir Kimberlite Pipe.Doklady Academy of Sciences Nauk SSSR., Vol. 191, No. 6, PP. 159-161.RussiaBlank
DS1960-0044
1960
Frantsesson, YE.V.Frantsesson, YE.V.Contact Alterations of Country Rock Connected with the Egientei Kimberlite Vein.Akad. Nauk Sssr., No. 4.RussiaBlank
DS1960-0237
1962
Frantsesson, YE.V.Frantsesson, YE.V.Comparison of the Magmatic Properties of Natural Solid Solutions Based on Ilmenites from the Kimberlites of Yakutia.Geologii i Geofiziki, No. 3, PP. 95-L06. French Geological Survey (BRGM) TRANSLATION No. 469L.RussiaBlank
DS1960-0238
1962
Frantsesson, YE.V.Frantsesson, YE.V.Composition and Age Relationships of the Egientei Kimberlite Pipe and Veins.Akad. Nauk Sib. Div. Yakut. Branch, No. 7, PP. 99-L06.RussiaBlank
DS1960-0239
1962
Frantsesson, YE.V.Frantsesson, YE.V.Composition and Structure of the Mir Kimberlite PipeAkad. Nauk Sib. Div. Yakut. Branch, No. 8, PP. 19-38.RussiaBlank
DS1960-1103
1969
Frantsesson, YE.V.Frantsesson, YE.V.Conjugation of Carbonatite and Kimberlite on the Siberian Platform.Doklady Academy of Science USSR, Earth Science Section., Vol. 183, No. 1-6, PP. 127-128.RussiaBlank
DS1970-0512
1972
Frantsesson, YE.V.Frantsesson, YE.V.Criteria and Factors of Diamond Potential of Kimberlite RockSovetsk. Geol., No. 5, PP. 6L-70.RussiaBlank
DS1970-0807
1973
Frantsesson, YE.V.Prokopchuk, B.I., Frantsesson, YE.V., Kaminskiy, F.V.Conference on the Principles and Methodology of Prospecting for Diamonds.Soviet Geology, No. 5, PP. 153-154.Russia, YakutiaKimberlite, Geophysics
DS1980-0293
1980
Frantsesson, YE.V.Rozova, YE.V., Frantsesson, YE.V., et al.Sulfide Inclusions in Ilmenites from Kimberlite As Indicators of Their Genesis.Tsnigri, No. 150, PP. 68-75.RussiaBlank
DS1980-0294
1980
Frantsesson, YE.V.Rozova, YE.V., Frantsesson, YE.V., Pleshakov, A.P., Botova, M.M.The First Occurrence of Crichtonite and Ilmenite-hematite In Kimberlites from Yakutia and Their Genesis.Tsnigri, No. 50, PP. 75-81.RussiaBlank
DS1982-0530
1982
Frantsesson, YE.V.Rozova, YE.V., Frantsesson, YE.V., et al.Chrome Spinels with High Iron Content in Kimberlites of Yakutia.Izvest. Akad. Nauk Sssr Geol. Ser., No. 1, PP. 78-86.RussiaMineral Chemistry
DS1982-0531
1982
Frantsesson, YE.V.Rozova, YE.V., Frantsesson, YE.V., et al.High Iron Chrome Spinels in Kimberlites of YakutiaInternational Geology Review, Vol. 24, No. 12, PP. 1417-1425.Russia, YakutiaMarshrutnaya, Zagadochnaya, Pipe, Geochemistry, Analyses, X-ray
DS1983-0233
1983
Frantsesson, YE.V.Frantsesson, YE.V.Criteria for Estimating the Depth of Erosion in Kimberlite Pipes.International Geology Review, Vol. 25, No. 5, MAY PP. 565-568.Russia, South Africa, Kimberley RegionGeomorphology
DS1985-0365
1985
Frantsesson, YE.V.Kozlov, A.A., Petrukhin, V.A., Semenov, G.S., Frantsesson, YE.V.Rare and radioactive elements in accessory perovskite from WestYakutiakimberlitesGeochemistry International, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 34-39RussiaGeochemistry
DS1986-0254
1986
Frantsesson, Ye.V.Frantsesson, Ye.V.Role of aulacogens in kimberlite formation on old platforms.(Russian)Geol. Rudyn. Mestoroz., (Russian), Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 91-93RussiaStructure
DS1986-0684
1986
Frantsesson, Ye.V.Roznova, Ye.V., Frantsesson, Ye.V., Botova, M.M, Panteleyev, V.V.Native iron and complex iron, titanium and manganese oxidesinkimberliteDoklady Academy of Science USSR, Earth Science Section, Vol. 278, No. 1-6, April, pp. 146-150RussiaX-ray spectrometry
DS1988-0223
1988
Frantsesson, Ye.V.Frantsesson, Ye.V.Improvement of classification of kimberlite rocksSoviet Geology and Geophysics, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 49-54RussiaKimberlite, Classification
DS1992-0144
1992
Frantsesson, Ye.V.Boris, Ye. I., Frantsesson, Ye.V.Regularities of localization of kimberlite bodies in Malo-BoTo bin region, westerm Yakutia. (Russian)Izvestiya Vysshikh Uch. Zaved., (Russian), No. 5, pp. 68-75.Russia, YakutiaStructure, Deposit -Mir
DS1993-1105
1993
Frantz, J.D.Mysen, B.O., Frantz, J.D.Structure and properties of alkali silicate melts at magmatictemperatures.European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. No. 3, pp. 393-408.GlobalSilicate melts, Mineralogy
DS1960-0240
1962
Frantz, J.F.Frantz, J.F.Design for FluidizationChemical Engineering, SEPT. PP. 161-178.South AfricaDiamond Mining Recovery, Kimberlite Pipes
DS201312-0276
2013
Frantz, N.A.Frantz, N.A., Rodionov, N.V., Lokhov, K.I.Carbonatites age of the Tiksheozero massive (North Karelia, Russia).Goldschmidt 2013, AbstractRussiaCarbonatite
DS202201-0035
2021
Franz, a.Pratesi, G., Franz, a., Hirata, A.It is hard to be a gem in a rhinestone world: a diamond Museum collection between history and science. ( Firenza)Geoheritage, Vol. 13, 103 Europe, ItalyFTIR spectroscopy

Abstract: The goal of this work is to investigate the diamond collection preserved at the Natural History Museum of the University of Firenze (MSN-FI) using a multidisciplinary approach. The mixed methods combine historical research with spectroscopic techniques to gain a deeper understanding of this collection of great historical, scientific and gemmological interest. This study concerns the analysis of 61 diamonds that are relatively small in both size and weight, mostly unworked and sometimes rich in inclusions. These specimens were acquired by MSN-FI from diverse collectors and institutions from 1824 until the most recent acquisitions in the 1990s. The FTIR spectroscopy was performed on 45 specimens. The results show the physical classification of diamonds in three groups (IaAB, IaA, and IaB) and reveal the presence of hydrogen as ethylene -CH?=?CH- or vinylidene?>?C?=?CH2 group.
DS1991-1541
1991
Franz, G.Selverstone, J., Getty, S., Franz, G., Thomas, S.Fluid heterogeneities and vein formation in 2 GPa eclogites: Implications for the scale of fluid migration during subductionGeological Society of America Annual Meeting Abstract Volume, Vol. 23, No. 5, San Diego, p. A 360AustriaEclogites, Subduction
DS1996-0862
1996
Franz, G.Lucassen, F., Franz, G.Magmatic arc metamorphism: petrology and temperature history of metabasic rocks in the coastal Cordillera.Journal of Metamorphic Geology, Vol. 14, pp. 249-265Chilemetamorphism, Magmatic arc metamorphism
DS1999-0224
1999
Franz, G.Franz, G., Steiner, G., Hammerscmidt, K.Plume related alkaline magmatism in central Africa... the Meidob Hills ( Western Sudan).Chemical Geology, Vol. 157, No. 1-2, May 3, pp. 27-48.GlobalAlkaline rocks, Hotspot, plume
DS200912-0457
2008
Franz, G.Lucassen, F., Franz, G., Romer, G.L., Dulski, P.Late Cenozoic xenolths as a guide to the chemical isotopic composition and thermal state of the upper mantle under northeast Africa.European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 20, 6, pp. 1079-1096.AfricaGeochemistry
DS201112-0621
2011
Franz, G.Lucassen, F., Franz, G., Dulski, P., Romer, R.L., Rhede, D.Element and Sr isotope signatures of titanite as indicator of variable fluid composition in hydrated eclogite.Lithos, Vol. 121, 1-4, pp. 12-24.TechnologyMetamorphism
DS201504-0184
2015
Franz, G.Berryman, E.J., Wunder, B., Wirth, R., Rhede, D., Schettler, G., Franz, G., Heinrich, W.An experimental study on K and Na in corporation in dravitic tourmaline and insight into the origin of Diamondiferous tourmaline from the Kokchetav Massif, Kazakhstan.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 169, 19p.Russia, KazakhstanDiamondiferous tourmaline

Abstract: Tourmaline was synthesized in the system MgO-Al2O3-B2O3-SiO2-KCl-NaCl-H2O from an oxide mixture and excess fluid at 500-700 °C and 0.2-4.0 GPa to investigate the effect of pressure, temperature, and fluid composition on the relative incorporation of Na and K in dravitic tourmaline. Incorporation of K at the X-site increases with pressure, temperature, and KCl concentration; a maximum of 0.71 K pfu (leaving 0.29 X-vacant sites pfu) was incorporated into K-dravite synthesized at 4.0 GPa, 700 °C from a 4.78 m KCl, Na-free fluid. In contrast, Na incorporation depends predominately on fluid composition, rather than pressure or temperature; dravite with the highest Na content of 1.00 Na pfu was synthesized at 0.4 GPa and 700 °C from a 3.87 m NaCl and 1.08 m KCl fluid. All synthesized crystals are zoned, and the dominant solid solution in the Na- and K-bearing system is between magnesio-foitite [?(Mg2Al)Al6Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)3OH] and dravite [NaMg3Al6Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)], with the dravitic component increasing with the concentration of Na in the fluid. In the K-bearing, Na-free system, the dominant solid solution is between magnesio-foitite and K-dravite [KMg3Al6Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)], with the K-dravitic component increasing with pressure, temperature, and the concentration of K in the fluid. The unit-cell volume of tourmaline increases with K incorporation from 1555.1(3) to 1588.1(2) Å3, reflecting the incorporation of the relatively large K+ ion. Comparison of our results to the compositional data for maruyamaite (K-dominant tourmaline) from the ultrahigh-pressure rocks of the Kokchetav Massif in Kazakhstan suggests that the latter was formed in a K-rich, Na-poor environment at ultrahigh-pressure conditions near the diamond-stability field.
DS202003-0338
2020
Franz, G.Franz, G., Vyshnevsky, O., Taran, M., Khomenko, V., Wiedenbeck, M., Schiperski, F., Nissen, J.A new emerald occurrence from Kruta Balka, western Peri-Azovian, Ukraine: implications for understanding the crystal chemistry of emerald.American Mineralogist, Vol. 105, pp. 162-181. pdfEurope, Ukraineemerald

Abstract: We investigated emerald, the bright-green gem variety of beryl, from a new locality at Kruta Balka, Ukraine, and compare its chemical characteristics with those of emeralds from selected occurrences worldwide (Austria, Australia, Colombia, South Africa, Russia) to clarify the types and amounts of substitutions as well as the factors controlling such substitutions. For selected crystals, Be and Li were determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry, which showed that the generally assumed value of 3 Be atoms per formula unit (apfu) is valid; only some samples such as the emerald from Kruta Balka deviate from this value (2.944 Be apfu). An important substitution in emerald (expressed as an exchange vector with the additive component Al2Be3Si6O18) is (Mg,Fe2+)NaAl1?1, leading to a hypothetical end-member NaAl(Mg,Fe2+)[Be3Si6O18] called femag-beryl with Na occupying a vacancy position (?) in the structural channels of beryl. Based on both our results and data from the literature, emeralds worldwide can be characterized based on the amount of femag-substitution. Other minor substitutions in Li-bearing emerald include the exchange vectors LiNa2Al1?2 and LiNaBe1?1, where the former is unique to the Kruta Balka emeralds. Rarely, some Li can also be situated at a channel site, based on stoichiometric considerations. Both Cr- and V-distribution can be very heterogeneous in individual crystals, as shown in the samples from Kruta Balka, Madagascar, and Zimbabwe. Nevertheless, taking average values available for emerald occurrences, the Cr/(Cr+V) ratio (Cr#) in combination with the Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratio (Mg#) and the amount of femag-substitution allows emerald occurrences to be characterized. The "ultramafic" schist-type emeralds with high Cr# and Mg# come from occur-rences where the Fe-Mg-Cr-V component is controlled by the presence of ultramafic meta-igneous rocks. Emeralds with highly variable Mg# come from "sedimentary" localities, where the Fe-Mg-Cr-V component is controlled by metamorphosed sediments such as black shales and carbonates. A "transitional" group has both metasediments and ultramafic rocks as country rocks. Most "ultramafic" schist type occurrences are characterized by a high amount of femag-component, whereas those from the "sedimentary" and "transitional" groups have low femag contents. Growth conditions derived from the zoning pattern combined replacement, sector, and oscillatory zoning in the Kruta Balka emeralds indicate disequilibrium growth from a fluid along with late-stage Na-infiltration. Inclusions in Kruta Balka emeralds (zircon with up to 11 wt% Hf, tourmaline, albite, Sc-bearing apatite) point to a pegmatitic origin.
DS1960-0549
1965
Franz, G.W.Franz, G.W.Melting relationships in the system CAO-MGO-SIO2-H2O, a study of synthetickimberlitesPh.D. Thesis, Penn. State Univ, GlobalGeochemistry
DS1995-0561
1995
Franz, L.Franz, L., Brey, G.P., Okrusch, M.Metasomatic reequilibration of mantle xenoliths from the Gibeon kimberliteprovince.Proceedings of the Sixth International Kimberlite Conference Extended Abstracts, p. 169-71.NamibiaXenoliths, Blue Hills, Hanaus, Anis Kubub, Hanus, Lourentsia, Gibeon
DS1995-1041
1995
Franz, L.Kurszlaukis, S., Franz, L., Brey, G., Smith, C.B.Geochemistry and evolution of the ultrabasic blue hills intrusive Namibia.Proceedings of the Sixth International Kimberlite Conference Abstracts, pp. 308-310.NamibiaGeochemistry, carbonatite, Blue Hills Complex
DS1995-1628
1995
Franz, L.Rupprecht, P., Franz, L.Granulite facies metabasite xenoliths in kimberlites of the GibeonProvince, Namibia: a window to lower crust.Centennial Geocongress (1995) Extended abstracts, Vol. 1, p. 1181-1184. abstractNamibiaKimberlites, Xenoliths
DS1996-0466
1996
Franz, L.Franz, L., Brey, G.P., Okrusch, M.Reequilibration of ultramafic xenoliths from Namibia by Metasomatic processes at the mantle boundary.Journal of Geology, Vol. 104, No. 5, Sept. pp. 599-615.NamibiaMantle xenoliths, Gibeon kimberlite -Hanaus and Anis Kubub pipes
DS1996-0467
1996
Franz, L.Franz, L., Okrusch, M.Steady state geotherm, thermal disturbances, and tectonic development Of the lower lithosphere..GibeonContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 126, No. 1/2, pp. 181-198.NamibiaGeothermometry, Deposit - Gibeon kimberlite province
DS1998-0757
1998
Franz, L.Kirszlaukis, S., Franz, L., Lorenz, V.On the volcanology of the Gibeon kimberlite field, NamibiaJournal of Vol. Geotherm. Res., Vol. 84, pp. 257-272.NamibiaVolcanology, petrology, Group I, geochronology, Deposit - Gibeon
DS1999-0385
1999
Franz, L.Kurszlaukis, S., Franz, L., Brey, G.P.The Blue Hills intrusive complex in southern Namibia - relationships between carbonatites and monticellite...Chemical Geology, Vol 160, No. 1-2, July 29, pp. 1-18.NamibiaCarbonatite, Picrites
DS2001-0331
2001
Franz, L.Franz, L., Romer, Klemd, Schmid, Oberhansli, WagnerEclogite facies quartz veins within metabasites of the Dabie Shan: P T time deformation path... fluid phase..Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 141, No. 3, June, pp. 322-46.Chinaultra high pressure (UHP) - fluid flow, melting, exhumation
DS2002-0478
2002
Franz, L.Franz, L., Becker, K.P., Kramer, W., Herzig, P.M.Metasomatic mantle xenoliths from the Bismarck microplate - thermal evolution, geochemistry...Journal of Petrology, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 315-44.Papua New GuineaSlab induced metasomatism - not specific to diamond, Xenoliths
DS2003-0506
2003
Franz, L.Grimmer, J.C., Ratschbacher, L., McWilliams, M., Franz, L., Gaitzsch, I., et al.When did the ultrahigh-pressure rocks reach the surface? A 207Pb 206 Pb zircon 40Chemical Geology, Vol. 197, 1-4, pp. 87-110.ChinaDabie Shan synorogenic foreland sediments, UHP
DS2003-1225
2003
Franz, L.Schmid, R., Romer, R.L., Franz, L., Oberhansli, R., Martinotti, G.Basement cover sequences within the UHP unit of the Dabie ShanJournal of Metamorphic Geology, Vol. 21, 6, pp. 531-38.ChinaUHP
DS200412-0728
2003
Franz, L.Grimmer, J.C., Ratschbacher, L., McWilliams, M., Franz, L., Gaitzsch, I., et al.When did the ultrahigh-pressure rocks reach the surface? A 207Pb 206 Pb zircon 40 Ar 39Ar white mica, Si in white mica, single gChemical Geology, Vol. 197, 1-4, pp. 87-110.ChinaDabie Shan synorogenic foreland sediments UHP
DS200412-1755
2003
Franz, L.Schmid, R., Romer, R.L., Franz, L., Oberhansli, R., Martinotti, G.Basement cover sequences within the UHP unit of the Dabie Shan.Journal of Metamorphic Geology, Vol. 21, 6, pp. 531-38.ChinaUHP
DS200512-0634
2004
Franz, L.Liati, A., Franz, L., Gebauer, D., Fanning, C.M.The timing of mantle and crustal events in South Namibia, as defined by SHRIMP dating of zircon domains from a garnet peridotite xenolith of the Gideon Kimberlite province.Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 39, 3-5, pp. 147-157.Africa, NamibiaGeochronology
DS200512-0635
2004
Franz, L.Liati, A., Franz, L., Gebauer, D., Fanning, C.M.The timing of mantle and crustal events in South Namibia as defined by SHRIMP dating of zircon domains from a garnet peridotite xenolith of the Gibeon kimberlite province.Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 39, 3-5, June pp. 147-157.Africa, NamibiaGeochronology, Pipe Hanaus 1, crustal events
DS200612-1130
2006
Franz, L.Ratschbacher, L., Franz, L., Enkelmann, E., Jonckheere, R., Porschke, A., Hacker, B.R., Dong, S., Zhang, Y.The Sino-Korean Yangtze suture, the Huwan detachment and the Paleozoic Tertiary exhumation of ultra high pressure rocks along the Tongbai Xinxian Dabie Mtns.Geological Society of America, Special Paper, No. 403, pp. 45-76.ChinaUHP
DS201112-0616
2011
Franz, L.Longo, M., Nimis, P., Ziberna, L., Marzoli, A., Zanetti, A., Franz, L.Geochemistry of xenoliths from the Gibeon kimberlite province, Namibia.Goldschmidt Conference 2011, abstract p.1354.Africa, NamibiaOff-craton
DS201312-0047
2013
Franz, L.Bader, T., Ratschbacher, L., Franz, L., Yang, Z., Hofmann, M., Linneman, U., Yuan, H.The heart of Chin a revisited. 1. Proterozoic tectonics of the Qin Mountains in the core of supercontinent Rodinia.Tectonics, Vol. 32, 3, pp. 661-687.ChinaMagmatism - Dabie orogen
DS1960-0550
1965
Franz, S.W.Franz, S.W.Melting Relationships in the System Cao Mgo Sio2co2h2o- a Study of Synthetic Kimberlites.Ph.d. Thesis, Pennsylvania State University, GlobalExperimental Petrology
DS202001-0004
2019
Franza, A.Cecchi, V.M., Rossi, M., Ghiara, M.R., Franza, A.An unrevealed treasure: a new Italian meteorite from the Royal Mineralogical Museum of Naples.Geology Today, Vol. 35, 6, pp. 212-216.Europe, Italymeteorite

Abstract: Naturalistic and geo?mineralogical museum collections are one of the most relevant sources for research on meteorites the world over. Here, we present the description of a new Italian meteorite that has been recently discovered at the Royal Mineralogical Museum of Naples in Italy.
DS2001-0332
2001
Franzese, J.R.Franzese, J.R., Spalletti, L.A.Late Triassic early Jurassic continental extension in southwestern Gondwana: tectonic segmentation - riftingJournal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 3, July pp. 257-270.GondwanaTectonics
DS1993-0461
1993
Franzle, O.Franzle, O.Contaminants in terrestrial environmentsSpringer-Verlag, 350p. approx. $ 150.00GlobalBook -ad, Ecology
DS200612-1100
2006
Franzolin, E.Poli, S., Molina, J-F., Franzolin, E.Fe Mg Ca partitioning between carbonates, garnet and clinopyroxene at high pressure: experimental constraints in mafic systems up to 6 GPa.International Mineralogical Association 19th. General Meeting, held Kobe, Japan July 23-28 2006, Abstract p.TechnologyEclogite, carbonatite
DS1995-0123
1995
Fraracci, et al.Beard, B.L., Snyder, G.A., Taylor, L.A., Fraracci, et al.Eclogites from the Mir kimberlite, Russia: evidence of an Archean ophioliteprotolith.Proceedings of the Sixth International Kimberlite Conference Extended Abstracts, p. 41-43.Russia, Yakutia, Malo-BotubaEclogites, Deposit -Mir
DS1992-0485
1992
Fraracci, K.N.Fraracci, K.N., Taylor, L.A., Sobolev, N.V., Sobolev, V.N.Mineral chemistry of Diamondiferous eclogite xenoliths from the Mirkimberlite of the Yakutian kimberlite province, SiberiaGeological Society of America (GSA) Abstracts with programs, 1992 Annual, Vol. 24, No. 7, abstract p. A260Russia, Yakutia, SiberiaEclogites, Diamonds
DS1993-0462
1993
Fraracci, K.N.Fraracci, K.N., Taylor, L.A., Jerde, E.A., Snyder, G.A., ClaytonTwo unusual Diamondiferous eclogite xenoliths from the Mir kimberlite inYakutia, SiberiaGeological Society of America Annual Abstract Volume, Vol. 25, No. 6, p. A445 abstract onlyRussia, Siberia, YakutiaXenoliths -eclogite, Deposit -Mir
DS1994-0546
1994
Fraracci, K.N.Fraracci, K.N.Diamondiferous eclogite xenoliths from Mir kimberlite, Yakutia, geochemistry and petrogenesis.Msc. Thesis, University Of Tennessee, Knoxville, 76p.Russia, SiberiaEclogite, Deposit - Mir
DS1996-1331
1996
Fraser, D.Smith, R., Fraser, D.New airborne electromagnetic trends and technologiesProspectors and Developers Association of Canada (PDAC) Short Course, pp. 1-16CanadaGeophysics -electromagnetic, Short course -Exploration technology
DS2001-0490
2001
Fraser, D.C.Huang, H., Fraser, D.C.Mapping the resistivity, susceptibility, and permittivity of the earth using a helicopter borne electromagneticGeophysics, Vol. 66, No. 1, Jan. pp. 148-57.MantleGeophysics - electromagnetic not specific to diamonds
DS1984-0283
1984
Fraser, D.G.Fraser, D.G., Watt, F., Grimes, G.W., Takacs, J.Direct Determination of Strontium Enrichment on Grain Boundaries in a Garnet Lherzolite Xenolith by Proton Microprobe Analysis.Nature., Vol. 312, No. 5992, PP. 352-354.GlobalBlank
DS1990-0490
1990
Fraser, D.G.Fraser, D.G.Applications of the high resolution scanning proton microprobe in the earthsciences: an overviewChemical Geology, Vol. 83, pp. 27-37GlobalMicroprobe instrumentation, Overview
DS1930-0244
1937
Fraser, D.M.Fraser, D.M.Basic Rocks in the Eastern Pennsylvania HighlandAmerican Geophysical Union Transactions 18TH. ANNUAL MEETING, PP. 249-254.United States, Appalachia, PennsylvaniaGeology
DS1859-0097
1849
Fraser, J.F.Fraser, J.F.Diamonds in Georgia. #2Paper Read Oct. 5th.; American Phil. Soc. Proc.1848-1853, Vol. 5, No. 44, P. 106, 1854, (abstract.).United States, Georgia, AppalachiaDiamond occurrence
DS1985-0201
1985
Fraser, K.J.Fraser, K.J., Hawkesworth, C.J., Erlank, A.J., Mitchell, R.H.Strontium, neodymium, and lead isotope and minor element geochemistry of lamproites and kimberlitesEarth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 76, pp. 57-70Australia, MontanaMineral Chemistry, Lamproite
DS1985-0275
1985
Fraser, K.J.Hawkesworth, C.J., Fraser, K.J., Rogers, N.W.Kimberlites and lamproites: extreme products of mantleenrichmentprocessesTransactions Geological Society of South Africa, Vol. 88, pt. 2, May-August pp. 439-447AustraliaLamproites, Review
DS1986-0255
1986
Fraser, K.J.Fraser, K.J., Hawkesworth, C.J.Kimberlite/lamproite petrogenesis: geochemical and isotope evidence from North America, South Africa and Western AustraliaProceedings of the Fourth International Kimberlite Conference, Held Perth, Australia, No. 16, pp. 176-177Australia, Wyoming, Montana, South AfricaLamproite, Leucite Hills, Smoky Butt
DS1987-0223
1987
Fraser, K.J.Fraser, K.J.Petrogenesis of kimberlites from South Africa and lamproites from Western australia and North AmericaPh.d. Thesis, Open University United KingdoM., 288p. Available University of Microfilm BRDX80890South Africa, Australia, North AmericaLamproites
DS1992-0486
1992
Fraser, K.J.Fraser, K.J., Hawkesworth, C.J.The petrogenesis of Group-2 ultrapotassic kimberlites from Finsch mine, South-AfricaLithos, Vol. 28, No. 3-6. November pp. 327-345South AfricaPetrology, Ultrapotassic kimberlite
DS1981-0162
1981
Fraser, S.J.Fraser, S.J., Fitton, A., CRA Exploration Pty. Ltd.Series of Reports on the Diamond Search Warrie Well, Byro, Gelnburgh and Yaringa Sheets.West Australia Geological Survey Open File., No. GSWA 1192, ROLE 403 M259/1 300P.Australia, Western AustraliaProspecting, Geophysics, Geochemistry
DS200612-0411
2005
Fraser, T.Fraser, T.Moving forward.... Tahara's Jericho and De Beers Snap Lake.Mining North, pp. 37,38,39, 62,63..Canada, Nunavut, Northwest TerritoriesNews item - Tahara, De Beers
DS200612-0412
2006
Fraser, T.Fraser, T.Prairie fire & ice: Saskatchewan is home to several diamond research facilities - and the province doesn't even have a mine yet.Canadian Diamonds, Winter, p. 27-30, 48,49.Canada, SaskatchewanTechnology
DS1980-0129
1980
Fraser, W.J.Fraser, W.J., CRA Exploration Pty. Ltd.El 1878 Millionaires Well, Nt Annual Report Period Ending 19/10/80.Northern Territory Geological Survey Open File., AUSTRALIA; NORTHERN TERRITORYGlobalGeochemistry, Prospecting, Stream Sediment Sampling
DS1981-0163
1981
Fraser, W.J.Fraser, W.J., CRA Exploration Pty. Ltd.El 1878 Millionaires Well, Nt. Annual Report for the Period ending 19/10/80.Northern Territoru Geological Survey Open File., No. CR 81 023, 12P.Australia, Northern TerritoryKimberlite, Prospecting, Geophysics, Geochemistry
DS1860-0748
1892
Fraser and chalmers, CY.Fraser and chalmers, CY.American Enterprise in Mining Machinery; Copper, Silver, Gold and Diamonds.Chicago: Keogh And Schroeder., CATALOGUE No. 41, 8P.Africa, South AfricaMining Methods
DS200612-0410
2006
Fraser InstituteFraser InstituteFraser Institute annual survey of mining companies 2005/2006.Annual Survey, 83p.GlobalOverview - political risk, exploration expenditures
DS200712-0326
2007
Fraser InstituteFraser InstituteDr. P. Desrochers talk on greed is green. Environmental movement and assumptions and buzzwords.Stockwatch, May 11, 2p.GlobalNews item - environmentalists
DS201505-0253
2015
Fraser InstituteFraser InstituteFraser Institute annual survey for 2014. Mining jurisdictions listed.Fraser Institute, 97p. PdfGlobalLegal
DS1991-0511
1991
Fraser Taylor, D.R.Fraser Taylor, D.R.Geographic information systems: the microcomputer and modern cartographyOxford-Pergamon Press, 251pGlobalGIS -microcomputer
DS1998-0442
1998
Frater, H.Frater, H.Natural disastersSpringer, CD-ROM $ 60.00GlobalCD-ROM - ad, Natural disasters
DS200512-1138
2005
Fraud, G.Verati, C., Bertrand, H., Fraud, G.The farthest record of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province into West Africa craton: precise 40 Ar 39 Ar dating and geochemistry of Taoudenni basin intrusivesEarth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 235, 1-2, pp. 391-407.Africa, MaliMagmatism
DS200912-0345
2009
Fraud, G.Jourdan, F., Betrand, H., Fraud, G., LeGall, B., Watkeys, M.K.Lithospheric mantle evolution monitored by overlapping large igneous provinces: case study in southern Africa.Lithos, Vol. 107. 3-4, pp. 257-268.Africa, South AfricaMagmatism
DS1987-0730
1987
Frawley, J.J.Taylor, P.T., Frawley, J.J.Magsat anomaly dat a over the Kursk region, UssrPhysics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 45, No. 3, April pp. 255-265RussiaGeophysics
DS1994-0754
1994
Frawley, J.J.Heirtzler, J.R., Frawley, J.J.New gravity model for earth science studiesGsa Today, Vol. 4, No. 11, November pp. 269, 270.GlobalGeophysics -gravity
DS201808-1748
2018
Frayer, D.T.Greaves, J.S., Scaife, A.M.M., Frayer, D.T., Green, D.A., Mason, B.S., Smith, A.M.S.Anomalous microwave emission from spinning nanodiamonds around stars.Nature Astronomy, doi.org/10.1038/s41550-018-0495-zGlobalnanodiamonds

Abstract: Several interstellar environments produce 'anomalous microwave emission', with brightness-peaks at tens-of-gigahertz frequencies. The emission's origins are uncertain - rapidly-spinning nano-particles could emit electric-dipole radiation, but polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons proposed as the carrier are now found not to correlate with Galactic signals. The difficulty is to identify co-spatial sources over long lines of sight. Here we identify anomalous microwave emission in three proto-planetary discs. These are the only known systems that host hydrogenated nano-diamonds, in contrast to very common detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Spectroscopy locates the nano-diamonds close to the host-stars, at physically-constrained temperatures. Developing disc models, we reproduce the emission with diamonds 0.75-1.1 nanometres in radius, holding less than or equal to 1-2 per cent of the carbon budget. The microwave-emission:stellar-luminosity ratios are approximately constant, allowing nano-diamonds to be ubiquitous but emitting below detection thresholds in many star-systems. This can unify the findings with similar-sized diamonds found within solar system meteorites. As nano-diamond spectral absorption is seen in interstellar sightlines, these particles are also a candidate for generating galaxy-scale anomalous microwave emission.
DS2003-0939
2003
Frazenburg, M.Menzies, A.H., Frazenburg, M., Baumgartner, M.C., Gurney, J.J., Moore, R.O.Evaluation of chromites derived from kimberlites and implications for diamond8 Ikc Www.venuewest.com/8ikc/program.htm, Session 8, POSTER abstractAustraliaBlank
DS200412-1300
2003
Frazenburg, M.Menzies, A.H., Frazenburg, M., Baumgartner, M.C., Gurney, J.J., Moore, R.O.Evaluation of chromites derived from kimberlites and implications for diamond exploration programs.8 IKC Program, Session 8, POSTER abstractAustraliaDiamond exploration
DS1992-0180
1992
Frazer, J.Bryan, D., Frazer, J.Diamond exploration methodsNorthwest Territories Geoscience Forum held November 25, 26th. 1992, AbstractNorthwest TerritoriesExploration
DS202201-0013
2021
Frazer, W.D.Frazer, W.D., Korenaga, J.Dynamic topography and the nature of deep thick plumes.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, in press available 8p. PdfMantletectonics

Abstract: Deep mantle plumes imaged by seismic tomography have much larger radii (?400 km) than predicted by conventional geodynamic models (?100 km). Plume buoyancy fluxes estimated from surface topography concur with narrow plumes with low viscosities expected from their high temperatures. If plumes are thick as imaged by tomography, buoyancy flux estimates may require very viscous or thermochemical plumes. Here we assess the dynamical plausibility of an alternative model, a ponding plume, which has been suggested to explain thick plumes as well as buoyancy fluxes estimated from surface topography. In the ponding plume model, a thick conduit in the lower mantle narrows significantly after passing through the mantle transition zone, below which excess material from the thick lower-mantle plume, which cannot be accommodated by the narrow upper-mantle plume, spreads laterally. Such excess material in the mid-mantle, however, should still manifest itself in surface topography, the amplitude of which can be quantified via topography kernels. We find that the ponding of a purely thermal plume would lead to unrealistic excess topography, with the scale of ponding material large enough to be detected by seismic tomography. If mantle plumes are as thick as indicated by seismic tomography, it appears to be necessary to deviate from either conventional temperature-dependent viscosity or the assumption of purely thermal origins.
DS1992-0487
1992
Frazier, A.Frazier, S., Frazier, A.Quartz as 'diamond'. explores the origin and misnomer of the word diamondLapidary Journal, Vol. 45, 1, 1991 pp.109-136, pt. 2 Vol. 46, 1, pp. 153-168AlaskaNews item, Historical preface to a book
DS1992-0487
1992
Frazier, S.Frazier, S., Frazier, A.Quartz as 'diamond'. explores the origin and misnomer of the word diamondLapidary Journal, Vol. 45, 1, 1991 pp.109-136, pt. 2 Vol. 46, 1, pp. 153-168AlaskaNews item, Historical preface to a book
DS1995-0562
1995
Freas, R.C.Freas, R.C.Environmental regulatory controls -what was, what is and what is to comeMining Engineering, Vol. 47, No. 3, March pp. 243-246United StatesLegal, Environmental
DS1960-0881
1967
Frechen, J.Taylor, H.P.JR. , Frechen, J., Degens, E.T.Oxygen and Carbon Isotope Studies of Carbonatites from the Laacher See District West Germany and the Alno District Sweden.Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 31, PP. 407-430.Norway, Germany, ScandinaviaAlnoite
DS200912-0229
2009
Freckelton, C.N.Freckelton, C.N., Flemming, R.L.Crystal chemistry correlations in chromites from kimberlitic and non-kimberlitic sources.GAC/MAC/AGU Meeting held May 23-27 Toronto, Abstract onlyTechnologyXRD
DS201312-0583
2013
Freda, C.Masotta, M., Mollo, S., Freda, C., Gaeta, M., Moore, G.Clinopyroxene liquid thermometers and barometers specific to alkaline differentiated magmas.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 166, 6, pp. 1545-1561.Europe, ItalyCurrent volcanic eruptions
DS1998-0443
1998
Fredericksen, A.W.Fredericksen, A.W., Bostock, M.G., Cassidy, J.F.Seismic structure of the upper mantle beneath the northern Cordillera -teleseismic travel time inversionTectonophysics, Vol. 294, No. 1-2, Aug. 30, pp. 43-56.Cordillera, Yukon, mantleGeophysics - seismics, Tectonics
DS2001-0333
2001
Fredericksen, A.W.Fredericksen, A.W., Bostock, M.G., Cassidy, J.F.S wave velocity structure of the Canadian upper mantlePhysical Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 124, No. 3-4, Aug. pp. 175-191.Mantle, Canada, Northwest TerritoriesGeophysics - seismics, Cratonic keel
DS200612-0413
2006
Fredericksen, A.W.Fredericksen, A.W., Ferguson, I.J., Eaton, D., Miong, S-K., Gowan, E.Mantle fabric at multiple scales across an Archean Proterozoic boundary, Grenville Front, Canada.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 158, 2-4, pp. 240-263.Canada, Ontario, QuebecGeophysics - seismics, SKS, tomography
DS201810-2391
2018
Fredericksen, A.W.Zaporozan, T., Fredericksen, A.W., Bryksin, A., Darbyshire, F.Surface wave images of western Canada: lithographic variations across the Cordillera craton boundary.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 55, pp. 887-896.Canada, Northwest Territories, Alberta, Saskatchewangeophysics - seismic

Abstract: Two-station surface-wave analysis was used to measure Rayleigh-wave phase velocities between 105 station pairs in western Canada, straddling the boundary between the tectonically active Cordillera and the adjacent stable craton. Major variations in phase velocity are seen across the boundary at periods from 15 to 200 s, periods primarily sensitive to upper mantle structure. Tomographic inversion of these phase velocities was used to generate phase velocity maps at these periods, indicating a sharp contrast between low-velocity Cordilleran upper mantle and high-velocity cratonic lithosphere. Depth inversion along selected transects indicates that the Cordillera-craton upper mantle contact varies in dip along the deformation front, with cratonic lithosphere of the Taltson province overthrusting Cordilleran asthenosphere in the northern Cordillera, and Cordilleran asthenosphere overthrusting Wopmay lithosphere further south. Localized high-velocity features at sub-lithospheric depths beneath the Cordillera are interpreted as Farallon slab fragments, with the gap between these features indicating a slab window. A high-velocity feature in the lower lithosphere of the Slave province may be related to Proterozic or Archean subduction.
DS2001-0334
2001
Fredericksen, S.Fredericksen, S., Braun, J.Numerical modelling of strain localisation during extension of the continental lithosphere.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 188, No. 1, May 30, pp. 241-51.MantleModeling - tectonics
DS201312-0277
2013
Frederickson, A.Frederickson, A.A seismic image of the lithosphere beneath the western Superior Province and the mid-continent rift.GEM Diamond Workshop Feb. 21-22, Noted onlyCanada, United StatesGeophysics - seismics
DS200712-0327
2007
Frederickson, A.W.Frederickson, A.W., Miong, S.K., Darbyshire, F.A., Eaton, D.W., Rondenay, S., Sol, S.Lithospheric variations across the Superior Province, Ontario Canada: evidence from tomographic wave splitting.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 112, B7, B07318.Canada, OntarioGeophysics - seismics
DS2002-0479
2002
Frederickson, L.Frederickson, L.The Fraser Institute annual survey of mining companiesTranactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B. Applied Earth, Vol. 111, pp. B171-76.GlobalLegal, mineral law and policy
DS200412-0578
2002
Frederickson, L.Frederickson, L.The Fraser Institute annual survey of mining companies.Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B. Applied Earth Science ( incorporating Aus, Vol. 111, pp. B171-76.GlobalLegal, mineral law and policy
DS200612-1464
2005
Frederiksen, A.Van der Lee, S., Frederiksen, A.Surface wave tomography applied to the North American Upper Mantle.American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph, No. 157, pp. 67-80.United States, CanadaGeophysics - seismics
DS201811-2610
2018
Frederiksen, A.Stein, S., Stein, C.A., Elling, R., Kley, J., Keller, G.R., Wysession, M., Rooney, T., Frederiksen, A., Moucha, R.Insights from North America's failed Midcontinent Rift into the evolution of continental rifts and passive continental margins.Tectonophysics, Vol. 744, pp. 403-421.United Statestectonics

Abstract: Continental rifts evolve along two possible paths. In one, a rift successfully evolves into seafloor spreading, leaving the rift structures buried beneath thick sedimentary and volcanic rocks at a passive continental margin. Alternatively, the rift fails and remains as a fossil feature within a continent. We consider insights into these processes from studies of North America's Midcontinent Rift (MCR). The MCR combines the linear geometry of a rift formed at a plate boundary and the huge igneous rock volume of a Large Igneous Province. The rift is a fault bounded basin filled with volcanics and sediments, which record a history of extension, volcanism, sedimentation, subsidence, and inversion. The MCR came close to evolving into an oceanic spreading center, but it instead failed and thus records a late stage of rifting. It thus preserves a snapshot of a stage of the process by which actively extending rifts, characterized by upwelling mantle and negative gravity anomalies, evolve either into failed and often inverted rifts without upwelling mantle and positive gravity anomalies or into passive continental margins. Many rifts can be viewed as following a generally similar evolutionary sequence, within which a complex combination of factors control the variability of structures within and among rifts. Study of the MCR also gives insight into passive continental margins. The MCR gives a snapshot of deposition of a thick, dense, and highly magnetized volcanic section during rifting. Surface exposures, seismic, and gravity data delineate a rift basin filled by inward dipping flood basalt layers, underlain by thinned and underplated crust. The fact that the MCR shows many features of a rifted volcanic margin suggests that it came close to continental breakup before it failed, and illustrates how many passive margin features form prior to breakup.
DS200712-0328
2006
Frederiksen, A.W.Frederiksen, A.W., Ferguson, I.J., Eaton, D., Miong, S.K., Gowan, E.Mantle fabric at multiple scales across an Archean Proterozoic boundary front, Canada.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 158, 2-4, Oct. 16, pp. 240-263.CanadaTectonics
DS201312-0278
2013
Frederiksen, A.W.Frederiksen, A.W., Bollmann, T., Darbyshire, F., Van der Lee, S.Modification of continental lithosphere by tectonic processes: a tomographic image of central North America.Journal of Geophysical Research, 50060Canada, United StatesTomography - Laurentia, Superior
DS201711-2513
2017
Freeburn, R.Freeburn, R., Bouilhol, P., Maunder, B., Magni, V., van Hunen, J.Numerical models of the magmatic processes induced by slab breakoff.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 478, pp. 203-213.Mantlesubduction

Abstract: After the onset of continental collision, magmatism often persists for tens of millions of years, albeit with a different composition, in reduced volumes, and with a more episodic nature and more widespread spatial distribution, compared to normal arc magmatism. Kinematic modelling studies have suggested that slab breakoff can account for this post-collisional magmatism through the formation of a slab window and subsequent heating of the overriding plate and decompression melting of upwelling asthenosphere, particularly if breakoff occurs at depths shallower than the overriding plate. To constrain the nature of any melting and the geodynamic conditions required, we numerically model the collision of two continental plates following a period of oceanic subduction. A thermodynamic database is used to determine the (de)hydration reactions and occurrence of melt throughout this process. We investigate melting conditions within a parameter space designed to generate a wide range of breakoff depths, timings and collisional styles. Under most circumstances, slab breakoff occurs deeper than the depth extent of the overriding plate; too deep to generate any decompressional melting of dry upwelling asthenosphere or thermal perturbation within the overriding plate. Even if slab breakoff is very shallow, the hot mantle inflow into the slab window is not sustained long enough to sufficiently heat the hydrated overriding plate to cause significant magmatism. Instead, for relatively fast, shallow breakoff we observe melting of asthenosphere above the detached slab through the release of water from the tip of the heating detached slab. Melting of the subducted continental crust during necking and breakoff is a more common feature and may be a more reliable indicator of the occurrence of breakoff. We suggest that magmatism from slab breakoff alone is unable to explain several of the characteristics of post-collisional magmatism, and that additional geodynamical processes need to be considered when interpreting magmatic observations.
DS200612-0423
2006
Freed, A.M.Ganguly, J., Sacena, S.K., Freed, A.M.Density variation in subducting slabs and surrounding upper mantle: understanding stagnation vs penetration of the slabs at 670 km discontinuity.International Mineralogical Association 19th. General Meeting, held Kobe, Japan July 23-28 2006, Abstract p.102.MantleSubduction
DS200912-0241
2009
Freed, A.M.Ganguly, J., Freed, A.M., Saxena, S.K.Density profiles of oceanic slabs and surrounding mantle: integrated thermodynamic and thermal modeling, and implications for the fate of slabs at the 660 kmPhysics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 172, 3-4, pp. 257-267.MantleGeothermometry
DS1996-0468
1996
Freed, G.Freed, G.Ensuring successful management of mining project investmentsMining Asia Conference Held May Singapore, Australia, AsiaEconomics -investment, Project management
DS201212-0056
2012
FreemanBarnett, W., Jelsma, H., Watkeys, M., FreemanHow structure and stress influence the location of kimberlites.10th. International Kimberlite Conference Feb. 6-11, Bangalore India, AbstractGlobalGeotectonics
DS1991-1434
1991
Freeman, B.Roberts, A.M., Yielding, G., Freeman, B.The geometry of normal faultsGeological Society of London Special Publication, No. 56, 275pBaltic States, North Sea, Alps, Germany, Greece, EgyptStructure, fault, geophysics, seismics, Tectonics
DS1991-1435
1991
Freeman, B.Roberts, A.M., Yielding, G., Freeman, B.Geometry of normal faultsGeological Society of London Special Publ, No. 56, 264p. ISBN 0-903317-59-1 $ 110.25 United StatesBookEurope, Structure -normal faults
DS201212-0284
2012
Freeman, C.M.Harder, M.C., Nowickia, C., Hetman, T.E., Hetmana, D., Freeman, C.M., Abedub, B.Geology and evaluation of the K2 kimberlite, Koidu mine, Sierra Leone, West Africa.10th. International Kimberlite Conference Feb. 6-11, Bangalore India, AbstractAfrica, Sierra LeoneDeposit - K2 Koidu
DS1975-0742
1978
Freeman, E.B.Ferguson, S.A., Freeman, E.B.Ontario Occurrences of Float, Placer, Gold and Other Heavy Minerals.Ontario Geological Survey MIN. DEPOS. Circular, No. 17, PP. 191-198.Canada, OntarioOccurrences
DS1983-0234
1983
Freeman, E.B.Freeman, E.B.Diamonds in Ontario? #2Geological Association of Canada (GAC) NEWSLETTER., Vol. 12, PT. 1, P. 45.Canada, Ontario, Kirkland LakeProspecting
DS2003-0975
2003
Freeman, J.Moresi, L., May, D., Freeman, J., Appelbe, B.Mantle convection modeling with viscoelelastic brittle lithosphere: numerical andLecture notes in Computer Science, No. 2659, pp. 781-87.MantleBlank
DS200412-1367
2003
Freeman, J.Moresi, L., May, D., Freeman, J., Appelbe, B.Mantle convection modeling with viscoelelastic brittle lithosphere: numerical and computational methodology.Lecture notes in Computer Science, No. 2659, pp. 781-87.MantleLithosphere - model
DS200612-1233
2006
Freeman, J.Schellart, W.P., Freeman, J., Stegman, D.R.Subduction induced mantle convection on Earth: poloidal versus toroidal flow.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 70, 18, p. 10, abstract only.MantleSubduction
DS200612-1370
2006
Freeman, J.Stegman, D.R., Freeman, J., Schellart, W.P., Moresi, L.N., May, D.Evolution and dynamics of subduction zones from 4-D geodynamic models.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 70, 18, p. 58. abstract only.MantleSubduction
DS200812-1014
2008
Freeman, J.Schellart, W.P., Stegman, D.R., Freeman, J.Global trench migration velocities and slab migration induced upper mantle volume fluxes: constraints to find an Earth reference frame based on minimizing viscous dissipation.Earth Science Reviews, Vol. 88, 1-2, May pp. 118-144.MantlePlate tectonics - subduction, convection, hotspot
DS200912-0560
2008
Freeman, J.OzBench, M., Regenauerlieb, K., Stegman, D.R., Morra, G., Farrington, R., Hale, A., May, D.A., Freeman, J.A model comparison study of large scale mantle lithosphere dynamics driven by subduction.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 171, 1-4, pp. 224-234.MantleTectonics
DS201012-0276
2010
Freeman, L.Hetman, C.M., Nowicki, T., Freeman, L., Abedu, B.The preliminary geology and evaluation of the Koidu kimberlite dykes, Sierra Leone.International Dyke Conference Held Feb. 6, India, 1p. AbstractAfrica, Sierra LeoneDyke morphology
DS201212-0298
2012
Freeman, L.Hetman, C.M., Freeman, L., Nowicki, T.E., Abedu, B.Internal geology development and emplacement of the K1 kimberlite pipe, Koidu mine, Sierra Leone, West Africa.10th. International Kimberlite Conference Held Bangalore India Feb. 6-11, Poster abstractAfrica, Sierra LeoneDeposit - Koidu
DS201212-0493
2012
Freeman, L.Moss, S., Nowicki, T., Hetman, C., Freeman, L.,Abedu, B.Geology and evaluation of kimberlite dykes at Koidu, Sierra Leone.10th. International Kimberlite Conference Held Bangalore India Feb. 6-11, Poster abstractAfrica, Sierra LeoneDeposit - Koidu
DS201412-0037
2013
Freeman, L.Barnett, W., Jelsma, H., Watkeys, M., Freeman, L., Bloem, A.How structure and stress influence kimberlite emplacement.Proceedings of the 10th. International Kimberlite Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 51-66.Africa, South AfricaKimberley District - dyke modeling
DS201412-0339
2013
Freeman, L.Harder, M., Nowicki, T.E., Hetman, C.M., Freeman, L., Abedu, B.Geology and exploration of the K2 kimberlite, Koidu mine, Sierra Leone, West Africa.Proceedings of the 10th. International Kimberlite Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 191-208.Africa, Sierra LeoneDeposit - Koidu (K2)
DS1988-0224
1988
Freeman, M.J.Freeman, M.J., Palmer, D.F, Heimlich, R.A.Magnetic survey of the western serpentinite belt,northern HartfordCounty, MarylandSoutheastern Geology, Vol. 29, No. 2, December pp. 103-128GlobalUltramafic, laterite, Geophysics
DS1983-0235
1983
Freeman, S.Freeman, S., Penrose, B.Bomber With Diamond Chips on His ShoulderSunday Times, SEPTEMBER 11TH.GlobalIdb, Politics
DS201610-1861
2016
Freeman, Z.W.Freeman, Z.W., Hames, W., Bridges, D.L.The Devonian Avon alkaline province, Missouri: characterization of subcontinental mantle source and evolution from olivine phenocrysts.GSA Annual Meeting, 1/2p. abstractUnited States, MissouriAlnoite, melilitite

Abstract: We present new data on the crystallization age of, and composition of olivine phenocrysts within, an alnöite and olivine melilitite of the Avon Alkalic Igneous Province (AAIP) of Missouri. The AAIP is an ultramafic igneous province consisting of more than 80 known lithologically and texturally diverse intrusions, cropping out in northeastern flank of the St. Francois Mtn. Terrane. 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of biotite phenocrysts constrains emplacement to 386 +/- 1 Ma. Xenocrystic biotite from one sample yields 40Ar/39Ar age spectra characteristic of episodic loss, indicating crystallization at ca. 1.3 Ga followed by partial loss in the ultramafic magma at 386 Ma. Olivines within the alnöite are subhedral, variably serpentinized, and embayed. Olivines within the melilitite are euhedral, but extensively serpentinized. Disequilibrium textures observed in alnöite olivine are consistent with resorption of magmatic olivine as a result of decompression during crystallization. Euhedral olivine within the melilitite appear to have remained in equilibrium with melt, suggesting derivation of alnöite and melilitite from unique magmas. Major and trace elemental abundances of olivine from the alnöite were characterized with electron probe microanalysis. Olivines are Mg-rich (Fo86.9-Fo89.9), and exhibit systematic variation in trace element (e.g., Ni (1627 to 3580 ppm), Cr (97 to 1603 ppm), Co (149 to 259 ppm), Ti (11 to 267 ppm), Al (undetectable to 923 ppm), and P (undetectable to 433 ppm)) abundances with decreasing forsterite content consistent with fractional crystallization. All geothermometers yield a range in temperature, e.g., the Al in olivine (De Hoog et al., 2009) yield temperatures of 1087° to 1313° C at depths of 80 km to 180 km (modern-day midcontinental LAB). Olivine trace element discrimination diagrams indicate AAIP magmas were derived from mantle sources with an alkalic affinity, similar to other continental alkaline rocks and kimberlite. A mantle origin via partial melting of carbonated peridotite mantle is suggested due to the high Mg content, results of geothermometric modeling, and high Ca and Ti abundance within olivine phenocrysts. Melting of the mantle may have ben triggered by "Acadian" tectonic events.
DS1981-0287
1981
Freeport of australia inc., SWAN RESOURCES LTD.Marx, W.T., Freeport of australia inc., SWAN RESOURCES LTD.El 558- Orroroo Region, South Australia Relinquishment ReporSouth Australia Open File., No. E4519, 9P. UNPUBL.Australia, South AustraliaGeophysics, Geochemistry, Stream Sediment Sampling, Prospecting
DS1984-0284
1984
Freer, J.Freer, J.Spotlight on an Excursion to Premier Diamond MineSouth African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Journal, Vol. 84, No. 12, DECEMBER PP. 401-404.South AfricaPremier Mine, Guidebook
DS1991-0512
1991
Freerk-Parpatt, M.Freerk-Parpatt, M.Petrogenesis of the volcanic suite from the Laisamis-Merile area (NorthernKenya)Eos Transactions, Vol. 72, No. 44, October 29, abstract p. 516KenyaBasanite, Nephelinite
DS1980-0130
1980
Freestone, I.C.Freestone, I.C., Hamilton, D.L.The role of liquid immiscibility in the genesis of carbonatites - an experimental study.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 73, pp. 105-117.GlobalCarbonatite, Petrology - Experimental
DS1984-0285
1984
Freeth, S.J.Freeth, S.J.How Many Rifts Are There in West Africa?Earth And Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 67, No. 2, FEBRUARY PP. 219-227.West AfricaTectonics, Structure
DS1990-0938
1990
Freeth, S.J.Lisle, R.J., Styles, P., Freeth, S.J.Fold interference structures: the influence of layer competence contrastTectonophysics, Vol. 172, No. 3-4, February 1, pp. 197-200GlobalStructure -fold interference, Tectonics
DS1986-0557
1986
Fregeau, E.J.Meen, J.K., Ayers, J.C., Fregeau, E.J.The stability of Zirconium and Phosphorus bearing minerals in peridotite coexisting with alkaline melts. Implications for the storage of Uranium and Thorium in the mantleGeological Association of Canada (GAC) Annual Meeting, Vol. 11, p. 101. (abstract.)GlobalMantle
DS1989-0999
1989
Fregeau, E.J.Meen, J.K., Ayers, J.C., Fregeau, E.J.A model of mantle metasom. by carb. alkaline melts:trace element and isotopic compositions of mantle source regions of carbonatite and cont. igneousrocksCarbonatites -Genesis and Evolution, Ed. K. Bell Unwin Hyman Publ, pp. 464-499GlobalMetasomatism, Ijolite-Peridotite
DS200812-0366
2008
Frei, D.Frei, D., Hutchinson, M.T., Gerdes, A., Heaman, L.M.Common lead corrected U Pb age dating of perovskite by laser ablation - magnetic sectorfield ICP-MS9IKC.com, 3p. extended abstractMantleGeochronology
DS200812-0495
2008
Frei, D.Hutchison, M.T., Frei, D.In situ rock slab U Pb dating of perosvksite by laser ablation - magnetic sectorfield ICP-MS: a new tool for diamond exploration.9IKC.com, 3p. extended abstractTechnologyGeochronology
DS200912-0326
2009
Frei, D.Hutchison, M.T., Frei, D.Kimberlite and related rocks from Garnet Lake, West Greenland, including their mantle constituents, diamond occurrence, age and provenance.Lithos, In press - available 41p.Europe, GreenlandPetrology
DS200912-0371
2009
Frei, D.Keulen, N., Hutchison, M.T., Frei, D.Computer controlled scanning electron microscopy: a fast and reliable tool for diamond prospecting.Journal of Geochemical Exploration, Vol.103, pp. 1-5.TechnologyCCSEM microscopy
DS201012-0218
2010
Frei, D.Gaucher, C., Frei, R., Chemale, F.Jr., Frei, D., Bossi, J., Martinez, G., Chiglino, L., Cernuschi, F.Mesoproterozoic evolution of the Rio de la Plat a Craton in Uruguay: at the heart of Rodinia?International Journal of Earth Sciences, In press available, 16p.South America, UruguayTectonics - not specific to diamonds
DS201012-0430
2010
Frei, D.Lehman, B., Burgess, R., Frei, D., Belyatsky, B., Mainkar, D., Chalapthi Rao, N.V., Heaman, L.M.Diamondiferous kimberlites in central India synchronous with Deccan flood basalts.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 290, 1-2, Feb. 15, pp. 142-149.IndiaMineral chemistry
DS201012-0431
2010
Frei, D.Lehmann, B., Burgess, R., Frei, D., Belyatsky, B., Mainkar, D., Chalapthi Rao, N.V., Heaman, L.M.Diamondiferous kimberlites in central India synchronous with Deccan flood basalts.International Dyke Conference Held Feb. 6, India, 1p. AbstractIndiaDharwar and Bundelkhand cratons
DS201112-0347
2011
Frei, D.Gaucher, C., Frei, R., Chemale, F., Frei, D., Bossi, J., Martinez, G., Chiglino, L., Cernuschi, F.Mesoproterozoic evolution of the Rio de la Plat a craton in Uruguay: at the heart of Rodinia?International Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 100, 2, pp. 273-288.South America, UruguayCraton, Rodinia, Gondwana
DS201112-1078
2011
Frei, D.Van Schijndel, V., Cornell, D.H., Hoffman, K.H., Frei, D.Three episodes of crustal development in the Rehoboth Province, Namibia.The Formation and Evolution of Africa: A synopsis of 3.8 Ga of Earth History, Geol. Soc. London Special Publ., 357, pp. 27-47.Africa, NamibiaTectonics
DS201212-0119
2012
Frei, D.Chalapathi Rao, N.V., Lehmann, B., Belousova, E., Frei, D., Mainkar, D.Petrology, bulk rock geochemistry, indicator mineral composition and zircon U-Pb geochronology of the end Cretaceous Diamondiferous Mainpur orangeites, Bastar Craton, Central India.10th. International Kimberlite Conference Feb. 6-11, Bangalore India, AbstractIndiaDeposit - Mainpur
DS201511-1875
2015
Frei, D.Saha, L., Frei, D., Gerdes, A., Pat, J.K., Sarkar, S., Patole, V., Bhandari, A., Nasipuri, P.Crustal geodynamics from the Archean Bundelk hand craton, India: constraints from zircon U-Pb-Hf isotope studies.Geological Magazine, Rapid communication Oct. 14p.IndiaTectonics, geochronology

Abstract: A comprehensive study based on U-Pb and Hf isotope analyses of zircons from gneisses has been conducted along the western part (Babina area) of the E–W-trending Bundelkhand Tectonic Zone in the central part of the Archaean Bundelkhand Craton. 207Pb-206Pb zircon ages and Hf isotopic data indicate the existence of a felsic crust at ~ 3.59 Ga, followed by a second tectonothermal event at ~ 3.44 Ga, leading to calc-alkaline magmatism and subsequent crustal growth. The study hence suggests that crust formation in the Bundelkhand Craton occurred in a similar time-frame to that recorded from the Singhbhum and Bastar cratons of the North Indian Shield.
DS201602-0234
2016
Frei, D.Saha, L., Frei, D., Gerdes, A., Pati, J.K., Sarkar, S., Patole, V., Bhandari, A., Nasipuri, P.Crustal geodynamics from the Archean Bundelk hand Craton, India: constraints from zircon U-Pb-Hf isotope studies.Geological Magazine, Vol. 153, 1, pp. 179-192.IndiaGeochronology, tectonics

Abstract: A comprehensive study based on U-Pb and Hf isotope analyses of zircons from gneisses has been conducted along the western part (Babina area) of the E-W-trending Bundelkhand Tectonic Zone in the central part of the Archaean Bundelkhand Craton. 207Pb-206Pb zircon ages and Hf isotopic data indicate the existence of a felsic crust at ~ 3.59 Ga, followed by a second tectonothermal event at ~ 3.44 Ga, leading to calc-alkaline magmatism and subsequent crustal growth. The study hence suggests that crust formation in the Bundelkhand Craton occurred in a similar time-frame to that recorded from the Singhbhum and Bastar cratons of the North Indian Shield.
DS201612-2343
2016
Frei, D.Thomas, R.J., Macey, P.H., Spencer, C., Dhansay, T., Diener, J.F.A., Lambert, C.W., Frei, D., Nguno, A.The Sperrgebeit Domain, Aurus Mountains, SW Namibia: a ~2020-850 Ma window within the Pan-African Gariep Orogen.Precambrian Research, Vol. 286, pp. 35-58.Africa, NamibiaGeochronology
DS201701-0021
2016
Frei, D.Milani. L., Bolhar, R., Cawthorn, R.G., Frei, D.In situ LA-ICP-MS and EPMA trace element characterization of Fe-Ti oxides from the phsocorite carbonatite association at Phalaborwa, South Africa.Mineralium Deposita, in press available 22p.Africa, South AfricaCarbonatite

Abstract: In situ laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) are used to characterize magnetite and ilmenite of the phoscorite-carbonatite association at Phalaborwa. We trace the behavior of the compatible elements for two different generations of magnetite related to (1) a magmatic stage, with variable Ti-V content, which pre-dates the copper mineralization, and (2) a late hydrothermal, low-Ti, low-temperature event, mostly post-dating sulfide formation. Magnetite is shown to be a robust petrogenetic indicator; no influence on its chemical composition is detected from the intergrowth with the accompanying phases, including the interaction with coexisting sulfides. High spatial resolution EPMA characterize the tiny late-stage hydrothermal magnetite veins, as well as the ilmenite granular and lamellar exsolutions mostly developed in the magnetite from the phoscorite. By combining geochemical data with geothermo-oxybarometry calculations for magnetite-ilmenite pairs, we infer that the most primitive magnetite probably formed at oxygen fugacity above the nickel nickel oxide (NNO) buffer, revealing an evolutionary trend of decreasing temperature and oxygen fugacity. Geochemical similarity exists between magnetite from phoscorite and carbonatite, thus supporting a common mantle source for the phoscorite-carbonatite association.
DS201702-0227
2017
Frei, D.Milani, L., Bolhar, R., Cawthorn, R.G., Frei, D.In Situ LA-ICP-MS and EPMA trace element characterization of Fe-Ti oxides from the phoscorite carbonatite association at Phalaborwa, South Africa.Mineralium Deposita, in press available, 22p.Africa, South AfricaDeposit - Phalaborwa

Abstract: In situ laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) are used to characterize magnetite and ilmenite of the phoscorite-carbonatite association at Phalaborwa. We trace the behavior of the compatible elements for two different generations of magnetite related to (1) a magmatic stage, with variable Ti-V content, which pre-dates the copper mineralization, and (2) a late hydrothermal, low-Ti, low-temperature event, mostly post-dating sulfide formation. Magnetite is shown to be a robust petrogenetic indicator; no influence on its chemical composition is detected from the intergrowth with the accompanying phases, including the interaction with coexisting sulfides. High spatial resolution EPMA characterize the tiny late-stage hydrothermal magnetite veins, as well as the ilmenite granular and lamellar exsolutions mostly developed in the magnetite from the phoscorite. By combining geochemical data with geothermo-oxybarometry calculations for magnetite-ilmenite pairs, we infer that the most primitive magnetite probably formed at oxygen fugacity above the nickel nickel oxide (NNO) buffer, revealing an evolutionary trend of decreasing temperature and oxygen fugacity. Geochemical similarity exists between magnetite from phoscorite and carbonatite, thus supporting a common mantle source for the phoscorite-carbonatite association.
DS201702-0228
2017
Frei, D.Milani, L., Bolhar, R., Frei, D., Harlov, D.E., Samuel, V.O.Light rare earth element systematics as a tool for investigating the petrogenesis of phoscorite-carbonatite associations, as exemplified by the Phalaborwa Complex, South Africa.Mineralium Deposita, in press available, 21p.Africa, South AfricaDeposit - Phalaborwa

Abstract: In-situ trace element analyses of fluorapatite, calcite, dolomite, olivine, and phlogopite have been undertaken on representative phoscorite and carbonatite rocks of the Palaeoproterozoic Phalaborwa Complex. Textural and compositional characterization reveals uniformity of fluorapatite and calcite among most of the intrusions, and seems to favor a common genetic origin for the phoscorite-carbonatite association. Representing major repositories for rare earth elements (REE), fluorapatite and calcite exhibit tightly correlated light REE (LREE) abundances, suggesting that partitioning of LREE into these rock forming minerals was principally controlled by simple igneous differentiation. However, light rare earth element distribution in apatite and calcite cannot be adequately explained by equilibrium and fractional crystallization and instead favors a complex crystallization history involving mixing of compositionally distinct magma batches, in agreement with previously reported mineral isotope variability that requires open-system behaviour.
DS201801-0075
2018
Frei, D.Vezinet, A., Moyen, J-F., Stevens, G., Nicoli, G., Laurent, O., Couzinie, S., Frei, D.A record of 0.5 Ga of evolution of the continental crust along the northern edge of the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa: consequences for the understanding of Archean geodynamic processes.Precambrian Research, Vol. 305, pp. 310-326.Africa, South Africacraton - Kaapvaal

Abstract: Geodynamics of crustal growth and evolution consist in one of the thorniest questions of the early Earth. In order to solve it, Archean cratons are intensively studied through geophysical, geochemical and geochronological investigations. However, timing and mechanisms leading to accretion and stabilization of crustal blocks are still under question. In this study, new information on the evolution of Archean cratons is provided through complementary approaches applied to the northern margin of the Archean Kaapvaal craton (KC). The study area comprises the Pietersburg Block (PB) and the terrane immediately adjacent to the North: the Southern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo Complex (SMZ). We present a comprehensive petro-metamorphic study coupled with LA-ICP-MS U-Pb isotope examination of both Na- and K-rich granitoids from the two areas. This dataset points toward a new interpretation of the northern KC (PB?+?SMZ). Two significant magmatic events are newly recognized: (i) a ca. 3.2?Ga event, and (ii) a protracted magmatic event between ca. 2.95–2.75?Ga. These events affected in both investigated areas and are unrelated to the ca. 2.7?Ga-old event usually attributed to the SMZ. More importantly, phase equilibrium modelling of several lithologies from the SMZ basement points to middle-amphibolite facies conditions of equilibration instead of granulite-facies conditions historically assumed. This study has both important regional and global implications. Firstly, the presence of a continuous basement from the Thabazimbi-Murchison Lineament to the Palala Shear Zone, different than Central Zone of the Limpopo Complex basement, implies a complete reviewing of the whole Limpopo Complex concept. Secondly, the geometry observed in the northern Kaapvaal craton is assumed to testify for a complete accretionary orogenic sequence with formation of both mafic and TTG lithologies through arc-back arc geodynamic. This was followed by a long-lived lateral compression triggering partial melting of the lower continental crust and emplacement of Bt-granitoids bodies that stabilizes the continental crust. Lastly, partial melting of the underlying enriched mantle stabilized the entire lithosphere allowing long-term preservation of the crustal block.
DS1997-0832
1997
Frei, R.Nagler, Th. F., Kramers, J.D., Kamber, B.S., Frei, R.Growth of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath Zimbabwe started at or before 3.8 Ga: Re -Os studyGeology, Vol. 25, No. 11, Nov. pp. 983-986.ZimbabweMantle, Geochronology, chromites
DS1998-0712
1998
Frei, R.Kamber, B.S., Frei, R., Gibb, A.J.pit falls and new approaches in granulite chronometry. an example from the Limpopo Belt, ZimbabwePrecambrian Research, Vol. 91, No. 3-4, Aug. 31, pp. 269-286ZimbabweGeochronology, Limpopo Belt
DS1999-0070
1999
Frei, R.Bird, J.M., Meibom, A., Frei, R.Osmium and lead isotopes of rare Os Ir Ru minerals: derivation from the core mantle boundary region?Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 170, No. 1-2, June 30, pp. 83-92.MantleGeochronology
DS1999-0225
1999
Frei, R.Frei, R., Blenkinsop, T.G., Schonberg, R.Geochronology of the late Archean Razi and Chilimanzi suites of granites in Zimbabwe - tectonicsSouth African Journal of Geology, Vol. 102, No. 1, Jan. pp. 55-64.ZimbabweCraton, Limpopo Belt, Archean tectonics
DS2001-0335
2001
Frei, R.Frei, R., Rosing, M.T.The least radiogenic terrestrial leads: implications for the early Archean crustal evolution, hydrothermal..Chemical Geology, Vol. 181,No. 1-4, pp. 47-66.GreenlandMetasomatism, geochronology, Isua superacrustal belt
DS2002-1049
2002
Frei, R.Merbom, A., Sleep, N.H., Chamberlain, C.P., Coleman, R.G., Frei, R., HrenRe Os isotopic evidence for long lived heterogeneity and equilibration processes in Earth's upper mantle.Nature, No. 6900, Oct. 17, pp. 705-7.MantleGeochronology
DS2002-1347
2002
Frei, R.Roberts, H., Dahl. P., Kelley, S., Frei, R.New 207 Pb 206 Pb and 40 Ar 39 Ar ages from SW Montana: constraints on the Proterozoic and Archean tectonic and depositional history of the Wyoming Province.Tectonophysics, Vol.352,1-2,July, pp. 119-143.MontanaGeochronology
DS2003-0156
2003
Frei, R.Brenker, F.E., Meibom, A., Frei, R.On the formation of peridotite derived Os rich PGE alloysAmerican Mineralogist, Vol. 88, pp. 1731-40.MantleMagmatism - peridotites
DS2003-0424
2003
Frei, R.Frei, R., Jensen, B.K.Re Os and Sm Nd isotope and REE systematics on ultramafic rocks and pillow basaltsChemical Geology, Vol. 196, No. 1-4, pp. 163-191.GreenlandGeochronology
DS2003-0774
2003
Frei, R.Larsen, L.M., Pedersen, A.K., Sundvoll, B., Frei, R.Alkali picrites formed by melting of old metasomatized lithospheric mantle: ManitdlatJournal of Petrology, Vol. 44, 1, pp. 3-38.GreenlandPicrites
DS2003-0931
2003
Frei, R.Meibom, A., Anderson, D.L., Sleep, N.H., Frei, R., Chamberlain, C.P., HrenAre high 3 He/ 4 He ratios in oceanic basalts an indicator of deep mantle plumeEarth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 208, 3-4, pp. 197-204.MantleHelium, Melting
DS2003-0932
2003
Frei, R.Meibom, A., Anderson, D.L., Sleep, N.H., Frei, R., hamberlain, C.P., Hren, M.T.Are high 3He 4He ratios in oceanic basalts an indicator of deep mantle plumeEarth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 208, 3-4, March 30, pp.197-204.MantleGeochronology
DS200412-0204
2003
Frei, R.Brenker, F.E., Meibom, A., Frei, R.On the formation of peridotite derived Os rich PGE alloys.American Mineralogist, Vol. 88, pp. 1731-40.MantleMagmatism - peridotites
DS200412-0579
2003
Frei, R.Frei, R., Jensen, B.K.Re Os and Sm Nd isotope and REE systematics on ultramafic rocks and pillow basalts from the Earth's oldest oceanic crustal fragmChemical Geology, Vol. 196, no. 1-4, pp. 163-191.Europe, GreenlandGeochronology
DS200412-0580
2004
Frei, R.Frei, R., Polat, A., Meibom, A.The Hadean upper mantle conundrum: evidence for source depletion and enrichment from Sm-Nd Re-Os and Pb isotopic compositions inGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 68, 7, April 1, pp. 1645-1660.Europe, GreenlandGeochronology, boninites
DS200412-1292
2003
Frei, R.Meibom, A., Anderson, D.L., Sleep, N.H., Frei, R., hamberlain, C.P., Hren, M.T., Wooden, J.L.Are high 3He 4He ratios in oceanic basalts an indicator of deep mantle plume components?Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 208, 3-4, March 30, pp.197-204.MantleGeochronology
DS200512-0511
2004
Frei, R.Kent, A.J.R., Stolper, E.M., Francis, D., Woodhead, J., Frei, R., Eiler, J.Mantle heterogeneity during the formation of the North Atlantic igneous province: constraints from trace element and Sr Nd Os O isotope - Baffin Island picritesGeochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems: G3, Vol. 5, pp. Q11004 10.1029/2004GC000743Canada, Nunavut, Baffin IslandGeochemistry
DS200712-0212
2007
Frei, R.Dahl, P.S., Hamilton, M.A., Wooden, J.L., Foland, K.A., Frei, R., McCombc, J.A., Holm, D.K.2480 Ma mafic magmatism in the northern Black Hills, South Dakota: a new link connecting the Wyoming and Superior Cratons.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 43, 10, pp. 1579-1600.United States, Wyoming, Canada, AlbertaMagmatism
DS201012-0218
2010
Frei, R.Gaucher, C., Frei, R., Chemale, F.Jr., Frei, D., Bossi, J., Martinez, G., Chiglino, L., Cernuschi, F.Mesoproterozoic evolution of the Rio de la Plat a Craton in Uruguay: at the heart of Rodinia?International Journal of Earth Sciences, In press available, 16p.South America, UruguayTectonics - not specific to diamonds
DS201112-0347
2011
Frei, R.Gaucher, C., Frei, R., Chemale, F., Frei, D., Bossi, J., Martinez, G., Chiglino, L., Cernuschi, F.Mesoproterozoic evolution of the Rio de la Plat a craton in Uruguay: at the heart of Rodinia?International Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 100, 2, pp. 273-288.South America, UruguayCraton, Rodinia, Gondwana
DS201212-0714
2012
Frei, R.Szilas, K., Naeraa, T., Schersten, A., Stendal, H., Frei, R., Van Hinsberg, V.J., Kokfelt, T.F., Rosing, M.T.Origin of Mesoarchean arc related rocks with boninite-komatiite affinities from southern West Greenland.Lithos, in pressEurope, GreenlandBoninites
DS201603-0377
2015
Frei, R.Friedman, E., Polat, A., Thorkelson, D.J., Frei, R.Lithospheric mantle xenoliths sampled by melts from upwelling asthenosphere: the Quaternary Tasse alkaline basalts of southeastern British Columbia, Canada.Gondwana Research, In press available 22p.Canada, British ColumbiaAlkaline rocks, basalts

Abstract: The Quaternary Tasse basalts are exposed near the north shore of Quesnel Lake in southeastern British Columbia. They host a variety of mantle xenoliths consisting predominantly of spinel lherzolite with minor dunite and pyroxenite. Mineralogically, the xenoliths are composed of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and spinel characterized by forsterite (Fo87-93), enstatite (En90-92), diopside (En45-50-Wo40-45-Fs5), and Cr-spinel (6 ? 11 wt.% Cr), respectively. All of the mantle xenoliths are coarse-grained and show granoblastic textures. Clinopyroxene and spinel display textural evidence for chemical reactions with percolating melts. The mantle xenoliths are characterized by restricted Mg-numbers (89 ? 92) and low abundances of incompatible elements (Ba = 2 ? 11 ppm; Sr = 3 ? 31 ppm) and Yttrium (1 ? 3 ppm). On the basis of REE patterns, the xenoliths are divided into three groups reflecting the various degrees of mantle metasomatism: (1) Group 1 consists of concave-up LREE patterns (La/Smcn = 0.48 ? 1.16; Gd/Ybcn = 0.71 ? 0.92); (2) Group 2 possesses flat to moderately LREE-enriched patterns (La/Smcn = 1.14 ? 1.92; Gd/Ybcn = 0.87 ? 1.09); and (3) Group 3 is characterized by strongly LREE-enriched patterns (La/Smcn = 1.53 ? 2.45; Gd/Ybcn = 1.00 ? 1.32). On MORB-normalized trace element diagrams, the majority of the xenolith samples share the enrichment of LILE (Rb, Ba, K), U, Th, Pb, Sr and the depletion of HFSE (Nb, Ta, Ti, Y) relative to REE. These geochemical characteristics are consistent with a compositionally heterogeneous subcontinental lithospheric mantle source that originated as subarc mantle wedge peridotite at a convergent plate margin. The Tasse basalts have alkaline compositions characterized by low SiO2 (44 ? 46 wt.%) and high alkali (Na2O + K2O = 5.1 ? 6.6 wt.%) contents. They are strongly enriched in incompatible elements (TiO2 = 2.4 ? 3.1 wt.%; Ba = 580 ? 797 ppm; Sr = 872 ? 993 ppm) and, display OIB-like trace element patterns (La/Smn = 3.15 ? 3.85; Gd/Ybn = 3.42 ? 4.61). They have positive ?Nd (+ 3.8 to + 5.5) values, with 338 ? 426 Ma depleted mantle model ages, and display uniform OIB-like Sr (87Sr/86Sr = 0.703346 ? 0.703591) and Pb (206Pb/204Pb = 19.40 ? 19.58; 207Pb/204Pb = 15.57 ? 15.60; 208Pb/204Pb = 38.99 ? 39.14) isotopic compositions. The basalts erupted discontinuously along a > 1000 km long SE-NW-trending linear belt with minimal compositional variation indicative of a homogenous mantle source. The Sr ? Nd ? Pb isotope and trace element systematics of the alkaline basalts suggests that they originated from partial melting of an upwelling asthenospheric mantle source. Melting of the asthenospheric mantle might have stemmed from extension of the overlying lithosphere in response to the early stages of back-arc basin opening in the Omineca and Intermontane belts. Ridge subduction beneath the Canadian Cordillera might have played an important role in the weakening of the lithospheric mantle prior to its extension. Alternatively, melting of the upwelling asthenosphere in response to the delamination of the lithospheric mantle beneath the Rocky Mountain Trench might have generated the alkaline lavas.
DS201709-2043
2017
Freire, P.T.C.Pimenta Martins, L.G., Matos, M.J.S., Paschoal, A.R., Freire, P.T.C., Andrade, N.F., Aguiar, A.L., Kong, J., Neves, B.R.A., de Oliveira, A.B., Mazzoni, M.S.C., Souza Filhio, A.G., Cancad, L.G.Raman evidence for pressure induced formation of diamondene.Nature Communications, Vol. 8, 9p.Technologydiamondene

Abstract: Despite the advanced stage of diamond thin-film technology, with applications ranging from superconductivity to biosensing, the realization of a stable and atomically thick two-dimensional diamond material, named here as diamondene, is still forthcoming. Adding to the outstanding properties of its bulk and thin-film counterparts, diamondene is predicted to be a ferromagnetic semiconductor with spin polarized bands. Here, we provide spectroscopic evidence for the formation of diamondene by performing Raman spectroscopy of double-layer graphene under high pressure. The results are explained in terms of a breakdown in the Kohn anomaly associated with the finite size of the remaining graphene sites surrounded by the diamondene matrix. Ab initio calculations and molecular dynamics simulations are employed to clarify the mechanism of diamondene formation, which requires two or more layers of graphene subjected to high pressures in the presence of specific chemical groups such as hydroxyl groups or hydrogens.
DS201909-2022
2019
Freitag, R.Benaouda, R., Kraemer, D., Sitnikova, M., Goldmann, S., Freitag, R., Bouali, A., Mouttaqi, A., El Haloui, R., Essaadaoui, M., Bau, M.Thorium-poor monazite and columbite-(Fe) mineralization in the Gleibat Lafhouda carbonatite and its associated iron-oxide-apatite deposit of the Ouled Dlim Massif, South Morocco.Gondwana Research, Vol. 77, pp. 19-39.Africa, MoroccoREE

Abstract: Recent exploration work in South Morocco revealed the occurrence of several carbonatite bodies, including the Paleoproterozoic Gleibat Lafhouda magnesiocarbonatite and its associated iron oxide mineralization, recognized here as iron-oxide-apatite (IOA) deposit type. The Gleibat Lafhouda intrusion is hosted by Archean gneiss and schist and not visibly associated with alkaline rocks. Metasomatized micaceous rocks occur locally at the margins of the carbonatite outcrop and were identified as glimmerite fenite type. Rare earth element (REE) and Nb mineralization is mainly linked to the associated IOA mineralization and is represented by monazite-(Ce) and columbite-(Fe) as major ore minerals. The IOA mineralization mainly consists of magnetite and hematite that usually contain large apatite crystals, quartz and some dolomite. Monazite-(Ce) is closely associated with fluorapatite and occurs as inclusions within the altered parts of apatite and along cracks or as separate phases near apatite. Monazite shows no zonation patterns and very low Th contents (<0.4?wt%), which would be beneficial for commercial extraction of the REE and which indicates monazite formation from apatite as a result of hydrothermal volatile-rich fluids. Similar monazite-apatite mineralization and chemistry also occurs at depth within the carbonatite, although the outcropping carbonatite is barren, suggesting an irregular REE ore distribution within the carbonatite body. The barren carbonatite contains some tiny unidentified secondary Nb-Ta-U phases, synchysite and monazite. Niobium mineralization is commonly represented by anhedral minerals of columbite-(Fe) which occur closely associated with magnetite-hematite and host up to 78?wt% Nb2O5, 7?wt% Ta2O5 and 1.6?wt% Sc2O3. This association may suggest that columbite-(Fe) precipitated by an interaction of Nb-rich fluids with pre-existing Fe-rich minerals or as pseudomorphs after pre-existing Nb minerals like pyrochlore. Our results most strongly suggest that the studied mineralization is economically important and warrants both, further research and exploration with the ultimate goal of mineral extraction.
DS201812-2823
2018
Freitag, U.Jerram, D.A., Sharp, T.H., Torsvik, T.H., Poulson, R., Watton, T.H., Freitag, U., Halton, A., Sherlock, S.C., Malley, J.A.S., Finley, A., Roberge, J., Swart, R., Fabregas, P., Ferreira, C.H., Machado, V.Volcanic constraints on the unzipping of Africa from South America: insights from new geochronological controls alone the Angola margin.Tectonophysics, doi.org/10.1016/ j.tecto.2018.07.027 33p.Africa, Angola, South Americageochronology

Abstract: The breakup of Africa from South America is associated with the emplacement of the Paraná-Etendeka flood basalt province from around 134 Ma and the Tristan da Cunha plume. Yet many additional volcanic events occur that are younger than the main pulse of the Paraná-Etendeka and straddle the rift to drift phases of the main breakup. This contribution reports on new geochronological constraints from the Angolan part of the African Margin. Three coastal and one inland section have been sampled stretching across some 400 Km, with 39Ar/40Ar, U-Pb and Palaeontology used to provide age constraints. Ages from the new data range from ~100 to 81 Ma, with three main events (cr. 100, 91 and 82-81 Ma). Volcanic events are occurring within the Early to Late Cretaceous, along this part of the margin with a general younging towards Namibia. With the constraints of additional age information both onshore and offshore Angola, a clear younging trend at the early stages of rift to drift is recorded in the volcanic events that unzip from North to South. Similar age volcanic events are reported from the Brazilian side of the conjugate margin, and highlight the need to fully incorporate these relatively low volume volcanic pulses into the plate tectonic breakup models of the South Atlantic Margin.
DS200612-0363
2006
Freitas, J.A.Eaton-Magana, S., Post, J.E., Freitas, J.A., Klein, P.B., Walters, R.A., Heaney, P.J, Butler, J.E.Luminescence of the Hope diamond and other blue diamonds.GIA Gemological Research Conference abstract volume, Held August 26-27, p. 32. 1/2p.TechnologySpectroscopy
DS201212-0345
2012
Freitas, N.M.Kafino, C.V., Brod, J.A., Brod, T.C., Freitas, N.M.Mineral chemistry of mantle xenoliths from Kamafugite diatremes in the Goias alkaline Province, Brazil.10th. International Kimberlite Conference Held Bangalore India Feb. 6-11, Poster abstractIndiaDeposit - Goias
DS202102-0233
2021
Freitas, V.L.S.White, M.A., Kahwaji, S., Freitas, V.L.S., Siewert, R., Weatherby, J.A., Ribeiro da Silva, M.D.M.C., Verevkin, S.P., Johnson, E.R., Zwanziger, J.W.The relative thermodynamic stability of diamond and graphite.Angewandte Chemie International, Vol. 60, 3, pp. 1546-1549. pdfGlobaldiamond, graphite

Abstract: Recent density?functional theory (DFT) calculations raised the possibility that diamond could be degenerate with graphite at very low temperatures. Through high?accuracy calorimetric experiments closing gaps in available data, we reinvestigate the relative thermodynamic stability of diamond and graphite. For T<400 K, graphite is always more stable than diamond at ambient pressure. At low temperatures, the stability is enthalpically driven, and entropy terms add to the stability at higher temperatures. We also carried out DFT calculations: B86bPBE?25X?XDM//B86bPBE?XDM and PBE0?XDM//PBE?XDM results overlap with the experimental ?T?S results and bracket the experimental values of ?H and ?G, displaced by only about 2× the experimental uncertainty. Revised values of the standard thermodynamic functions for diamond are ?fHo=?2150±150 J?mol?1, ?fSo=3.44±0.03 J?K?1?mol?1 and ?fGo=?3170±150 J?mol?1.
DS1860-0410
1883
Fremont ClipperFremont ClipperPrecious Stones 1883Fremont Clipper, Lewiston Gold Miner., Vol. 1, No. 1, MAY 1894.United States, State Line, Colorado, WyomingDiamond Occurrence
DS2001-1246
2001
FrenchWin, T.T., Davies, R.M., Griffin, Wathanakul, FrenchDistribution and characteristics of diamonds from MyanmarJournal of Asian Earth Science, Vol. 19, No. 5, Aug. pp. 563-77.GlobalDiamond - morphology, Alluvials
DS1981-0164
1981
French, B.M.French, B.M.Diamonds in Meteorites. #1Earth Science., Vol. 34, No. 2, P. 29.GlobalMeteorite
DS1990-1212
1990
French, D.H.Ramsden, A.R., French, D.H.Routine trace -element capabilities of electron microprobe analysis in mineralogical investigations: an empirical evaluation of performance usingspectroM.Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 28, Pt. 1, March pp. 171-180GlobalMircoprobe analysis, Spectrometry
DS1993-1282
1993
French, D.H.Ramsden, A.R., French, D.H., Chalmers, D.I.Volcanic hosted rare-metals deposit at Brockman, Western AustraliaMineralium Deposita, Vol. 28, pp. 1-12AustraliaRare earths, Deposit -Brockman
DS1998-0444
1998
French, H.French, H.Making private capital flows to developing countries environmentallysustainable: the policy challengeNat. Res. forum, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 77-85GlobalEconomics, discoveries, World trade agreements
DS200512-0302
2004
French, H.A.French, H.A.A continent for the taking..The tragedy and hope of Africa.Knopf Publisher, Approx. $US 20.00Africa, Democratic Republic Of Congo, Liberia, MaliBook - history
DS2002-0480
2002
French, J.E.French, J.E., Heaman, L.M., Chacko, T.Feasibility of chemical U Th total Pb baddeleyite dating by electron microprobeChemical Geology, Vol. 188,1-2,pp.85-104.Northwest Territories, South AfricaGeochronology - Great Bear, Moore Lakes, Muskox, Phalaborwa, carbonatite
DS200512-0303
2004
French, J.E.French, J.E., Heaman, L.M., Chacko, T., Rivard, B.Global mafic magmatism and continental breakup at 2.2 Ga: evidence from the Dharwar Craton, India.Geological Society of America Annual Meeting ABSTRACTS, Nov. 7-10, Paper 142-10, Vol. 36, 5, p. 340.IndiaMagmatism
DS200812-0367
2008
French, J.E.French, J.E., Heaman, L.M., Chacko, T., Srivastava, R.K.1891-1883 Ma southern Bastar-Cuddapah mafic igneous events, India: a newly recognized large igneous province.Precambrian Research, Vol. 160, pp. 308-322.IndiaGeochronology - sill
DS1993-0263
1993
French, J.R.Clifford, N.J., Hardisty, J., French, J.R., Hart, S.Down stream variation in bed material characteristics: a turbulence controlled form process feedback mechanismBest, and Bristow, Braided Rivers Geological Society of London, No. 75, pp. 89-104GlobalSedimentology, Geomorphology, Braided rivers
DS1995-0565
1995
French, J.R.S.French, J.R.S.An overview of native titleAustralian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM) Bulletin, No. 1, Feb, pp. 13-17AustraliaLegal, Native
DS202012-2223
2020
French, P.M.W.Jones, D.C., Kumar, S., Lanigan, P.M.P., McGuiness, C.D., Dale, M.W., Twichen, D.J., Fisher, D., Martineau, P.M., Neil, M.A., Dunsby, C., French, P.M.W.Multidemensional luminescence microscope for imaging defect colour centres in diamond.Methods and Applications in Flouresence, Vol. 8, 1, 01404 htpp:dx.doi.org/10.1088/2050-6120/ab4eacGloballuminescence

Abstract: We report a multidimensional luminescence microscope providing hyperspectral imaging and time-resolved (luminescence lifetime) imaging for the study of luminescent diamond defects. The instrument includes crossed-polariser white light transmission microscopy to reveal any birefringence that would indicate strain in the diamond lattice. We demonstrate the application of this new instrument to detect defects in natural and synthetic diamonds including N3, nitrogen and silicon vacancies. Hyperspectral imaging provides contrast that is not apparent in conventional intensity images and the luminescence lifetime provides further contrast.
DS201412-1012
2014
French, S.Yuan, H., French, S., Cupillard, P., Romanowicz, B.Lithospheric expression of geological units in central and eastern North America from full waveform tomography.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 402, pp. 176-186.United StatesGeophysics - seismics
DS201112-0580
2011
French, S.W.Lekic, V., French, S.W., Fischer, K.M.Lithospheric thinning beneath rifted regions of southern California.Science, Vol. 334, 6057, pp. 783-787.United States, CaliforniaTectonics
DS201312-0279
2013
French, S.W.French, S.W.Mapping mantle mixing.Science, Vol. 342, 6155, p. 159.MantleTomography
DS1975-0745
1978
French, W.J.French, W.J.Lamprophyric Dykes Associated with the Appinitic Intrusions of County Donegal.Scientific Proceedings of The Royal Dublin Society, Series, Vol. 6, No. 9, PP. 97-107.IrelandBlank
DS1990-0491
1990
French, W.S.French, W.S.Practical seismic imagingThe Leading Edge of Exploration, Vol. 9, No. 8, August pp. 13-20GlobalGeophysics- seismics, Review -practical
DS1995-0563
1995
French Geological Survey (BRGM)French Geological Survey (BRGM)Workshop on Albanian ophiolites and related mineralizationFrench Geological Survey (BRGM) Papers, abstracts Field Guidebook, 200p. $ 135.00AlbaniaBase metals, chromite, metallogeny, Table of contents
DS1995-0564
1995
French Geological Survey (BRGM)French Geological Survey (BRGM)Workshop on Albanian ophiolites.. and related mineralizationFrench Geological Survey (BRGM) Unesco Field Guidebook, No. 244, 450F.AlbaniaOphiolites, mineralization, Book -ad
DS2001-1207
2001
FrenkelVolkova, N.I., Frenkel, Budanov, Kholodova, LepezinEclogites of the Maksyutov Complex, southern Urals: geochemistry and the nature of the Protolith.Geochemistry International, Vol. 39, No. 10, pp. 935-46.Russia, UralsEclogites
DS1988-0018
1988
Frenkel, M. Ya.Ariskin, A.A., Barmina, G.B., Frenkel, M. Ya.A crystalline mechanism for the tholeitic seriesInternational Geology Review, Vol. 30, No. 4, April pp. 382-389. Database # 17526RussiaTholeite, Magma
DS1990-0492
1990
Frenkel, M. Ye.Frenkel, M. Ye., Khapayev, V.V.A convective cumulation model for crystallization differentiation of the melt and formation of the apatite deposits in Khibiny ijolite-urtite intrusionGeochemistry Int, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 101-112RussiaIjolite, Geochemistry
DS1992-0488
1992
Frenkel, M.A.Frenkel, M.A.Phase convection and chemical differentiation during magmatic reworkingGeochemistry International, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 13-27RussiaMagma, Formulae
DS1993-0463
1993
Frenkel, M.Y.Frenkel, M.Y.Trace element behaviour in magmatic reworking of materialGeochemistry International, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 1-12.MantleMagmatism, Metasomatism
DS1993-0464
1993
Frenkel, M.Ya.Frenkel, M.Ya.Trace element behaviour in magmatic reworking of materialGeochemistry International, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 1-12MantleGeochemistry, Magma
DS1994-0547
1994
Frenkel, M.Ya.Frenkel, M.Ya.Convection in a magma chamberGeochemistry International, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 1-22MantleMagma chamber, Convection
DS1988-0659
1988
Frenklach, M.Speak, K.E., Frenklach, M., Badzian, A., Badzian, T.Vapor deposition of crystalline diamondCeram. Eng. Sci.Proc, Vol. 9, No. 9-10, pp. 1095-1102GlobalDiamond coating, CVD.
DS1994-0548
1994
Frenklach, M.Frenklach, M., Skokov, S., Weiner, B.An atomistic model for stepped diamond growthNature, Vol. 372, Dec. 8, pp. 535-537.GlobalDiamond -synthesis, CDV
DS201412-0146
2014
Fressengeas, C.Cordier, P., Demouchy, S., Beausir, B., Taupin, V., Barou, F., Fressengeas, C.Disinclinations provide the missing mechanism for deforming olivine-rich rocks in the mantle.Nature, Vol. 507, no. 7490, p. 51.MantleOlivine
DS201212-0208
2012
Frets, E.Frets, E., Tommasi, A., Garrido, C.J., Padron-Navarta, J.A., Amri, I., Targuisti, K.Deformation processes and rheology of pyroxenites under lithospheric mantle conditions.Journal of Structural Geology, Vol. 39, pp. 138-157.Europe, Africa, MoroccoWebsterite, Beni-Bousera
DS201704-0650
2016
Frets, E.Varas-Reu, M.I., Garrido, C.J., Marchesi, C., Bodinier, J-L., Frets, E., Bosch, D., Tommasi, A., Hidas, K., Targuisti, K.Refertilization processes of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle: the record of the Beni Bousera orogenic peridotite ( Rif Belt, northern Morocco).Journal of Petrology, Vol. 57, 11-12, pp. 2251-2270.Africa, MoroccoDeposit - Beni Bousera

Abstract: Correlations between major and minor transition elements in tectonically emplaced orogenic peridotites have been ascribed to variable degrees of melt extraction and melt-rock reaction processes, leading to depletion or refertilization. To elucidate how such processes are recorded in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, we processed a large geochemical dataset for peridotites from the four tectono-metamorphic domains of the Beni Bousera orogenic massif (Rif Belt, northern Morocco). Our study reveals that variations in bulk-rock major and minor elements, Mg-number and modal mineralogy of lherzolites, as well as their clinopyroxene trace element compositions, are inconsistent with simple partial melting and mainly resulted from different reactions between melts and depleted peridotites. Up to 30% melting at <3 GPa and cryptic metasomatism can account for the geochemical variations of most harzburgites. In Grt-Sp mylonites, melting and melt-rock reactions are masked by tectonic mixing with garnet pyroxenites and subsolidus re-equilibration. In the rest of the massif, lherzolites were mostly produced by refertilization of a refractory protolith (Mg-number = 91, Ol = 70%, Cpx/Opx = 0.4) via two distinct near-solidus, melt- rock reactions: (1) clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene precipitation and olivine consumption at melt/rock ratios <0.75 and variable mass ratio between crystallized minerals and infiltrated melt ®, which are recorded fairly homogeneously throughout the massif; (2) dissolution of orthopyroxene and precipitation of clinopyroxene and olivine at melt/rock ratios <1 and R = 0.2-0.3, which affected mainly the Arie` gite-Seiland and Seiland domains. The distribution of secondary lherzolites in the massif suggests that the first refertilization reaction occurred prior to the differentiation of the Beni Bousera mantle section into petro-structural zones, whereas the second reaction was associated with the development of the tectono-metamorphic domains. Our data support a secondary, refertilization-related origin for most lherzolites in orogenic peridotite massifs.
DS201412-0253
2014
Frets, E.C.Frets, E.C., Tommasi, A., Garrido, C.J., Vauchez, A., Mainprice, D., Targuisti, K., Amri, I.The Beni Boussera peridotite ( Rif belt, Morocco): an oblique slip low angle shear zone thinning the subcontinental mantle lithosphere.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 55, 2, pp. 283-313.Africa, MoroccoPeridotite
DS201312-0644
2013
Fretz, N.Neuner, M., Smith, L., Blowes, D.W., Sego, D.C., Smith, L.J.D., Fretz, N., Gupton, M.The Diavik waste rock project: water flow through mine waste rock in a permafrost terrain.Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 36, pp. 222-233.Canada, Northwest TerritoriesMining - Diavik
DS1984-0286
1984
Freund, F.Freund, F.Volume Instabilities in the Mantle As a Possible Source for kimberlite Formation.Proceedings of Third International Kimberlite Conference, Vol. 1, PP. 405-415.GlobalPetrology, Mineral Chemistry, Fluids, Eruption Model, Metasomatism
DS1988-0062
1988
Freund, F.Blake, D.F., Freund, F., et al.The nature and origin of interstellar diamondNature, Vol. 332, No. 6165, April 14, pp. 611-613GlobalBlank
DS2002-0481
2002
Freund, F.Freund, F.On the electrical conductivity structure of the stable continental crustJournal of Geodynamics, Vol. 34, 3, Sept. pp. 353-88.MantleGeophysics - conductivity HCZ
DS2003-0425
2003
Freund, F.Freund, F.On the electrical conductivity structure of the stable continental crustJournal of Geodynamics, Vol. 35, 3, pp. 353-88.MantleGeophysics - seismics, HCZ - high conductivity zone
DS200412-0581
2002
Freund, F.Freund, F.On the electrical conductivity structure of the stable continental crust.Journal of Geodynamics, Vol. 34, 3, Sept. pp. 353-88.MantleGeophysics - conductivity HCZ
DS1990-0493
1990
Freundt, B.Freundt, B., Schmincke, H.U.Leucitite petrogenesis at the Quaternary Hochsimmer volcano East -Eifel volcanic fieldTerra, Abstracts of Crustal Dynamics: Pathways and Records held Bochum FRG, Vol. 2, December p. 23GermanyLeucitite, Petrologenesis
DS2001-1224
2001
FreyWeis, D., Ingle, S., Damasceno, D., Frey, NicolaysenOrigin of continental components in Indian Ocean basalts: evidence from Elan Bank Kerguelen Plateau.Geology, Vol. 29, No. 2, Feb. pp. 147-50.Indian OceanIgneous province - plume, contamination
DS2002-0311
2002
Frey, B.A.Condie, K.C., Frey, B.A., Kerrich, R.The 1.75 Ga Iron King volcanics in west central Arizona: a remnant of an accreted oceanic plateau derived from a mantle plume with a deep depleted component.Lithos, Vol. 64, 1-2, pp. 49-62.ArizonaMantle plume - not specific to diamonds, Component
DS1991-0513
1991
Frey, E.D.Frey, E.D., Stewart, R.C.Wawa mineral deposits databaseOntario Geological Survey Open File, Open File No. 5775, 420pOntarioMineral database, Wawa area
DS1975-0511
1977
Frey, F.A.Frey, F.A., Ferguson, J., Chappell, B.W.Petrogenesis of South African and Australian Kimberlitic Suites.Proceedings of Second International Kimberlite Conference, EXTENDED ABSTRACT VOLUME.South Africa, AustraliaPetrogenesis, Genesis
DS1975-0746
1978
Frey, F.A.Frey, F.A., Green, D.H., Roy, S.D.Integrated Models of Basalt Petrogenesis: a Study of QuartzJournal of PETROLOGY, Vol. 19, PP. 463-513.Australia, New South Wales, VictoriaBasalt, Related Rocks
DS1982-0525
1982
Frey, F.A.Roden, M.F., Smith, D., Frey, F.A.Mantle with Oceanic Affinities Beneath the Colorado Plateau: Rare Earth Elements (ree) Evidence.Geological Society of America (GSA), Vol. 14, No. 6, P. 348, (abstract.).ColoradoKimberlite, Eclogite, Rocky Mountains, Colorado Plateau, Garnet
DS1984-0371
1984
Frey, F.A.Irving, A.J., Frey, F.A.Trace Element Abundances in Megacrysts and Their Host Basalts: Constraints on Partition Coefficients and Megacryst Genesis.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta ., Vol. 48, PP. 1201-1221.United States, New Mexico, Colorado PlateauKilbourne Hole, Ultrabasic Rocks
DS1985-0202
1985
Frey, F.A.Frey, F.A., Suen, C.J., Stockman, H.W.The Ronda High Temperature Peridotite: Geochemistry and PetrogenesisGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 49, No. 11, pp. 2469-2491GlobalWebsterite, Harzburgite, Lherzolite
DS1985-0494
1985
Frey, F.A.Nielson-Pike, J.E., Frey, F.A., Richter, F.M., Mysen, B.O.Multistage Mantle ProcessesGeology, Vol. 13, No. 10, PP. 742-743.United States, West Coast, California, Spain, South Africa, Hawaii, AustraliaKimberlite, Genesis, Penrose Conference Discussion
DS1985-0545
1985
Frey, F.A.Price, R.C., Johnson, R.W., Gray, C.M., Frey, F.A.Geochemistry of Phonolites and Trachytes from the Summit Region of Mt. Kenya.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 89, No. 4, PP. 394-409.East Africa, KenyaGeochemistry
DS1986-0267
1986
Frey, F.A.Garcia, M.O., Frey, F.A., Grooms, D.G.Petrology of volcanic rocks from Kaula Island Hawaii. Implications for The origin of Hawaiian phonolitesContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 94, No. 4, pp. 461-471HawaiiBasanite, rare earth elements (REE).
DS1987-0224
1987
Frey, F.A.Frey, F.A., Roden, M.F.The mantle source for the Hawaiian Islands: constraints from the lavas and ultramafic inclusionsIn: Mantle Metasomatism, edited M.A. Menzies, C.J. Hawkesworth, Academic, pp. 423-464HawaiiBlank
DS1987-0721
1987
Frey, F.A.Suen, C.J., Frey, F.A.Origins of mafic and ultramafic rocks in the Ronda PeridotiteEarth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 85, No. 1-3, September pp. 183-202GlobalUltramafic
DS1989-0256
1989
Frey, F.A.Chen, C.Y., Frey, F.A., Song, Y.Evolution of the upper mantle beneath southeastAustralia: geochemical evidence from peridotite xenoliths in Mount Leura basaniteEarth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 93, No. 2, June pp. 195-209AustraliaBasanite, Mount Leura
DS1989-0983
1989
Frey, F.A.McDonough, W.F., Frey, F.A.Rare earth elements in upper mantle rocks. Massiveperidotites, ultramafic xenoliths, megacrysts, minerals in xenoliths and diamond inclusionsReviews in Mineralogy: Geochemistry and mineralogy of Rare earth, Vol. 21, pp. 99-139Globalrare earth elements (REE) Mantle, Diamond inclusions
DS1989-1432
1989
Frey, F.A.Song, Y., Zhi, X., Frey, F.A.The geochemistry of basalts and mantle xenoliths From the Hannouba eastern China: implications for petrogenesis and the composition of subcont.mantleNew Mexico Bureau of Mines Bulletin., Continental Magmatism Abstract Volume, Held, Bulletin. No. 131, p. 250. AbstractChinaXenoliths
DS1991-1380
1991
Frey, F.A.Price, R.C., Gray, C.M., Wilson, R.E., Frey, F.A.The effects of weathering on rare earth element, Yttrium and Barium abundances in Tertiary basalts from southeastern AustraliaChemical Geology, Vol. 93, No. 3/4, December 5, pp. 245-266AustraliaWeathering, Yttrium, Barium, Rare earths, basalts
DS1991-1381
1991
Frey, F.A.Price, R.C., Gray, C.M., Wilson, R.E., Frey, F.A., Taylor, S.R.The effects of weathering on rare-earth element Yttrium and Barium abundances in Tertiary basalts from southeastern AustraliaChemical Geology, Vol. 93, No. 3/4, December 5, pp. 245-266AustraliaTholeiitic basalts, Geochemistry, rare earths, weathering
DS1992-1513
1992
Frey, F.A.Takazawa, E., Frey, F.A., Shimizu, N., Obata, M.Geochemical evidence for melt migration and reaction in the upper mantleNature, Vol. 359, No. 6390, September 3, pp. 55-58MantleMelt, Geochemistry
DS1996-1027
1996
Frey, F.A.Navon, O., Frey, F.A., Takazawa, E.Magma transport and metasomatism in the mantle: a critical review of current geochemical models -discAmerican Mineralogist, Vol. 81, May-June pp. 754-765MantleMetasomatism, Magma transport
DS1997-0925
1997
Frey, F.A.Price. R.C., Gray, C.M., Frey, F.A.Strontium isotopic and trace element heterogeneity in the plains basalts of Newer Volcanic Province, VictoriaGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 171-92.AustraliaGeochronology, Alkaline rocks
DS200612-1558
2005
Frey, F.A.Xu, Y.G., Ma, J.L, Frey, F.A., Feigenson, M.D., Liu, J.F.Role of lithosphere asthenosphere interaction in the genesis of Quaternary alkali and tholeitic basalts from Datong, western North Chin a Craton.Chemical Geology, Vol. 224, 4, pp. 247-271.ChinaAlkalic
DS1983-0236
1983
Frey, H.Frey, H., Langel, R., et al.Pogo and PangeaTectonophysics, Vol. 95, No. 3-4, PP. 181-190.South Africa, Africa, South AmericaTectonics, Magsat
DS1991-0058
1991
Frey, H.Baldwin, R., Frey, H.MAGSAT crustal anomalies for Africa- dawn to dusk dat a differences and acombined dat a setPhysics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 67, No. 3-4, July pp. 237-250Africa, South AfricaCrust, Geophysics -magnetics
DS1991-1347
1991
Frey, H.Phillips, J.D., Reynolds, R.L., Frey, H.Crustal structure interpreted from magnetic anomalies. (review)Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 29, No. S pp. 416-427MantleTectonics, Geophysics -magnetics
DS1993-0174
1993
Frey, M.Bucher-Nurminen, K., Frey, M.Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocksSpringer Verlag, 300p. approx. $ 40.00GlobalMetamorphic rocks, Petrology, Book -ad
DS1994-0225
1994
Frey, M.Bucher, K., Frey, M.Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks. Revised editionSpringer, 320pGlobalBook -table of contents, Petrogenesis -metamorphic rocks
DS200612-0414
2006
Frey, P.F.Frey, P.F., Houseman, G.Lithospheric scale gravitational flow: the impact of body forces on orogenic processes from Archean to Phanerozoic.in: Buiter & Schreurs Analogue and numerical modelling of crustal scale processes, Geological Society London, No. 253, pp. 153-167.MantleGeothermometry, tectonics, geodynamics
DS1930-0108
1932
Freyberg, B. Von.Freyberg, B. Von.Ergelnisse Geologischer Forschungen in Minas Gerais (brasilien). Dat a on Geological Investigations in Minas Gerais (brazil).Stuttgart: Schwizerbart, Neues Jahrbuch F?r Mineralogie Sond., No. 2, 400P., (DIAMOND FIELDS 92P. XEROX).BrazilKimberley, Geology, Janlib, Kimberlite
DS1930-0158
1934
Freyberg, B. Von.Freyberg, B. Von.Die Bodenschaetze des Staates Minas Gerais, (brasilien)Stuttgart: Schweizerbart., 442P., (DIAMOND FIELDS 92P. ) XEROX.BrazilKimberley, Geology, Janlib, Kimberlite
DS1990-0209
1990
Freyberg, D.L.Black, T.C., Freyberg, D.L.Simulation of one dimensional correlated fields using a matrix factorization moving average approachMath. Geol, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 39-62GlobalGeostatistics, Random field
DS2001-0336
2001
Freybouger, M.Freybouger, M., Gaherty, J.B., Jordan, T.H.Structure of the Kaapvaal craton from surface wavesGeophysical Research Letters, Vol. 28, No. 13, July 1, pp. 2489-92.South AfricaTectonics, Geophysics - seismics
DS1993-1129
1993
Freydier, Cl.Nicolas, A., Freydier, Cl., Godard, M., Vauchez, A.Magma chambers at oceanic ridges: how large?Geology, Vol. 21, No. 1, January pp. 53-56GlobalMagma, Geophysics -seismics
DS200812-0252
2008
Freymueller, I.T.Cross, R.S., Freymueller,I.T.Evidence for and implications of a Bering plate based on geodetic measurements from the Aleutians and western Alaska.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, B7 B7405.United States, AlaskaGeophysics - seismics
DS1993-0465
1993
Freymueller, J.T.Freymueller, J.T., Kellogg, J.N., Vega, V.Plate motions in the North Andean regionJournal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 98, No. B 12, Dec. 10, pp. 21, 853-863AndesTectonics, Columbia-Ecuador subduction system
DS2002-1611
2002
Freymueller, J.T.Trenkamp, R., Kellogg, J.N., Freymueller, J.T., Mora, H.P.Wide plate margin deformation, southern Central America and northwestern South America, CASA GPS observations.Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vo. 15,2,June pp. 157-71.South America, GuyanaTectonics
DS1997-0414
1997
Freyssinet, P.Girard, J.P., Razandranorosoa, D., Freyssinet, P.Laser oxygen isotope analysis of weathering goethite from the lateritic profile of Yaou: paleoclimatic..Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 12, No. 2, March, 1, pp. 163-174French GuianaLaterites, Geochronology
DS1993-0886
1993
Freyssinet, Ph.Laval, M., Piantone, P., Freyssinet, Ph., Kosakevitch, A.Role of florencite and pyrochlore in the behaviour of rare earth elements (REE) duringlaterisation: example of Mabounie carbonatite (Gabon)Terra Abstracts, IAGOD International Symposium on mineralization related to mafic, Vol. 5, No. 3, abstract supplement p. 25GlobalCarbonatite
DS1994-0549
1994
Freyssinet, Ph.Freyssinet, Ph., Zeegers, H.A quantitative approach to gold signal evolution in terms of lateriticcontextsFrench Geological Survey (BRGM) Principal Scient. Technology Research 1992-3, pp. 119-120GlobalGold, weathering, laterites, Deposit -Kangaba, Posse, Mborguene, Ity, Dondo Mobi
DS1994-0550
1994
Frezzotti, M.L.Frezzotti, M.L., Touret, J.L.R., Lustenhouwer, W.J.Melt and fluid inclusions in dunite xenoliths la Gomera, Canary Is.tracking mantle metasomatic fluidsEuropean Journal of Mineralogy, No. 6, pp. 805-818.GlobalXenoliths
DS2002-0482
2002
Frezzotti, M.L.Frezzotti, M.L., Andersen, T., Neumann, E.R., Simonsen, S.L.Carbonatite melt CO2 fluid inclusions in mantle xenoliths from Tenerife, Canary Islands:Lithos, Vol. 64, 3-4, pp. 77-96.Mantle, Canary IslandsCarbonatite
DS2002-0483
2002
Frezzotti, M.L.Frezzotti, M.L., Touret, J.L.R., Neumann, E.R.Ephemeral carbonate melts in the upper mantle; carbonate silicate immiscibility in microveins and inclusions within spinel peridotite xenoliths, la GomeraEuropean Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 14, 5, pp. 891-904.Canary IslandsXenoliths - la Gomera
DS2002-0563
2002
Frezzotti, M.L.Ghiribilli, B., Frezzotti, M.L., Palmeri, R.Coesite in eclogites of the Lanterman Range: evidence from textural and raman studiesEuropean Journal of Mineralogy, Vol.14,2,pp.355-60.AntarcticaEclogites
DS200512-0287
2005
Frezzotti, M.L.Ferrando, S., Frezzotti, M.L., Dallai, L., Compagnoni, R.Fluid rock interaction in UHP phengite kyanite epidote eclogite from the Sulu Orogen, eastern China.International Geology Review, Vol. 47, 7, pp. 750-774.Asia, ChinaUHP
DS200812-0345
2008
Frezzotti, M.L.Ferrnado, S., Frezzotti, M.L., Neumann, De Astis, Peccerillo, Dereje, Gezahegn, TeklewoldComposition and thermal structure of the lithosphere beneath the Ethiopian plateau: evidence from mantle xenoliths in basanites, Injibara Lake Tana Province.Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 93, 1-2, pp. 47-78.Africa, EthiopiaBasanites, Foidites
DS201012-0680
2010
Frezzotti, M.L.Seleverstone, J., Frezzotti, M.L., Sharp, Z.D., Compagnoni, R.Low temperature diamonds in oceanic rocks from the western Alps.Geological Society of America Abstracts, 1/2p.Europe, AlpsUHP - microdiamonds
DS201212-0209
2012
Frezzotti, M.L.Frezzotti, M.L., Ferrando, S., Tecce, F., Castelli, D.Water content and nature of solutes in shallow mantle fluids from fluid inclusions.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 351-352, pp. 70-83.MantleWater content
DS201212-0210
2012
Frezzotti, M.L.Frezzotti, M.L., Selverstone, J., Sharp, Z.D., Compagnoni, R.Carbonate dissolution during subduction revealed by diamond-bearing rocks from the Alps.Nature Geoscience, Vol. 4, 10, pp. 703-706.Europe, AlpsPetrology
DS201312-0846
2013
Frezzotti, M.L.Smith, E.M., Kopylova, M.G., Frezzotti, M.L., Afanasiev, V.P.Nitrogen bubbles in the mantle: evidence from diamond inclusions.GAC-MAC 2013 SS4: Diamond: from birth in the mantle to emplacement in kimberlite, abstract onlyMantleDiamond inclusions
DS201312-0847
2013
Frezzotti, M.L.Smith, E.M., Kopylova, M.G., Frezzotti, M.L., Afanasiev, V.P.Diamond inclusions reveal fugitive mantle nitrogen.Goldschmidt 2013, AbstractMantleDiamond inclusions
DS201412-0851
2014
Frezzotti, M.L.Smith, E.M., Kopylova, M.G., Frezzotti, M.L., Afansiev, V.P.N-rich fluid inclusions in octahedrally-grown diamond.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 393, pp. 39-48.Canada, Ontario, WawaDiamond inclusions
DS201504-0198
2015
Frezzotti, M.L.Frezzotti, M.L., Ferrando, S.The chemical behaviour of fluids released during deep subduction based on fluid inclusions.American Mineralogist, Vol. 100, pp. 352-377.MantleSubduction
DS201504-0219
2015
Frezzotti, M.L.Smith, E.M., Kopylova, M.G., Frezzotti, M.L., Afanasiev, V.P.Fluid inclusions in the Ebelyakh diamonds: evidence of CO2 liberation in eclogite and the effect of H2O on diamond habit.Lithos, Vol. 216-217, pp. 106-117.RussiaDeposit - Ebelyakh River
DS201912-2782
2019
Frezzotti, M.L.Frezzotti, M.L.Diamond growth from organic compounds in hydrous fluids deep within the Earth.Nature Communications, 10:4952 9p. PdfMantlesubduction

Abstract: At subduction zones, most diamonds form by carbon saturation in hydrous fluids released from lithospheric plates on equilibration with mantle rocks. Although organic molecules are predicted among dissolved species which are the source for carbon in diamonds, their occurrence is not demonstrated in nature, and the physical model for crustal diamond formation is debated. Here, using Raman microspectroscopy, I determine the structure of carbon-based phases inside fluid inclusions in diamond-bearing rocks from the Alps. The results provide direct evidence that diamond surfaces are coated by sp2-, and sp3-bonded amorphous carbon and functional groups of carboxylic acids (e.g., carboxyl, carboxylate, methyl, and methylene), indicating the geosynthesis of organic compounds in deep hydrous fluids. Moreover, this study suggests diamond nucleation via metastable molecular precursors. As a possible scenario, with carbon saturation by reduction of carboxylate groups, I consider tetrahedral H-terminated C groups as templates for the growth of sp3-structured carbon.
DS202001-0011
2019
Frezzotti, M.L.Frezzotti, M.L.Diamond growth from organic compounds in hydrous fluids deep within the Earth.Nature Communications, doi.org/10.1038/ s41467-019-12984-y 8p. PdfMantlesubduction

Abstract: At subduction zones, most diamonds form by carbon saturation in hydrous fluids released from lithospheric plates on equilibration with mantle rocks. Although organic molecules are predicted among dissolved species which are the source for carbon in diamonds, their occurrence is not demonstrated in nature, and the physical model for crustal diamond formation is debated. Here, using Raman microspectroscopy, I determine the structure of carbon-based phases inside fluid inclusions in diamond-bearing rocks from the Alps. The results provide direct evidence that diamond surfaces are coated by sp2-, and sp3-bonded amorphous carbon and functional groups of carboxylic acids (e.g., carboxyl, carboxylate, methyl, and methylene), indicating the geosynthesis of organic compounds in deep hydrous fluids. Moreover, this study suggests diamond nucleation via metastable molecular precursors. As a possible scenario, with carbon saturation by reduction of carboxylate groups, I consider tetrahedral H-terminated C groups as templates for the growth of sp3-structured carbon.
DS202006-0912
2020
Frezzotti, M.L.Bodnar, R.J., Frezzotti, M.L.Microscale chemistry: raman analysis of fluid and melt inclusions.Elements, Vol. 16, pp. 93-98.Mantlemelt inclusions

Abstract: Raman spectroscopy is a commonly applied nondestructive analytical technique for characterizing fluid and melt inclusions. The exceptional spatial resolution (~1 µm) and excellent spectral resolution (?1 cm?1) permits the characterization of micrometer-scale phases and allows quantitative analyses based on Raman spectral features. Data provided by Raman analysis of fluid and melt inclusions has significantly advanced our understanding of complex geologic processes, including preeruptive volatile contents of magmas, the nature of fluids in the deep crust and upper mantle, the generation and evolution of methane-bearing fluids in unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs. Anticipated future advances include the development of Raman mass spectroscopy and the use of Raman to monitor reaction progress in synthetic and natural fluid inclusion microreactors.
DS202008-1392
2020
Frezzotti, M.L.Frezzotti, M.L.Diamond growth from organic compounds in hydrous fluids deep within the Earth.Goldschmidt 2020, 1p. AbstractMantlesubduction

Abstract: Subduction diamonds represent the sequestration of carbon from fluids released from lithospheric plates at mantle depths. In deep fluids, besides reactive molecular species (e.g., CO2), inorganic, and organic aqueous ionic species have been proposed as a source of carbon in diamonds (Sverjensky et al., 2014). Unequivocal signatures of organic species, however, have not been found, neither a unified model for diamond nucleation and growth has been proposed. Here, I use Raman microspectroscopy to determine the structure and composition of carbon-based phases precipitated inside diamond-bearing fluid inclusions in metamorphic rocks from the Alps to reveal the spontaneous products on carbon saturation in deep Earth’s aqueous fluids. I find that microand nano-sized diamonds are coated by sp2-, and sp3-bonded amorphous carbon that shows Raman modes of attached organic functional group structures (e.g., carboxyl, carboxylate, methyl, and methylene). Present data suggest that decomposition of complex carboxylic acids can induce diamond nucleation on the reduction of the carboxyl groups, whereas sp3-bonded radicals can create structural intermediates allowing diamond growth (Frezzotti, 2019). This formation mechanism is consistent with nucleation models via metastable molecular precursors (Gebbie et al., 2018). The present study provides direct evidence that, deep within the Earth, dissolved inorganic carbon can spontaneously evolve to organic species in the absence of biologically catalyzed processes. Results suggest that the Earth’s interior should be considered as a favorable environment for the origin of prebiotic organic compounds.
DS202104-0592
2021
Frezzotti, M.L.Manning, C.E., Frezzotti, M.L.Subduction-zone fluids. Deep fluidsElements, Vol. 16, pp. 395-400.Mantlewater

Abstract: Fluids are essential to the physical and chemical processes in subduction zones. Two types of subduction-zone fluids can be distinguished. First, shallow fluids, which are relatively dilute and water rich and that have properties that vary between subduction zones depending on the local thermal regime. Second, deep fluids, which possess higher proportions of dissolved silicate, salts and non-polar gases relative to water content, and have properties that are broadly similar in most subduction systems, regardless of the local thermal structure. We review key physical and chemical properties of fluids in two key subduction-zone contexts-along the slab top and beneath the volcanic front-to illustrate the distinct properties of shallow and deep subduction-zone fluids.
DS200712-0329
2007
Frezzotti, M-L.Frezzotti, M-L., Peccerillo, A.Diamond bearing COHS fluids in the mantle below Hawaii.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 262, 1-2, pp. 273-283.MantleDiamond - fluidization
DS201412-0254
2013
Frezzotti, M-L.Frezzotti, M-L., Huizenga, J-M., Compagnoni, R., Selverstone, J.Diamond formation by carbon saturation in C-O-H fluids during cold subduction of oceanic lithosphere.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, in press availableMantleSubduction
DS1989-0445
1989
Friberg, L.M.Friberg, L.M.Garnet stoichiometry program using a LOTUS 1-2-3 spreadsheetComputers and Geosciences, Vol. 15, No. 7, pp. 1169-GlobalComputer Program, Garnets
DS1995-0725
1995
Friberg, L.M.Hale, J.R., Friberg, L.M.Petrogenesis of New England-Quebec lamprophyres from Hills borough Merrimack and Rockingham Counties.Geological Society of America (GSA) Abstracts, Vol. 27, No. 1, Feb. p. 51.GlobalLamprophyres
DS1998-0710
1998
Friberg, M.Juhlin, C., Friberg, M., Echtler, et al.Crustal structure of the Middle Urals: results from the ESRU Europrobe seismic reflection profiling in Urals...Tectonics, Vol. 17, No. 5, Oct. pp. 710-725.Russia, UralsGeophysics - seismics, East European Craton, tectonics
DS2000-0302
2000
Friberg, M.Friberg, M., Juhlin, C., Green, A.G., Hortsmeyer, RothEuroprobe seismic reflection profiling across the eastern middle Urals and West Siberian Basin.Terra Nova, Vol. 12, No. 6, Dec.pp. 252-7.Urals, Russia, SiberiaGeophysics - seismics
DS2002-0484
2002
Friberg, M.Friberg, M., Juhlin, Beckolmen, Petrov, GreenPaleozoic tectonic evolution of the Middle Urals in the light of ESRU seismic experiment.Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol.159,3,pp.295-306., Vol.159,3,pp.295-306.Russia, UralsTectonics
DS2002-0485
2002
Friberg, M.Friberg, M., Juhlin, Beckolmen, Petrov, GreenPaleozoic tectonic evolution of the Middle Urals in the light of ESRU seismic experiment.Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol.159,3,pp.295-306., Vol.159,3,pp.295-306.Russia, UralsTectonics
DS200612-0177
2006
Friberg, M.Brown, D., Juhlin, C., Tryggvason, A., Friberg, M., Rybalka, A., Puchkov, V.Structural architecture of the southern and middle Urals foreland from reflection seismicsTectonics, Vol. 25, 1, Jan. TC1002RussiaTectonics
DS200412-0582
2003
Friborg, T.Friborg, T., Spegaard, H., Christensen, TR., Lloyd, C.R., Panikov, N.S.Siberian wetlands: where a sink is a source.Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 30, 21, Nov. 1, 10.1029/2003 GLO17797RussiaGeophysics
DS1998-0826
1998
FrickLambert, D.D., Alard, O., Costa, S., Frick, BodinierEvidence for interaction of Proterozoic (2 Ga) sub-continental mantle wit han enriched mantle plume...Mineralogical Magazine, Goldschmidt abstract, Vol. 62A, p. 848-9.FranceMelt depletion, peridotite xenoliths, Franch Massif Central
DS1970-0081
1970
Frick, C.Frick, C.The Mineralogy and Petrology of Kimberlite and its Related Inclusion with Special Reference to the Premier Mine.Pretoria: Ph. D. Thesis University Pretoria., South AfricaBlank
DS1970-0513
1972
Frick, C.Frick, C.The Garnets in Kimberlite and in the Associated Griquaite And Ultramafic Nodules.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 35, No. 1, PP. 63-76.South AfricaMineralogy
DS1970-0684
1973
Frick, C.Frick, C.The Geology, Mineralogy and Petrology of the Premier Mine Kimberlite Pipe.1st International Kimberlite Conference, EXTENDED ABSTRACT VOLUME, PP. 119-122.South AfricaGeology, Mineralogy, Petrology
DS1970-0685
1973
Frick, C.Frick, C.The Sulphides in Griquaite and Garnet- Peridotite Xenoliths in Kimberlite.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 39, No. 1, PP. 1-16.South AfricaMineralogy
DS1970-0686
1973
Frick, C.Frick, C.Kimberlitic IlmenitesGeological Society of South Africa Transactions, Vol. 76, No. 2, PP. 85-94.South AfricaMineralogy
DS1970-0687
1973
Frick, C.Frick, C.Intergrowths of Orthopyroxene and Ilmenite from Frank Smith mines Near Barkly West, South Africa.Geological Society of South Africa Transactions, Vol. 76, No. 3, PP. 195-200.South AfricaMineralogy
DS1970-0688
1973
Frick, C.Frick, C., Viljoen, E.A.The Etosha Meterorite: a Medium Octahedrite from Southwestafrica.South African Journal of Science, Vol. 69, No. 11, PP. 345-348.Southwest Africa, NamibiaMeteorite
DS1970-0911
1974
Frick, C.Frick, C.Ten Kimberlites from Pofadder, Namaqualand, South AfricaGeological Society of South Africa Transactions, Vol. 77, No. 1, PP. 31-36.South AfricaGeology
DS1994-1062
1994
Frick, C.Lubala, R.T., Frick, C., Rogers, J.H., Walraven, F.Petrogenesis of syenites and granites of the Schiel alkaline complex, Northern Transvaal, South Africa.Journal of Geology, Vol. 102, No. 3, May pp. 307-317.South AfricaAlkaline rocks -Schiel, Petrogenesis
DS1995-1181
1995
Frick, K.Matveev, S., Ballhaus, C., Frick, K., et al.Synthesis of C H O fluids at high pressureProceedings of the Sixth International Kimberlite Conference Abstracts, pp. 356-358.MantleIgneous processes, Fluid composition
DS2002-0149
2002
Frick, L.R.Betts, P.G., Giles, D., Lister, G.S., Frick, L.R.Evolution of the Australian lithosphereAustralian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 49,4,August pp. 661-96.AustraliaMantle - geodynamics
DS1997-0742
1997
FrickeMateev, S., Ballhaus, Fricke, Truckenbrodt, ZiegenbeinVolatiles in the Earth's mantle: I. Synthesis of CHO fluids at 1273 K and2.4 GPas.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 61, No. 15, pp. 3081-88.MantleGeochemistry - experimental
DS1991-0514
1991
Friday, L.Friday, L., Laskey, R.The fragile environment: new approaches to global problemsCambridge University of Press, $ 15.95 approx, GlobalBook -ad, Fragile environment
DS1992-0571
1992
Friderichsen, J.D.Gilotti, J.A., Friderichsen, J.D., Higgins, A.K., Steenfelt, A.A new eclogite province in the Arctic Caledonides, southeast Greenland 77to 78 degGeological Society of America (GSA) Abstract Volume, Vol. 24, No. 3, March p. 23. abstractGreenlandEclogite, Xenoliths
DS2000-1008
2000
Friderichsen, J.D.Watt, G.R., Kinny, P.D., Friderichsen, J.D.uranium-lead (U-Pb) geochronology of Neoproterozoic and Caledonian tectonothermal events in East Greenland Caledonides.Journal of Geological Society of London, Vol. 157, No. 5, Sept.pp.1031-48.GreenlandGeochronology
DS1988-0225
1988
Fridlund, A.J.Fridlund, A.J.Info world examines eight high-power statistical packages that do much more than just crunch numbersInfoworld, Vol. 10, No. 38, September 19, pp. 55-76. Database # 1GlobalComputer, Programs - product comparison Statistics
DS1986-0256
1986
Fridman, A.I.Fridman, A.I.Use of a gas survey method for explorations of solid mineral resources; present status of the method and development.(Russian)Izd. Nauka Moscow Theoretical bases of geochemical methods of prospecting, pp. 119-139RussiaDiamond, Prospecting
DS200712-0742
2007
Frie, R.Mondal, S.K., Frie, R., Ripley, E.M.Os isotope systematics of Mesoarchean chromitite PGE deposits in the Singhbhum Craton, India: implications for the evolution of lithospheric mantle.Chemical geology, Vol. 244, 3-4, pp. 391-408.Asia, IndiaGeochronology
DS1992-0489
1992
Fried, A.W.Fried, A.W., Bishop, P.Key areas for alluvial diamond and sapphire exploration in the New England gem fields, New South Wales, Australia - a discussionEconomic Geology, Vol. 87, No. 2, March-April pp. 447-451AustraliaAlluvials, New England
DS1860-0889
1895
Friedberg, E.Friedberg, E.Edelsteine und Perlen. #2Zeitschr. Deut. Sprache., Vol. 8, PP. 129-142.GlobalHistory, Diamonds
DS1860-0314
1879
Friedel, G.Friedel, G.Sur les Mineraux Associees Au Diamant dans L'afrique AustralSoc. Min. France (paris) Bulletin., Vol. 2, PP. 197-200.Africa, South Africa, Cape ProvinceMineralogy
DS1860-0591
1888
Friedel, G.Friedel, G.Sur Un Gisement de Diamants et de Saphire D'australieSoc. Min. France (paris) Bulletin., Vol. 11, PP. 64-65.Australia, New South WalesDiamond, Sapphire
DS1920-0154
1923
Friedel, G.Friedel, G.Sur les Inclusions Noires Contenues dans les Diamants du CapAcademy of Science (PARIS) C.R., Vol. 177, P. 1086.South Africa, GlobalInclusions, Black, Graphite
DS1920-0283
1926
Friedel, G.Friedel, G.Lecons de CristallographieParis: Blanchard., 602P.GlobalKimberley, Mineralogy, Kimberlite
DS1960-0949
1968
Friedel, G.Friedel, G.Observations sur la Symetrie et sur les Formes du DiamantNouveau Traite de Chemie Minerale, Masson Publishing, pp. 142-56.GlobalDiamond Morphology
DS1991-0515
1991
Friedel, J.Friedel, J.On the relative stability of graphite and diamondChambers, R.G. Sir Charles Frank, OBE FRS: an eightieth birthday, pp. 369-377GlobalDiamond-graphite
DS1995-0566
1995
Friedemann, W.Friedemann, W., et al.Upper mantle structure from nuclear-seismic profile KRATONEos, Vol. 76, No. 46, Nov. 7. p.F383. Abstract.Russia, Asia, SiberiaGeophysics -seismic
DS200412-0231
2004
Friederich, W.Bruneton, M., Pedersen, H.A., Vacher, P., Kukkonenen, I.T., Arndt, N.T., Funke, S., Friederich, W., Farra, V.Layered lithospheric mantle in the central Baltic Shield from surface waves and xenolith analysis.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 226, 1-2, pp. 41-52.Baltic Shield, Norway, Finland, RussiaGeophysics - seismics, xenoliths
DS2000-0303
2000
Friedl, G.Friedl, G., Finger, F., McNaughton, N.J., Fletcher, I.Deducing the ancestry of terranes: SHRIMP evidence for South America derived Gondwana fragments in C. Europe.Geology, Vol. 28, no11, Nov. pp. 1035-8.South America, EuropeGeochronology, Variscan Fold Belt, Avalonia, Amorica, Moravo-Silesian
DS1940-0083
1944
Friedlaender, C.Friedlaender, C.Diamantengewinnung in AfrikaVjschr. Naturf. Ges. Zurich., Vol. 89, No. 3, PP. 187-200.Southwest Africa, NamibiaMining Methods
DS200812-0876
2007
Friedland, E.V.Pell, J., Mathison, W., Friedland, E.V., Crawford, J.DO-27 and beyond: an update on Peregrine Diamonds programs in the Slave Province.35th. Yellowknife Geoscience Forum, Abstracts only p. 46-47.Canada, Northwest TerritoriesExploration - overview
DS200912-0606
2009
Friedlander, E.A.Quane, S.L., Russell, J.K., Friedlander, E.A.Time scales of compaction in volcanic systems.Geology, Vol. 37, 5, May pp. 471-474.TechnologyRheology - high temperature experiments
DS1860-1031
1898
Friedlander, I. Von.Friedlander, I. Von.Herstellung von Diamanten in Silikaten, Entsprechend Dem Naturlichen Vorkommen im Kaplande.Verein Zur Beforderung Des Gewerbfleisses, AM 7, FEB, ALSO: Geology Magazine (London), Dec. 4, Vol. 5, PP. 22Africa, South Africa, Cape ProvinceDiamond genesis
DS2000-0304
2000
Friedman, A.Friedman, A.Pink party.... $ 30 million of coloured and pink diamonds showcase at Pink Party preview... jewellery23rd. Street Jewellers, Oct. 19, 2p.United States, CaliforniaNews item, Diamond - jewellery
DS1988-0226
1988
Friedman, D.D.Friedman, D.D.Diamonds are a governments best friend- burden free taxes on goods valued for their values- comments (technical note)American Economic Review, Vol. 78, No. 1, March p. 297GlobalBlank
DS201603-0377
2015
Friedman, E.Friedman, E., Polat, A., Thorkelson, D.J., Frei, R.Lithospheric mantle xenoliths sampled by melts from upwelling asthenosphere: the Quaternary Tasse alkaline basalts of southeastern British Columbia, Canada.Gondwana Research, In press available 22p.Canada, British ColumbiaAlkaline rocks, basalts

Abstract: The Quaternary Tasse basalts are exposed near the north shore of Quesnel Lake in southeastern British Columbia. They host a variety of mantle xenoliths consisting predominantly of spinel lherzolite with minor dunite and pyroxenite. Mineralogically, the xenoliths are composed of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and spinel characterized by forsterite (Fo87-93), enstatite (En90-92), diopside (En45-50-Wo40-45-Fs5), and Cr-spinel (6 ? 11 wt.% Cr), respectively. All of the mantle xenoliths are coarse-grained and show granoblastic textures. Clinopyroxene and spinel display textural evidence for chemical reactions with percolating melts. The mantle xenoliths are characterized by restricted Mg-numbers (89 ? 92) and low abundances of incompatible elements (Ba = 2 ? 11 ppm; Sr = 3 ? 31 ppm) and Yttrium (1 ? 3 ppm). On the basis of REE patterns, the xenoliths are divided into three groups reflecting the various degrees of mantle metasomatism: (1) Group 1 consists of concave-up LREE patterns (La/Smcn = 0.48 ? 1.16; Gd/Ybcn = 0.71 ? 0.92); (2) Group 2 possesses flat to moderately LREE-enriched patterns (La/Smcn = 1.14 ? 1.92; Gd/Ybcn = 0.87 ? 1.09); and (3) Group 3 is characterized by strongly LREE-enriched patterns (La/Smcn = 1.53 ? 2.45; Gd/Ybcn = 1.00 ? 1.32). On MORB-normalized trace element diagrams, the majority of the xenolith samples share the enrichment of LILE (Rb, Ba, K), U, Th, Pb, Sr and the depletion of HFSE (Nb, Ta, Ti, Y) relative to REE. These geochemical characteristics are consistent with a compositionally heterogeneous subcontinental lithospheric mantle source that originated as subarc mantle wedge peridotite at a convergent plate margin. The Tasse basalts have alkaline compositions characterized by low SiO2 (44 ? 46 wt.%) and high alkali (Na2O + K2O = 5.1 ? 6.6 wt.%) contents. They are strongly enriched in incompatible elements (TiO2 = 2.4 ? 3.1 wt.%; Ba = 580 ? 797 ppm; Sr = 872 ? 993 ppm) and, display OIB-like trace element patterns (La/Smn = 3.15 ? 3.85; Gd/Ybn = 3.42 ? 4.61). They have positive ?Nd (+ 3.8 to + 5.5) values, with 338 ? 426 Ma depleted mantle model ages, and display uniform OIB-like Sr (87Sr/86Sr = 0.703346 ? 0.703591) and Pb (206Pb/204Pb = 19.40 ? 19.58; 207Pb/204Pb = 15.57 ? 15.60; 208Pb/204Pb = 38.99 ? 39.14) isotopic compositions. The basalts erupted discontinuously along a > 1000 km long SE-NW-trending linear belt with minimal compositional variation indicative of a homogenous mantle source. The Sr ? Nd ? Pb isotope and trace element systematics of the alkaline basalts suggests that they originated from partial melting of an upwelling asthenospheric mantle source. Melting of the asthenospheric mantle might have stemmed from extension of the overlying lithosphere in response to the early stages of back-arc basin opening in the Omineca and Intermontane belts. Ridge subduction beneath the Canadian Cordillera might have played an important role in the weakening of the lithospheric mantle prior to its extension. Alternatively, melting of the upwelling asthenosphere in response to the delamination of the lithospheric mantle beneath the Rocky Mountain Trench might have generated the alkaline lavas.
DS1994-0551
1994
Friedman, G.M.Friedman, G.M.Dynamics and geomorphology of Mountain Rivers #1Springer Verlag, 326pAlpsBook -ad, Geomorphology, rivers
DS1996-0469
1996
Friedman, G.M.Friedman, G.M., et al.GPS for geodesySpringer Verlag Publ, 416p. $ 100.00GlobalGPS -geodesy, Book -ad
DS1996-0470
1996
Friedman, G.M.Friedman, G.M., et al.Continental crust structures on the continental margin of western NorthAmericaSpringer Verlag Publ, 352p. $ 120.00North AmericaTectonics -crust, Book -ad
DS1999-0428
1999
Friedman, G.M.Lyatsky, H., Friedman, G.M., Lyatsky, V.B.Principles of practical tectonic analysis of cratonic regionsSpringer, 372p. approx. $ 130.00 United StatesCanada, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Northwest TerritoriesTectonics, Craton
DS1999-0429
1999
Friedman, G.M.Lyatsky, H.V., Friedman, G.M., Lyatsky, V.B.Principles of practical tectonic analysis of cratonic regions;particular reference to western N. AmericaSpringer: Lecture Notes., No. 84, 369p.Alberta, Western CanadaBook - structure, tectonics, basins
DS1990-0617
1990
Friedman, I.Guo, W.X., Friedman, I., Gleason, J.Natural occurrence of silicon carbide in a Diamondiferous kimberlite fromFuxianNature, Vol. 346, No. 6282, July 26, pp. 352-354ChinaSilicon carbide, Mineralogy
DS1990-0921
1990
Friedman, I.Leung, I.S. , Guo, WX, Friedman, I., Gleason, J.Natural occurrence of silicon-carbide in a Diamondiferous kimberlite fromFuxianNature, Vol. 346, No. 6282, July 26, pp. 352-354ChinaDiamond genesis -Silicon carbide, Mineralogy -kimberlite
DS1990-0922
1990
Friedman, I.Leung, I.S., Friedman, I., Gleason, J.Evidence of silicon carbide diamond paragenesis:implications for carbon isotopic composition of themantleEos, Vol. 71, No. 17, April 24, p. 644 Abstract onlyChinaDiamond genesis, Geochronology -carbon
DS1985-0203
1985
Friedman, J.Friedman, J.Gems Shine for Lovers, Not SellersUsa Today, FRIDAY Jan. 4TH. P. 38.GlobalPromotional
DS1991-0609
1991
Friedman, J.H.Griffin, W.L., Ryan, C.G., Fisher, N.I., Friedman, J.H.Trace elements in garnets and chromites: their use in diamond exploration #1Csiro, Preprint, 17pGlobalNickel thermometer, garnets, chromites, Geothermometry
DS1997-0444
1997
Friedman, J.H.Griffin, W.L., Fisher, N.J., Friedman, J.H., Ryan, C.G.Statistical techniques for the classification of chromites in diamond exploration samples.Journal of Geochemical Exploration, Vol. 59, No. 3, Sept. pp. 233-250.Australia, South Africa, Swaziland, China, Russia, United StatesGeostatistics, classification, chromite, Diamond exploration, technology
DS200412-0721
2002
Friedman, J.H.Griffin, W.L., Fisher, N.I., Friedman, J.H., O'Reilly, S.Y., Ryan, C.G.Cr pyrope garnets in the lithospheric mantle 2: compositional populations and their distribution in time and space.Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems: G3, Vol. 3, 12, 1073 DOI 10.1029/2002 GC000298MantleGeochemistry - pyropes
DS1998-0947
1998
Friedman, R.Martignole, J., Friedman, R.Geochronological constraints on the last stages on terrane assembly in the central part of Grenville ProvPrecambrian Research, Vol. 92, No. 2, Oct.l, pp. 145-64OntarioGeochronology - tectonics, Terrane - Grenville Province
DS2000-0622
2000
Friedman, R.Martignole, J., Calvert, A.J., Friedman, R., ReynoldsCrustal evolution along a seismic section across the Grenville Province, western Quebec.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol.37, No.2-3, Feb.Mar, pp.291-306.QuebecGeophysics - seismics, Tectonics
DS200712-0666
2006
Friedman, R.M.Madsen, J.K., Thorkelson, D.J., Friedman, R.M., Marshall, D.D.Cenozoic to Recent plate configuration in the Pacific Basin: ridge subduction and slab window magmatism in western North America.Geosphere, Vol. 2, pp. 11-34.United States, CanadaSubduction
DS201312-0266
2013
Friedman, S.A.Ferre, E.C., Friedman, S.A., Martin-Hernandez, F., Feinberg, J.M., Conder, J.A., Ionov, D.A.The magnetism of mantle xenoliths and potential implications for sub-Moho magnetic sources.Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 40, 1, pp. 105-110.MantleMagnetism
DS201412-0255
2014
Friedman, S.A.Friedman, S.A., Feinberg, J.M., Ferre, E.C., Demory, F., Martin-Hernandez, F., Condor, J.A., Rochette, P.Craton vs rift uppermost mantle contributions to magnetic anomalies in the United States interior.Tectonophysics, Tecto9071R.docxUnited States, Montana, Colorado PlateauGeophysics - magnetics
DS1995-0567
1995
Friedmann, S.J.Friedmann, S.J., Burbank, D.W.Rift basins and supradetachment basins: intracontinental extensional endmembersBasin Research, Vol. 7, pp. 109-127Baikal, Mozambique, New JerseyBasins, Tectonics
DS1992-0458
1992
Friedrcih, H.Fiechtner, L., Friedrcih, H., Hammerscon, K.Geochemistry and geochronology of early Mesozoic tholeiites from centralMoroccoGeologische Rundschau, Vol. 81, No. 1, pp. 45-62MoroccoTholeiites, Geochemistry
DS201012-0043
2010
Friedrich, A.Bayarjargal, L., Shumilova, T.G., Friedrich, A., Winkler, B.Diamond formation from CaC03 at high pressure and temperature.European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 22, Feb. no. 1, pp. 29-34.MantleDiamond genesis
DS201801-0015
2018
Friedrich, A.M.Friedrich, A.M., Bunge, H-P., Rieger, S.M., Ghelichkhan, S., Nerlich, R.Stratigraphic framework for the plume mode of mantle convection and the analysis of inter regional unconformities on geological maps.Gondwana Research, Vol. 53, 1, pp. 159-188.Mantleconvection

Abstract: Mantle convection is a fundamental planetary process. Its plate mode is established and expressed by plate tectonics. Its plume mode also is established and expressed by interregional geological patterns. We developed both an event-based stratigraphic framework to illustrate the surface effects predicted by the plume model of Griffiths et al. (1989) and Griffiths and Campbell (1990) and a methodology to analyze continent-scale geological maps based on unconformities and hiatuses. The surface expression of ascending plumes lasts for tens-of-millions-of-years and rates vary over a few million years. As the plume ascends, its surface expression narrows, but increases in amplitude, leaving distinct geological and stratigraphic patterns in the geologic record, not only above the plume-head center, but also above its margins and in distal regions a few thousands-of-kilometers from the center. To visualize these patterns, we constructed sequential geological maps, chronostratigraphic sections, and hiatus diagrams. Dome-uplift with erosion (?engör, 2001) and the flood basalts (Duncan and Richards, 1991; Ernst and Buchan, 2001a) are diagnostic starting points for plume-stratigraphic analyses. Mechanical collapse of the dome results in narrow rifting (Burke and Dewey, 1973), drainage-network reorganization (Cox, 1989), and flood-basalt eruption. In the marginal region, patterns of vertical movement, deformation and surface response are transient and complex. At first, the plume margin is uplifted together with the central region, but then it subsides as the plume ascents farther; With plume-head flattening, the plume margin experiences renewed outward-migrating surface uplift, erosion, broad crustal faulting, and drainage reorganization. Knickpoint migration occurs first inward-directed at ½ the rate of plume ascent and later outward-directed at the rate of asthenospheric flow. Interregional-scale unconformity-bounded stratigraphic successions document the two inversions. The distal regions, which did not experience any plume-related uplift, yield complete sedimentary records of the event; Event-related time gaps (hiatuses) in the sedimentary record increase towards the center, but the event horizon is best preserved in the distal region; it may be recognized by tracing its contacts from the center outwards. We extracted system- and series-hiatuses from interregional geological maps and built hiatus maps as proxies for paleo-dynamic topography and as a basis for comparison with results from numerical models. Interregional-scale geological maps are well suited to visualize plume-related geological records of dynamic topography in continental regions. However, geological records and hiatus information at the resolution of stages will be needed at interregional scales. The plume-stratigraphic framework is event-based, interregional, but not global, with time-dependent amplitudes that are significantly larger than those of global eustatic sea-level fluctuations. Global stratigraphic syntheses require integration of plate- and plume-stratigraphic frameworks before eustatic contributions may be assessed.
DS201810-2316
2018
Friedrich, A.M.Friedrich, A.M.Palaeogeological hiatus surface mapping: a tool to visualize vertical motion of the continents.Geological Magazine, doi. 10.1017/ S0016756818000560 12p.Mantlegeodynamics

Abstract: Dynamic topography is a well-established consequence of global geodynamic models of mantle convection with horizontal dimensions of >1000 km and amplitudes up to 2 km. Such physical models guide the interpretation of geological records on equal dimensions. Continent-scale geological maps therefore serve as reference frames of choice to visualize erosion/non-deposition as a proxy for long-wavelength, low-amplitude vertical surface motion. At a resolution of systems or series, such maps display conformable and unconformable time boundaries traceable over hundreds to thousands of kilometres. Unconformable contact surfaces define the shape and size of time gap (hiatus) in millions of years based on the duration of time represented by the missing systems or series. Hiatus for a single system or series base datum diminishes laterally to locations (anchor points) where it is conformable at the mapped resolution; it is highly dependent upon scale. A comparison of hiatus area between two successive system or series boundaries yields changes in location, shape, size and duration, indicative of the transient nature of vertical surface motion. As a single-step technique, it serves as a quantitative proxy for palaeotopography that can be calibrated using other geological data. The tool magnifies the need for geological mapping at the temporal resolution of stages, matching process rates. The method has no resolving power within conformable regions (basins) but connects around them. When applied to marine seismic sections that relate to rock record, not to time, biostratigraphic and radiometric data from deep wells are needed before hiatus areas - that relate to time - can be mapped.
DS201902-0272
2019
Friedrich, A.M.Friedrich, A.M.Palaeogeological hiatus surface mapping: a tool to visualize vertical motion of the continents.Geological Magazine, Vol. 156, 2, pp. 308-319.Mantletomography

Abstract: Dynamic topography is a well-established consequence of global geodynamic models of mantle convection with horizontal dimensions of >1000 km and amplitudes up to 2 km. Such physical models guide the interpretation of geological records on equal dimensions. Continent-scale geological maps therefore serve as reference frames of choice to visualize erosion/non-deposition as a proxy for long-wavelength, low-amplitude vertical surface motion. At a resolution of systems or series, such maps display conformable and unconformable time boundaries traceable over hundreds to thousands of kilometres. Unconformable contact surfaces define the shape and size of time gap (hiatus) in millions of years based on the duration of time represented by the missing systems or series. Hiatus for a single system or series base datum diminishes laterally to locations (anchor points) where it is conformable at the mapped resolution; it is highly dependent upon scale. A comparison of hiatus area between two successive system or series boundaries yields changes in location, shape, size and duration, indicative of the transient nature of vertical surface motion. As a single-step technique, it serves as a quantitative proxy for palaeotopography that can be calibrated using other geological data. The tool magnifies the need for geological mapping at the temporal resolution of stages, matching process rates. The method has no resolving power within conformable regions (basins) but connects around them. When applied to marine seismic sections that relate to rock record, not to time, biostratigraphic and radiometric data from deep wells are needed before hiatus areas - that relate to time - can be mapped.
DS1991-1058
1991
Friedrich, G.Marker, A., Friedrich, G., Carvalho, A., Melfi, A.Control of the distribution of Manganese, Cobalt, Zinc, Zrirconium, Titanium and REEs during the evolution of lateritic covers above ultramafic complexesJournal of Geochemical Exploration, Special Publications Geochemical, Vol. 40, No. 1-3, pp. 361-384Brazil, PhilippinesCarbonatite, Geochemistry -laterites
DS201312-0384
2013
Friedrich, J.Hezel, D.C., Friedrich, J., Uesugi, M.Looking inside 3D structures of meteorites.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 116, pp. 1-4.TechnologyTomography
DS1987-0248
1987
Friefrich, G.Germann, A., Marker, m A., Friefrich, G.The alkaline complex of Jacupiranga, Sao Paulo/Brasil;petrology and genetic considerationsSymposium on Latin American Geosciences, Zentralblatt fuer geologie und, Vol. 1987, No. 7-8, pp. 807-818BrazilAlkaline rocks, Carbonatite
DS1970-0912
1974
Friel, J.J.Friel, J.J., Ulmer, G.C.Oxygen Fugacity Geothermometry of the Oka CarbonatiteAmerican MINERALOGIST., Vol. 59, PP. 314-318.Canada, QuebecRelated Rocks, Mineralogy
DS200712-0070
2006
Friend, C.Bennett, V., Nutman, A., Jenner, F., Friend, C.Variable styles of crust evolution recorded in oldest ( 3.7 - 3.85 Ga) rock and >4.0 Ga mineral suites?Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, In press availableAustraliaGeochronology
DS2000-0305
2000
Friend, C.L.Friend, C.L., Jones, K.A., Burns, I.M.New high pressure granulite event in the Moine Supergroup, northern Scotland: implications Taconic...Geology, Vol. 28, No. 6, June pp. 543-6.ScotlandTectonics - Caledonian crustal evolution, high pressure
DS200512-0304
2005
Friend, C.L.R.Friend, C.L.R., Nutman, A.P.New pieces to the Archean terrane jigsaw puzzle in the Nuuk region, southern West Greenland: steps in transforming a simple insight into a complex regional tecton thermal model.Journal of the Geological Society, Vol. 162, 1, pp. 147-162.Europe, GreenlandGeothermometry, tectonics, model
DS2002-1163
2002
Friend, C.R.Nutman, A.P., McGregor, V.R., Shiraishi, K., Friend, C.R., Bennett, V.C., Kinny3850 Ma BIF and mafic inclusions in the early Archean Itsaq gneiss complex aroundPrecambrian Research, Vol.117,3-4,pp.185-224.Greenland, southwestGeochronology, Mafic rocks - not specific to diamonds
DS1989-1141
1989
Friend, C.R.L.Nutman, A.P., Friend, C.R.L., Baadsgaard, H., McGregor, V.R.Evolution and assembly of Archean gneiss terranes in the Godthabsfjordregion, southern West Greenland: structural, metamorphic and isotopic evidenceTectonics, Vol. 8, No. 3, June pp. 573-589GreenlandOrogeny, Tectonics
DS1996-0471
1996
Friend, C.R.L.Friend, C.R.L., Nutman, A.P., Baadsgaard, H., KinnyTiming of late Archaean terrane assembly, crustal thickening, and granite emplacement in the Nuuk regionEarth and Plan. Sci. Letters, Vol. 142, pp. 353-365GreenlandArchean, Terranes
DS1996-0472
1996
Friend, C.R.L.Friend, C.R.L., Nutman, A.P., McGregor, V.R.Timing of late Archean terrane assembly, crustal thickening and graniteemplacement.. Nuuk region.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 142, No. 3/4, Aug. 1, pp. 353-366.GreenlandTectonics, Terrane
DS2002-1162
2002
Friend, C.R.L.Nutman, A.P., Friend, C.R.L., Bennett, V.C.Evidence for 3650-3600 Ma assembly of the northern end of the Itsaq Gneiss Complex: implication for...Tectonics, Vol.21,1,Feb.pp.4-1,4-17.GreenlandArchean tectonics, Geochronology
DS200412-1454
2004
Friend, C.R.L.Nutman, A.P., Friend, C.R.L., Bennett, V.C., McGregor, V.R.Dating of the Ameralik dyke swarms of the Nuuk district, Greenland: mafic intrusion events starting from c. 3510 Ma.Journal of Geological Society of London, Vol. 161, 3, pp. 421-430.Europe, GreenlandGeochronology
DS201510-1793
2015
Friend, C.R.L.Nutman, A.P., Bennett, V.C., Friend, C.R.L.Proposal for a continent 'Itsaqia' amalgamted at 3.66 Ga and rifted apart from 3.53 Ga: initiation of a Wilson Cycle near the start of the rock record.American Journal of Science, Vol. 315, 6, pp. 509-536.CanadaAcasta Gneiss

Abstract: A synthesis of the geological record of Earth's ten remaining oldest surviving gneiss complexes, each containing >3.6 Ga rocks, reveals a common history. We propose that the simplest scenario compatible with all observations is that of formation of an ancient continental mass, here named Itsaqia, by 3.66 Ga from amalgamation of earlier quartzofeldspathic crust, followed by initiation of continental break-up at 3.53 Ga by rifting. Evidence for this is reconstructed from the remaining oldest rock record (only ca. 10,000 km2 globally). Dominating the surviving fragments of the proposed Itsaqia continent are 3.9 to 3.66 Ga tonalites that represent juvenile crustal additions with whole-rock initial ?Nd >+1 and zircon initial ?Hf ? 0. Their trace element chemistry shows that they were derived by ca. 30 percent partial melting of garnetiferous, mostly eclogitized basic rocks, leaving behind a subcrustal garnet-rich restite. The tonalites contain inclusions of mafic rocks with chemical signatures diagnostic of mantle wedge fluxing, such as enrichment in the light rare earths and depletion of Nb and Ti. We interpret that this juvenile crust formed repeatedly in arc-like constructs at convergent plate boundaries. The Acasta Gneiss of Canada is the only undisputed surviving rock record of the proposed Itsaqia continent where crust formation extends back to the Hadean. Before ca. 3.66 Ga, individual gneiss complexes show distinct chronologies of crust formation, yet despite their present-day isolation, they underwent identical 3.66 to 3.6 Ga high temperature orogenic events (Isukasian orogeny) – which we contend indicates that from 3.66 Ga these complexes had amalgamated into a single continental mass. Rare surviving 3.66 Ga high-pressure granulite rocks that underwent rapid decompression indicate tectonic crustal thickening then collapse during amalgamation. This was followed by almost 50 million years of high heat flow and lower pressure metamorphism, most probably in an extensional setting. Starting from ca. 3.53 Ga, we propose that komatiite and basalt eruption and dike emplacement marked the start of Itsaqia's dismemberment by rifting. We further speculate that the deep mantle upwelling responsible for this plume-related magmatism was triggered by either the cascade of pre-3.66 Ga sub-Itsaqia high density garnet-rich restitic subduction graveyards into the lower mantle or the thermal insulation effect of Itsaqia. This resembles the mechanisms of supercontinent breakup throughout Earth's history. Hence we propose that Wilson Cycles of continent amalgamation and breakup were already initiated by the Eoarchean, near the start of the rock record. Australia's East Pilbara region was over the top of the plume, where the thermal impact destroyed Itsaqia by melting to give rise to felsic igneous rocks coeval with komatiites. Greenland's Itsaq Gneiss Complex was peripheral to the plume, and hence was heavily diked at ca. 3.5 Ga, but was not melted.
DS1994-1457
1994
Friend, P.Richards, K., Chandra, S., Friend, P.Avulsive channel systems: characteristics and examplesBest, and Bristow, Braided Rivers Geological Society of London, No. 75, pp. 195-203GlobalGeomorphology, Braided rivers
DS1994-1458
1994
Friend, P.Richards, K., Chandra, S., Friend, P.Avulsive channel systems: characteristics and examplesBest, and Bristow, Braided Rivers Geological Society of London, No. 75, pp. 195-203.GlobalGeomorphology, Braided rivers
DS1994-0552
1994
Friend, P.F.Friend, P.F., Sinha, R.Braiding and meandering parametersBest, and Bristow, Braided Rivers Geological Society of London, No. 75, pp. 105-111GlobalGeomorphology, Braiding
DS1994-0553
1994
Friend, P.F.Friend, P.F., Sinha, R.Braiding and meandering parametersBest, and Bristow, Braided Rivers Geological Society of London, No. 75, pp. 105-111.GlobalGeomorphology, Braiding
DS1998-0291
1998
Friend, P.F.Dade, W.B., Friend, P.F.Grain size, sediment transport regime, and Channel slope in alluvialrivers.Journal of Geology, Vol. 106, No.6, Nov. pp. 661-76.GlobalAlluvials, River - drainage - not specific to diamonds
DS1992-0490
1992
Fries, E.F.Fries, E.F.Analysis of microcomputer network for computer assisted mining researchUnited States Bureau of Mines Information Circular, No. 9330, 10pGlobalMining research, Computer
DS201012-0214
2010
Fries, M.D.Gaillou, E., Post, J.E., Bassim, N.D., Zaitsev, A.M., Rose, T., Fries, M.D., Stroud, R.M., Steele, A., Butler, J.E.Spectroscopic and microscopic characterizations of color laminae in natural pink diamonds.Diamond and Related Materials, Vol. 19, 10, pp. 1207-1220.TechnologySpectroscopy
DS1995-0568
1995
Friese, A.E.W.Friese, A.E.W., Charlesworth, E.G., McCarthy, T.S.Tectonic processes within the Kaapvaal Craton during the Kibaran Orogeny:structural, geophysical, geochronEconomic Geol. Research Unit, No. 292, 67pSouth AfricaWitwatersrand Basin, Grenville Orogeny, geochronology, isotope
DS1998-0445
1998
Friese, A.E.W.Friese, A.E.W.Structural control on kimberlite genesis and crustal emplacement withIn south Africa and the Kaapvaal Craton7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 224-6.South AfricaAlkaline magmatism, structure, tectonics, Kaapvaal Craton - Cretaceous
DS1998-0446
1998
Friese, A.E.W.Friese, A.E.W.Tectonic evolution and intra-cratonic alkaline magmatism within the central Kaapvaal Craton....7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 227-8.South AfricaAlkaline magmatism, structure, tectonics, Kaapvaal Craton - MesoProterozoic
DS2003-0426
2003
Friese, A.E.W.Friese, A.E.W., Reimold, W.U., Layer, P.W.40 Ar/39 Ar dating of and structural information on tectonite bearing faults in theSouth Africa Journal of Geology, Vol. 106, No. 1, pp. 41-70.South AfricaGeochronology, Geothermometry, tectonics
DS200412-0583
2003
Friese, A.E.W.Friese, A.E.W., Reimold, W.U., Layer, P.W.40 Ar 39 Ar dating of and structural information on tectonite bearing faults in the Witwatersrand Basin: evidence for multi-stagSouth African Journal of Geology, Vol. 106, no. 1, pp. 41-70.Africa, South AfricaGeochronology Geothermometry, tectonics
DS200812-0309
2008
Frietas, J.Eaton-Magana, S., Post, J.E., Heaney, P.J., Frietas, J., Klein, P., Walters, R., Butler, J.E.Using phosphorescence as a fingerprint for the Hope and other blue diamonds.Geology, Vol. 36, 1, pp.TechnologyDiamond morphology
DS201809-2022
2018
Frigo, C.Frigo, C., Stalder, R., Ludwig, T.OH defects in coesite and stishovite during ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism of continental crust. Dora Maira, Kochetav massifsPhysics and Chemistry of Minerals, dor.org/10.1007/ d00269-018-0987-5 13p.Russia, Kazakhstan, Alpscoesite, UHP

Abstract: The high-pressure silica polymorphs coesite and stishovite were synthesized under water-saturated conditions from a natural granitic composition doped with Li and B. Experiments were performed in a Multi-Anvil apparatus between 4 and 9.1 GPa and 900 and 950 °C, based on the conditions of a subducting continental crust as realistic for the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic units Dora Maira and Kochetav massifs. Run products consisted of coesite/stishovite?+?kyanite?±?phengite?±?omphacite, and quench material. The synthesized silica polymorphs were successively analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, electron microprobe, and Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS). No hydrous defects were observed in coesite synthesized at 4 GPa and 900 °C, whereas coesite grown at higher pressures revealed a triplet of infrared absorptions bands at 3575, 3523, and 3459 cm??1, two minor bands at 3535 and 3502 cm??1, and a small band at 3300 cm??1 that was only visible at 7.7 GPa. The total amount of Al was charge-balanced by H and the other monovalent cations. However, the band triplet could not be associated with AlOH defects, while the band doublet was inferred to BOH defects and the small band probably corresponded to interstitial H. Stishovite displayed one dominant band at 3116 cm??1 with a shoulder at 3170 cm??1, and a minor band at 2665 cm??1, probably all associated with AlOH defects. BOH defects were not observed in stishovite, and LiOH defects were neither observed in coesite nor stishovite, probably because of preferentially partition of Li in other phases such as omphacite. The total amount of defect protons increased with pressure and with metal impurity concentrations. The general increase in OH defects in silica polymorphs with increasing pressure (this study) contrasted the negative pressure trend of OH in quartz observed previously from the same starting material, and revealed an incorporation minimum of OH in silica polymorphs around the quartz/coesite phase transition.
DS201903-0510
2019
Frigo, C.Frigo, C., Stalder, R., Ludwig, T.OH defects in coesite and stishovite during ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism of continental crust. Dora Massif, KochetavPhysics and Chemistry of Minerals, Vol. 46, pp. 77-89.Russia, Europe, AlpsUHP

Abstract: The high-pressure silica polymorphs coesite and stishovite were synthesized under water-saturated conditions from a natural granitic composition doped with Li and B. Experiments were performed in a Multi-Anvil apparatus between 4 and 9.1 GPa and 900 and 950 °C, based on the conditions of a subducting continental crust as realistic for the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic units Dora Maira and Kochetav massifs. Run products consisted of coesite/stishovite?+?kyanite?±?phengite?±?omphacite, and quench material. The synthesized silica polymorphs were successively analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, electron microprobe, and Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS). No hydrous defects were observed in coesite synthesized at 4 GPa and 900 °C, whereas coesite grown at higher pressures revealed a triplet of infrared absorptions bands at 3575, 3523, and 3459 cm??1, two minor bands at 3535 and 3502 cm??1, and a small band at 3300 cm??1 that was only visible at 7.7 GPa. The total amount of Al was charge-balanced by H and the other monovalent cations. However, the band triplet could not be associated with AlOH defects, while the band doublet was inferred to BOH defects and the small band probably corresponded to interstitial H. Stishovite displayed one dominant band at 3116 cm??1 with a shoulder at 3170 cm??1, and a minor band at 2665 cm??1, probably all associated with AlOH defects. BOH defects were not observed in stishovite, and LiOH defects were neither observed in coesite nor stishovite, probably because of preferentially partition of Li in other phases such as omphacite. The total amount of defect protons increased with pressure and with metal impurity concentrations. The general increase in OH defects in silica polymorphs with increasing pressure (this study) contrasted the negative pressure trend of OH in quartz observed previously from the same starting material, and revealed an incorporation minimum of OH in silica polymorphs around the quartz/coesite phase transition.
DS202011-2027
2020
Frigo, C.Anenburg, M., Mavrogenes, J.A., Frigo, C., Wall, F.Rare earth element mobility in and around carbonatites controlled by sodium, potassium, and silica.Science Advances, Vol. 6, 11p. 10.1126/sciadv.abb6570 pdfGlobalcarbonatites, REE

Abstract: Carbonatites and associated rocks are the main source of rare earth elements (REEs), metals essential to modern technologies. REE mineralization occurs in hydrothermal assemblages within or near carbonatites, suggesting aqueous transport of REE. We conducted experiments from 1200°C and 1.5 GPa to 200°C and 0.2 GPa using light (La) and heavy (Dy) REE, crystallizing fluorapatite intergrown with calcite through dolomite to ankerite. All experiments contained solutions with anions previously thought to mobilize REE (chloride, fluoride, and carbonate), but REEs were extensively soluble only when alkalis were present. Dysprosium was more soluble than lanthanum when alkali complexed. Addition of silica either traps REE in early crystallizing apatite or negates solubility increases by immobilizing alkalis in silicates. Anionic species such as halogens and carbonates are not sufficient for REE mobility. Additional complexing with alkalis is required for substantial REE transport in and around carbonatites as a precursor for economic grade-mineralization.
DS201012-0210
2010
Friis, H.Friis, H., Mair, J.L.Ilmaussaq alkaline complex, a unique rare element deposit.International Workshop Geology of Rare Metals, held Nov9-10, Victoria BC, Open file 2010-10, extended abstract pp.37-39.Europe, GreenlandAlkalic
DS201512-1919
2015
Friis, H.Friis, H.Primary and secondary mineralogy of the Ilimaussaq alkaline complex, south Greenland.Symposium on critical and strategic materials, British Columbia Geological Survey Paper 2015-3, held Nov. 13-14, pp. 83-90.Europe, GreenlandAlkalic

Abstract: The Ilímaussaq alkaline complex is among the largest known alkaline complexes in the world and has been studied since the early 19th century, when Giesecke explored Greenland for minerals. More than 230 different mineral species occur in the complex. Ilímaussaq is the type locality for 34 minerals, including 15 that have not been reported elsewhere. Some of these are rock-forming minerals and thus, although unique to Ilímaussaq, may not be considered rare. Among the minerals fi rst described from Ilímaussaq are two important sources for critical materials: steenstrupine- (Ce) and eudialyte (Table 1). Steenstrupine-(Ce) is the main target mineral for the Kvanefjeld multi-element project in the northern part of Ilímaussaq, whereas eudialyte is targeted at the Tanbreez project in the southern part known as Kringlerne (Fig. 1). The fi rst detailed mapping and petrological studies of the complex were published by Ussing (1912), who also defi ned the term ‘agpaitic’ for rocks where the molar ratio (Na+K)/ Al is greater than or equal to 1.2. Since then, the distinction between agpaitic and miaskitic has changed from being based on just rock chemistry to being based more on mineral paragenesis. Sørensen (1997) defi ned agpaitic as peralkaline rocks in which High Field Strength Elements (HFSE; e.g., Zr and Ti) are hosted in complex minerals such as eudialyte and rinkite. Rocks with high alkalinity, where HFSE are hosted in minerals such as zircon, are considered miaskitic. Khomyakov (1995) further developed the agpaitic classifi cation by introducing the term hyperagpaitic for the most evolved syenites. Hyperagpaitic rocks are characterised by containing water soluble minerals (e.g., natrosilite and natrophosphate) and complex phosphosilicates (e.g., steenstrupine-(Ce) and vuonnemite; Khomyakov, 1995). The Ilímaussaq complex is one of several alkaline complexes formed during Mesoproterozoic rifting in the southwestern part of Greenland, which collectively is called the Gardar province (Upton, 2013). With an age of ~1.6 Ga, Ilímaussaq is the youngest major intrusion of the Gardar province (Waight et al., 2002; Krumrei et al., 2006).
DS201604-0594
2016
Friis, H.Borst, A.M., Friis, H., Andersen, T., Nielsen, T.F.D., Waight, T.E., Smit, M.A.Zirconosilicates in the kakortokites of the Ilmmaussaq complex, South Greenland: implications for fluid evolution and high field strength and rare earth element mineralization in agpaitic systems.Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 80, 1, pp. 5-30.Europe, GreenlandRare earths

Abstract: The layered agpaitic nepheline syenites (kakortokites) of the Ilímaussaq complex, South Greenland, host voluminous accumulations of eudialyte-group minerals (EGM). These complex Na-Ca-zirconosilicates contain economically attractive levels of Zr, Nb and rare-earth elements (REE), but have commonly undergone extensive autometasomatic/hydrothermal alteration to a variety of secondary mineral assemblages. Three EGM alteration assemblages are recognized, characterized by the secondary zirconosilicates catapleiite, zircon and gittinsite. Theoretical petrogenetic grid models are constructed to assess mineral stabilities in terms of component activities in the late-stage melts and fluids. Widespread alteration of EGM to catapleiite records an overall increase in water activity, and reflects interaction of EGM with late-magmatic Na-, Cl- and F-rich aqueous fluids at the final stages of kakortokite crystallization. Localized alteration of EGM and catapleiite to the rare Ca-Zr silicate gittinsite, previously unidentified at Ilímaussaq, requires an increase in CaO activity and suggests post-magmatic interaction with Ca-Sr bearing aqueous fluids. The pseudomorphic replacement of EGM in the kakortokites was not found to be associated with significant remobilization of the primary Zr, Nb and REE mineralization, regardless of the high concentrations of potential transporting ligands such as F and Cl. We infer that the immobile behaviour essentially reflects the neutral to basic character of the late-magmatic fluids, in which REE-F compounds are insoluble and remobilization of REE as Cl complexes is inhibited by precipitation of nacareniobsite-(Ce) and various Ca-REE silicates. A subsequent decrease in F- activity would furthermore restrict the mobility of Zr as hydroxyl-fluoride complexes, and promote precipitation of the secondary zirconosilicates within the confines of the replaced EGM domains.
DS201604-0605
2016
Friis, H.Friis, H.First occurrence of moskvinite-(Y) in the Illmaussaq alkaline complex, South Greenland.Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 80, 1, pp. 31-41.Europe, GreenlandMineralogy

Abstract: Moskvinite-(Y), Na2K(Y,REE)Si6O15, is a rare mineral, which until now has only been described from its type locality Dara-i-Pioz, Tajikistan. At Ilímaussaq moskvinite-(Y) was discovered in a drill core from Kvanefjeld, where it occurs as a replacement mineral associated with a mineral belonging to the britholite group. The composition was determined by a combination of electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analyses. The empirical formula based on 15 oxygens is Na1.94K0.99(Y0.94Yb0.03Er0.03 Dy0.03Ho0.01Gd0.01) ?1.05Si5.98O15. The coexistence of an almost pure Y and a light rare-earth element (REE) mineral is interpreted as fractionation of REE and Y during the replacement of an earlier formed REE mineral. Theoretical calculations of the observed replacement of feldspathoids by natrolite show that the generated fluid would have pH > 8, which inhibits large scale mobility of REE. In addition, a K-Fe sulfide member of the chlorbartonite-bartonite group is for the first time observed in Ilímaussaq where it occurs where sodalite is replaced by natrolite and arfvedsonite by aegirine. The sulfide incorporates the S and some of the Cl generated by the alteration of sodalite, whereas the K and Fe originates from the replacement of arfvedsonite by aegirine.
DS201909-2050
2019
Friis, H.Hutchison, W., Baiel, R., Finch, A., Marks, M., Markl, G., Boyce, A., Stueken, E., Friis, H., Borst, A., Horsburgh, N.Sulphur isotopes of alkaline igneous suites: new insights into magmatic fluid evolution and crustal recycling.Goldschmidt2019, 1p. AbstractGlobalalkaline rocks
DS1987-0603
1987
Frikh-Khar, D.I.Rass, I.T., Frikh-Khar, D.I.Occurrence of carbonatites in the Upper Cretaceous ultrabasic volcanic rocks of Kamchatka.(Russian)Doklady Academy of Sciences Akademy Nauk SSSR, (Russian), Vol. 294, No.1, pp. 182-186RussiaCarbonatite, Picrite
DS1988-0227
1988
Frikh-Khar, D.I.Frikh-Khar, D.I., Ashikhmina, N.A., Lubnin, Ye.N., MuravitskayaAccessory native metals in carbonatites of the Cape Verde IslandsDoklady Academy of Science USSR, Earth Science Section, Vol. 290, No. 1-6, March pp. 208-211GlobalCarbonatite, brief analyses, Zinc rich copper
DS1988-0563
1988
Frikh-Khar, D.I.Rass, I.T., Frikh-Khar, D.I.Carbonatite find in upper Cretaceous ultramafic volcanics of KamchatkaDoklady Academy of Science USSR, Earth Science Section, Vol. 294, No. 1-6, October pp. 50-54RussiaCarbonatite
DS1991-1386
1991
Frikh-Khar, D.I.Puktiel, I.S., Frikh-Khar, D.I., Ashikmina, N.A., Tomashpol'skiyMetamorphic olivines in ultramafic rocks of the Olonda greenstone belt And the komatiite identification probleM.International Geology Review, Vol. 33, No. 2, February pp. 161-173RussiaGreenstone belt -Olonda, Komatiite
DS2002-0456
2002
Frikkem, P.Fergusson, C.L., Frikkem, P.Diapirism and structural thickening in an Early Paleozoic subduction complex, southeastern New South Wales, Australia.Journal of Structural Geology, Vol. 25, 1, pp. 43-58.Australia, New South WalesSubduction, dikes - not specific to diamonds
DS202005-0729
2020
Frimmel, H.Decree, S., Cawthorn, G., Deloule, E., Mercadier, J., Frimmel, H., Baele, J-M.Unravelling the processes controlling apatite formation in the Phalaborwa Complex ( South Africa) based on combined cathodluminescence, LA-ICPMS and in-situ O and Sr isotope analyses.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 175, 34 31p. PdfAfrica, South Africacarbonatite

Abstract: The Phalaborwa world-class phosphate deposit (South Africa) is hosted by a Paleoproterozoic alkaline complex mainly composed of phoscorite, carbonatite, pyroxenitic rocks, and subordinate fenite. In addition, syenite and trachyte occur in numerous satellite bodies. New petrological and in-situ geochemical data along with O and Sr isotope data obtained on apatite demonstrate that apatite is in the principal host rocks (pyroxenitic rocks, phoscorite and carbonatite) formed primarily by igneous processes from mantle-derived carbonatitic magmas. Early-formed magmatic apatite is particularly enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE), with a decrease in the REE content ascribed to magma differentiation and early apatite fractionation in isolated interstitial melt pockets. Rayleigh fractionation favored a slight increase in ?18O (below 1%) at a constant Sr isotopic composition. Intrusion of fresh carbonatitic magma into earlier-formed carbonatite bodies locally induced re-equilibration of early apatite with REE enrichment but at constant O and Sr isotopic compositions. In fenite, syenite and trachyte, apatite displays alteration textures and LREE depletion, reflecting interaction with fluids. A marked decrease in ?18O in apatite from syenite and trachyte indicates a contribution from ?18O-depleted meteoric fluids. This is consistent with the epizonal emplacement of the satellite bodies. The general increase of the Sr isotope ratios in apatite in these rocks reflects progressive interaction with the country rocks over time. This study made it possible to decipher, with unmatched precision, the succession of geological processes that led to one of the most important phosphate deposits worldwide.
DS202101-0007
2020
Frimmel, H.Decree, S., Savolainen, M., Mercadier, J., Debaille, V., Hohn, S., Frimmel, H., Baele, J-M.Geochemical and spectroscopic investigation of apatite in the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex: keys to understanding apatite forming processes and assessing potential for rare earth elements.Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 123, 104778 17p. PdfEurope, Finlanddeposit - Siilinjarvi

Abstract: The Siilinjärvi phosphate deposit (Finland) is hosted by an Archean carbonatite complex. The main body is composed of glimmerite, carbonatite and combinations thereof. It is surrounded by a well-developed fenitization zone. Almost all the rocks pertaining to the glimmerite-carbonatite series are considered for exploitation of phosphate. New petrological and in-situ geochemical as well as spectroscopic data obtained by cathodoluminescence, Raman and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy make it possible to constrain the genesis and evolution of apatite through time. Apatite in the glimmerite-carbonatite series formed by igneous processes. An increase in rare earth elements (REE) content during apatite deposition can be explained by re-equilibration of early apatite (via sub-solidus diffusion at the magmatic stage) with a fresh carbonatitic magma enriched in these elements. This late carbonatite emplacement has been known as a major contributor to the overall P and REE endowment of the system and is likely connected to fenitization and alkali-rich fluids. These fluids - enriched in REE - would have interacted with apatite in the fenite, resulting in an increase in REE content through coupled dissolution-reprecipitation processes. Finally, a marked decrease in LREE is observed in apatite hosted by fenite. It highlights the alteration of apatite by a REE-poor fluid during a late-magmatic/hydrothermal stage. Regarding the potential for REE exploitation, geochemical data combined with an estimation of the reserves indicate a sub-economic potential of REE to be exploited as by-products of phosphate mining. Spectroscopic analyses further provide helpful data for exploration, by determining the P and REE distribution and the enrichment in carbonatite and within apatite.
DS1995-0569
1995
Frimmel, H.E.Frimmel, H.E.Metamorphic evolution of the Gariep beltSouth African Journal of Geology, Vol. 98, No. 2, June pp. 176-190South Africametamorphism, Gariep Belt
DS1996-0473
1996
Frimmel, H.E.Frimmel, H.E., Hartnady, C.J.H., Koller, F.Geochemistry and tectonic setting of magmatic units in the Pan African Gariep belt, NamibiaChemical Geology, Vol. 130, No. 1-2, Aug. 7, pp. 101-138NamibiaGeochemistry, Gariep Belt
DS1996-0474
1996
Frimmel, H.E.Frimmel, H.E., Klotzli, U.S., Siegfried P.R.New lead Strontium single zircon age constraints on the timing of NeoProterozoic glaciation and continental break up.Journal of Geology, Vol. 104, No. 4, July pp. 459-470.NamibiaGeochronology, Geomorphology
DS1998-0447
1998
Frimmel, H.E.Frimmel, H.E.Neoproterozoic/Early Cambrian amalgamation of southern South America andAfrica: the Gariepian perspective.Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 27, 1A, p. 78-9. AbstractAfrica, South America, ArgentinaTectonics
DS1998-0448
1998
Frimmel, H.E.Frimmel, H.E., Frank, W.Neoproterozoic tectono-thermal evolution of Gariep Belt and its basement, Namibia and South AfricaPrecambrian Research, Vol. 90, No. 1-2, June 30, pp. 1-28Namibia, South AfricaTectonics, geothermometry, Gariep belt
DS2001-0337
2001
Frimmel, H.E.Frimmel, H.E., Folling, P.G., Diamond, R.Metamorphism of the Permo Triassic Cape Fold Belt and its basement, South AfricaMineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 325-45.South AfricaMetamorphism
DS2001-0338
2001
Frimmel, H.E.Frimmel, H.E., Zartman, R.E., Spath, A.The Richtersveld igneous complex: uranium-lead (U-Pb) zircon and geochemical evidence for beginning Neoproterozoic...Journal of Geology, Vol. 109, pp. 493-508.South AfricaContinental breakup, Geotectonics
DS2002-0486
2002
Frimmel, H.E.Frimmel, H.E., Minter, W.E.L.Recent developments concerning the geological history and genesis of the Witwatersrand gold deposits, S.A.Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication, No.9,pp.17-45.South AfricaGold - overview, basin, mineralization, Deposit - Witwatersrand
DS2003-1124
2003
Frimmel, H.E.Raith, J.G., Cornell, D.H., Frimmel, H.E., De Beer, C.H.New insights into the geology of the Namaqua tectonic province, South Africa, from ionJournal of Geology, Vol. 111, 3, pp. 347-66.South AfricaTectonic - zone, Geochronology
DS200412-1610
2003
Frimmel, H.E.Raith, J.G., Cornell, D.H., Frimmel, H.E., De Beer, C.H.New insights into the geology of the Namaqua tectonic province, South Africa, from ion probe dating of detrital and metamorphicJournal of Geology, Vol. 111, 3, pp. 347-66.Africa, South AfricaTectonic - zone Geochronology
DS200612-0632
2006
Frimmel, H.E.Jacob, J., Ward, J.D., Bluck, B.J., Scholz, R.A., Frimmel, H.E.Some observations on Diamondiferous bedrock gully trapsites on Late Cainozoic, marine cut platforms of the Sperrgebiet, Namibia.Ore Geology Reviews, Vol. 28, 4, pp. 493-506.Africa, NamibiaGeomorphology, alluvials, placers
DS201012-0211
2010
Frimmel, H.E.Frimmel, H.E., Basei, M.S., Gaucher, C.Neoproterozoic geodynamic evolution of SW Gondwana: a southern African perspective.International Journal of Earth Sciences, In press available, 32p.Africa, South AfricaKalahari craton
DS201112-0336
2011
Frimmel, H.E.Frimmel, H.E., Basei, M.S., Gaucher, C.Neoproterozoic geodynamic evolution of SW Gondwana: a southern African perspective.International Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 100, 2, pp. 323-354.Africa, South AfricaGeodynamics
DS201312-0975
2013
Frimmel, H.E.Will, T.M., Frimmel, H.E.The influence of inherited structures on dike emplacement during Gondwana breakup in southwestern Africa.Journal of Geology, Vol. 121, 5, pp. 455-474.Africa, South Africa, NamibiaDykes
DS201504-0222
2015
Frimmel, H.E.Spiegl, T.C., Paeth, H., Frimmel, H.E.Evaluating key parameters for the initiation of a Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth with a single Earth System Model of intermediate complexity.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 415, April pp. 100-110.MantleModel
DS202004-0544
2020
Frimmel, H.E.Will, T.M., Hohn, S., Frimmel, H.E., Gaucher, C., Le Roux, P.J., Macey, P.H.Petrological, geochemical and isotopic data of Neoproterozoic rock units from Uruguay and South Africa: correlation of basement terranes across the South Atlantic.Gondwana Research, Vol. 80, pp. 12-32.South America, Uruguay, Brazil, Africa, Namibiacraton

Abstract: Felsic to intermediate igneous rocks from the Cuchilla Dionisio (or Punta del Este) Terrane (CDT) in Uruguay and the Várzea do Capivarita Complex (VCC) in southern Brazil were emplaced in the Tonian and experienced high-grade metamorphism towards the end of the Cryogenian. Geological and geochemical data indicate an S-type origin and formation in a continental within-plate setting by recycling of lower crustal material that was initially extracted from the mantle in the Palaeoproterozoic. Similar felsic igneous rocks of Tonian age occur in the Richtersveld Igneous Complex and the Vredefontein and Rosh Pinah formations in westernmost South Africa and southern Namibia and have been correlated with their supposed equivalents in Uruguay and Brazil. Geochemical and isotope data of the largely unmetamorphosed felsic igneous rocks in southwestern Africa imply a within-plate origin and formation by partial melting or fractional crystallization of mafic rocks that were extracted from the mantle in the Proterozoic. The parental melts of all of these Tonian igneous rocks from South America and southwestern Africa formed in an anorogenic continental setting at the western margin of the Kalahari Craton and were emplaced in, and/or contaminated by, Namaqua Province-type basement after separation from their source region. However, the source regions and the time of extractions thereof are different and, moreover, occurred at different palaeogeographical latitudes. New petrological data of CDT high-grade gneiss indicate a geothermal gradient of c. 20-25 °C/km, implying continental collisional tectonics following subduction and ocean basin closure at an active continental margin at the eastern edge of present-day South America in the late Cryogenian to early Ediacaran. The associated suture may be traced by the high-grade gneiss and amphibolite-facies mafic rocks in the CDT and probably continues northwards to the Arroio Grande Complex and the VCC in southern Brazil.
DS1998-0449
1998
Frimpong, S.Frimpong, S., Whiting, J.M.Simulation of mining venture risks resolution in Canadian marketsThe Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin (CIM Bulletin), Vol. 91, No. 1019, Apr. pp. 63-68CanadaEconomics, reserves, valuations, discoveries, DRM VSR dynamic risk model, variance sensitity ratio
DS200812-0368
2008
Frings, R.M.Frings, R.M.Down stream fining in large sand-bed rivers.Earth Science Reviews, Vol. 87, 1-2, Feb. pp. 39-60.TechnologyAlluvials, overview,- not specific to diamonds
DS2002-0487
2002
Friodvsky, V.Y.Friodvsky, V.Y., Prokopiev, A.V.Tectonics, geodynamics and mineralization of the eastern margin of the North Asia Craton.Geological Society of London Special Publication, No. 204, pp. 299-318.AsiaTectonics - not specific to diamonds
DS1997-0361
1997
Fripong, S.Fripong, S., Whiting, J.M.Multivariate simulation of risks resolution in mine design and valuation17th. World Mining Congress Oct. Mexico, pp. 445-454GlobalGeostatistics, valuations, sampling, Risk controls
DS1970-0273
1971
Frisch, T.Dawson, J.B., Frisch, T.Eucolite from Oldoniyo Lengai, TanzaniaLithos, Vol. 4, No. 3, PP. 297-303.Tanzania, East AfricaMineralogy
DS1995-0570
1995
Frisch, T.Frisch, T., Jackson, G.D., et al.uranium-lead (U-Pb) ages of zircon from the Kolvitsa gabbro anorthosite complex, southern Kola PeninsulaPetrology, Vol. 3, No. 3, May-June pp. 219-225RussiaGeochronology, Anorthosite
DS201112-0337
2011
Frisch, W.Frisch, W., Meschede, M., Blakey, R.C.Continental drift and mountain building.Springer, 180p. $ 79.95MantleBook - tectonics
DS201112-1047
2011
Frische, M.Timm, J., Scambelluri, M., Frische, M., Barnes, J.D., Bach, W.Dehydration of subducting serpentinite: implications for halogen mobility in subduction zones and the deep halogen cycle.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 308, 1-2, pp. 65-76.MantleSubduction
DS200712-0330
2007
Friscolanti, M.Friscolanti, M.Portrait of the artist as a con man. Popular account of diamond related fraud in southeastern Ontario.Macleans Magazine, May 7, pp. 30-32.Canada, OntarioNews item - Lydia Diamond
DS1980-0131
1980
Frishman, D.Frishman, D.High and Low Temperature Mineral Assemblages in the JosephinPh.d. Thesis, University California., 356P.United States, California, West CoastRegional Studies
DS1998-0845
1998
FriskeLeckie, D.A., Nadon, Spirito, McCurdy, FriskeEvolution of fluvial landscapes in the Western Canada Foreland Basin; Late Jurassic to the modern...Geological Survey of Canada Open File, No. 2369Alberta, Northwest TerritoriesGeochemistry - regional stream sediment
DS200612-0319
2006
Friske, P.W.B.Day, S.J.A., Lariviere, J.M., Friske, P.W.B., McNeil, R.J., McCurdy, M.W.National geochemical Reconnaissance: regional stream sediment and water data: Travaillant Lake area.. analytical, mineralogical kimberlite indicator dataGeological Survey of Canada Open File, 4951, 1 CD May 17, $ 9.10Canada, Northwest TerritoriesGeochemistry - NTS 106N part of 106O
DS200612-1113
2006
Friske, P.W.B.Prior, G.J., McCurdy, M.W., Friske, P.W.B., Pawlowicz, S.J.A.,Day, R.J.Mc.Preliminary release of kimberlite indicator mineral dat a from National geochemical Reconnaissance stream sediment samples in the Jackpine Lake area Buffalo Head HillsGeological Survey of Canada Open File, 5267, 23p. 1 CD $ 26.00Canada, AlbertaGeochemistry
DS200712-0705
2006
Friske, P.W.B.McCurdy, M.W., Prior, G.J., Friske, P.W.B., McNeil, R.J., Day, S.J.A., Nicholl, T.J.Geochemical, mineralogical and kimberlite indicator mineral electron microprobe dat a from sills, heavy mineral concentrates and waters Buffalo Head Hills.Geological Survey of Canada Open File, No. 5057, 16p.Canada, AlbertaGeochemistry
DS201012-0600
2009
Friske, P.W.B.Prior, G.J., McCurdy, M.W., Friske, P.W.B.Stream sediment sampling for kimberlite indicator minerals in the western Canada sedimentary basin: the Buffalo Head Hills Survey, north central Alberta.Geological Association of Canada Short Course, No. 18, pp. 111-124.Canada, AlbertaGeochemistry, technology
DS1999-0226
1999
Friske, P.W.D.Friske, P.W.D.National geochemical reconnaissance: reanalysis 1775 lake sediments from regional surveys central Baffin Is.Geological Survey of Canada Open file, No. 3716, 191p. $ 100.00GlobalGeochemistry
DS200612-0415
2006
Fristch, E.Fristch, E., Massi, L., Hainschwang, T., Collins, A.T.The first color center related to the brown graining in type 1a natural diamonds.International Mineralogical Association 19th. General Meeting, held Kobe, Japan July 23-28 2006, Abstract p.TechnologyDiamond H- colour
DS201312-0353
2013
Fristch, E.Hainschwang, T., Karamelas, S., Fristch, E.Luminescence spectroscopy and microscopy applied to study gem materials: a case study of C centre containing diamonds.Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 107, 3, pp. 393-413.TechnologySpectroscopy
DS1988-0228
1988
Fristick, L.E.Fristick, L.E.Desert sediments: ancient and modernGeological Society of London, No. 35, approx. $ 50.00 United StatesGlobalDesert sediments, Book -ad
DS1993-0466
1993
Frith, R.A.Frith, R.A.Precambrian geology of the Indin Lake map area, District of Mackenzie, Northwest TerritoriesGeological Survey of Canada, Memoir No. 424, 63pNorthwest TerritoriesIndin Lake area, Book -ad
DS1993-0560
1993
Frith, R.A.Goodz, M.D., Frith, R.A.The real sample: variations between dust, chip and core drillingAusIMM International Mining Conference Kalgoorlie WA., pp. 19-23AustraliaSampling - general interest, Gold and sulphides
DS1996-0228
1996
Frith, R.A.Card, K.D., Frith, R.A., Poulsen, K.H.Preliminary litho-tectonic map of the Superior ProvinceGeological Survey of Canada, Open File, No. 3227, 1:2, 500, 000 $ 20.00OntarioLithology, stratigraphy, Superior, Map -ad
DS1999-0114
1999
Frith, R.A.Card, K.R., Frith, R.A., Poulsen. K.H., Ciesieski, A.Lithotectonic map of the Superior Province, Canada and adjacent parts Of the United States.Geological Survey of Canada Map, No. 1948A. 1: 2m approx. $ 13.00OntarioMap, Tectonics
DS2001-0077
2001
FritschBalan, E., Trocellier, Jupille, Fritsch, Muller, CalasSurface chemistry of weathered zirconsChemical Geology, Vol. 181,No. 1-4, pp. 13-22.Brazil, Amazon BasinSEM, spectroscopy, weathering - not specific to diamond
DS1986-0733
1986
Fritsch, E.Shigley, J.E., Fritsch, E., Stockton, C.M., Koivula, J.J., FryerThe gemological properties of the Sumitomo gem quality synthetic yellowdiamondsGems and Gemology, Vol. 22, winter pp. 192-208GlobalSynthetic diamond
DS1989-0446
1989
Fritsch, E.Fritsch, E., Connor, L., Koivula, J.I.A preliminary gemological study of synthetic diamond thin filmsGems and Gemology, Vol. 25, No. 2, Summer pp. 84-90GlobalDiamond Synthesis
DS1989-0447
1989
Fritsch, E.Fritsch, E., Scarratt, K.V.G.Optical properties of one type of natural diamonds with high hydrogencontentDiamond Workshop, International Geological Congress, July 15-16th. editors, pp. 21-22. AbstractGlobalDiamond morphology -natural, Natural diamond Type 1A.
DS1989-0448
1989
Fritsch, E.Fritsch, E., Shigley, J.E.Contribution to the identification of treated coloreddiamonds: diamonds with peculiar color zoned pavilionsGems and Gemology, Vol. 25, No. 2, Summer pp. 95-101GlobalDiamond morphology, Coloured diamonds
DS1989-0819
1989
Fritsch, E.Koivula, J.I., Kammerling, R.C., Fritsch, E., Fryer, C.W., HargettThe characteristics and identification of filled diamondsGems and Gemology, Vol. 25, No. 2, Summer pp. 68-83GlobalDiamond morphology, Filled diamonds
DS1989-1382
1989
Fritsch, E.Shigley, J.E., Fritsch, E.Comparison of natural and synthetic diamondDiamond Workshop, International Geological Congress, July 15-16th. editors, pp. 96-99. AbstractGlobalDiamond morphology, Natural, Synthetic diamond
DS1990-1348
1990
Fritsch, E.Shigley, J.E., Fritsch, E.Optical properties of some natural color and laboratory treated color type1A green diamondsInternational Mineralogical Association Meeting Held June, 1990 Beijing China, Vol. 2, extended abstract p. 687-688GlobalDiamond morphology, Green diamonds
DS1991-0516
1991
Fritsch, E.Fritsch, E.Synthetic diamond thin films: the potential impact on the gem tradeInternational Gemological Symposium, June 20-24, 1991 Los Angeles, Gems and Gemology, Vol. 27, Spring, Program p. 1GlobalDiamond synthesis, CVD.
DS1992-0491
1992
Fritsch, E.Fritsch, E., Scarratt, K.Natural color nonconductive gray to blue diamondsGems and Gemology, Notes and new techniques, Vol. 28, Spring pp. 35-42GlobalDiamond, Morphology, colour
DS1992-0821
1992
Fritsch, E.Kammerling, R.C., Koivula, J.I., Kane, R.E., Fritsch, E.An examination of nontransparent CZ from RussiaGems and Gemology, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 240-246RussiaRelated information, CZ
DS1993-0467
1993
Fritsch, E.Fritsch, E., Scarratt, K.Gemmological properties of Type 1a diamonds with an unusually high hydrogencontent.Journal of Gemology, Vol. 23, No. 8, October pp. 451-460.GlobalDiamond morphology, Hydrogen content
DS1993-1085
1993
Fritsch, E.Moses, T.M., Reinitz, I., Fritsch, E., Shigley, J.E.Two treated color synthetic red diamonds seen in the tradeGems and Gemology, Notes and New Techniques, Vol. 29, Fall, pp. 182-190.GlobalDiamond morphology, Red diamonds
DS1993-1451
1993
Fritsch, E.Shigley, J.E., Fritsch, E.A notable red-brown diamondJournal of Gemology, Vol. 23, No. 5, January pp. 259-266.GlobalMineralogy, Diamonds notable
DS1993-1452
1993
Fritsch, E.Shigley, J.E., Fritsch, E., Reinitz, I.Two near colorless general electric type IIA synthetic diamond crystalsGems and Gemology, Notes and New Techniques, Vol. 29, Fall, pp. 191-196.GlobalDiamond morphology, Synthetic diamonds
DS1994-1589
1994
Fritsch, E.Shigley, J.E., Fritsch, E., Koivula, J.I., Sobolev, N.V.The gemological properties of Russian gem quality synthetic yellowdiamonds.Gems and Gemology, Vol. 29, Winter, pp. 228-248.RussiaSynthetic diamonds, Colour -yellow
DS1998-0450
1998
Fritsch, E.Fritsch, E.The morphology of diamonds: a status reportIma 17th. Abstract Vol., p. A11. abstractGlobalDiamond morphology
DS1998-0451
1998
Fritsch, E.Fritsch, E.Ultraviolet: visible infrared absorption spectroscopy and cathod luminescence of diamonds - a status report.Ima 17th. Abstract Vol., p. A11. abstractGlobalDiamond morphology, Spectroscopy
DS200512-0305
2005
Fritsch, E.Fritsch, E., Moore, M., Rondeau, B., Waggett, R.G.X-ray topography of a natural twinned diamond of unusual pseudo-tetrahedral morphology.Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 280, 1-2, pp. 279-285.Diamond morphology
DS200512-0388
2005
Fritsch, E.Hainschwang, T., Simic, D., Fritsch, E., Deljanin, B., Woodring, S., DelRe, N.A gemological study of a collection of Chameleon diamonds.Gems & Gemology, Vol. 41, 1, Spring pp. 20-34.Diamond morphology - Chamelon - colour change
DS200512-0691
2005
Fritsch, E.Massi, L., Fritsch, E., Collins, A.T., Hainschwang, T., Notari, F.The amber centres and their relation to the brown colour in diamond.Diamond and Related Materials, Vol. 14, 10, pp. 1623-1629.TechnologyDiamond color
DS200612-0521
2006
Fritsch, E.Hainschwang, T., Notari, F., Fritsch, E., Massi, L., Breeding, C.M., Rondeau, B.Natural CO2 rich colored diamonds.GIA Gemological Research Conference abstract volume, Held August 26-27, p. 33. 1/2p.TechnologySpectroscopy
DS200712-0331
2007
Fritsch, E.Fritsch, E., Massi, L., Rossman, G.R., Hainschwang, T., Joba, S., Dessapt, R.Thermochromic and photochromic behaviour of chameleon diamonds.Diamond and Related Materials, Vol. 16, 2, pp. 401-408 Ingenta 1070685097TechnologyDiamond morphology
DS200712-0332
2007
Fritsch, E.Fritsch, E., Rondeau, B., Hainschwang, T., Quellier, M.H.A contribution to the understanding of pink color in diamond: the unique historical Grand Cond.Diamond and Related Materials, Vol. 16, 8, pp. 1471-1474.TechnologyDiamond - colour
DS200712-0333
2007
Fritsch, E.Fritsch, E., Rondeau, B., Hainschwang, T., Quellier, M-H.A contribution to the understanding of pink colour in diamond: the unique, historical 'Grand Conde'.Diamond and Related Materials, Vol. 16, 8, August pp.1471-1474.TechnologyDiamond colour
DS200712-0908
2007
Fritsch, E.Rondeau, B., Fritsch, E., Moore, M., Thomassot, E., Sirikian, J.F.On the growth of natural octaheadral diamond upon a fibrous core.Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 304, 1, pp. 287-293.TechnologyDiamond morphology
DS200812-0441
2008
Fritsch, E.Hainschwang, T., Notari, F., Fritsch, E., et al.HPHT treatment of CO2 containing and CO2 related brown diamonds.Diamond and Related materials, Vol. 17, 3, pp. 340-351.TechnologyType 1 brown diamonds
DS200912-0230
2009
Fritsch, E.Fritsch, E., Rondeau, B.Geology: the developing science of gems.Elements, Vol. 5, 3, June pp. 147-152.TechnologyGemology
DS201112-0382
2011
Fritsch, E.Goss, J.P., Ewels, C.P., Briddon, P.R., Fritsch, E.Bistable N2-H complexes: the first proprosed structure of a H-related colour causing defect in diamond.Diamond and Related Materials, Vol. 20, 7, pp. 896-901.TechnologyDiamond chameleon
DS201312-0352
2013
Fritsch, E.Hainschwang, T., Fritsch, E., Notari, F., Rondeau, B., Katrusha, A.The origin of color in natural C center bearing diamonds.Diamond and Related Materials, Vol. 39, pp. 27-40.TechnologyDiamond colour
DS201412-0144
2014
Fritsch, E.Coopersmith, H., Toledo, V., Fritsch, E., Ward, J., De Wit, M., Spaggiari, R.Geology and exploration of gem deposits at Mt. Carmel, northern Israel: natural moissanite, sapphire, ruby and diamond.Geological Society of America Conference Vancouver Oct. 19-22, 2p. AbstractEurope, IsraelMoissanite
DS201412-0256
2014
Fritsch, E.Fritsch, E., Toledo, V., Matlins, A.Record size natural moissanite crystals discovered in Isreal.Gems & Gemology, Vol 50, 2, summer 2p.Europe, IsraelMoissanite
DS201605-0897
2016
Fritsch, E.Schoor, M., Boulliard, J.C., Gaillou, E., Duparc, O.H., Esteve, I., Baptiste, B., Rondeau, B., Fritsch, E.Plastic deformation in natural diamonds: rose channels associated to chemical twinning.Diamond and Related Materials, in press available 14p.TechnologyDiamond morphlogy
DS201608-1403
2016
Fritsch, E.Fritsch, E.Are near colorless synthetic diamonds truly difficult to identify?GSA Annual Meeting, Abstract, 1p.TechnologySynthetics

Abstract: There is a rising number of near-colorless synthetics diamonds detected in the market, which create concerns for the trade. The recent advent of near-colorless melee size synthetic diamonds has raised the question of how to test large numbers of small stones. Many have turned to specialized sorting machines, which are expensive and difficult to evaluate. The problem arises only within near-colorless type IIa diamond gems. This type is commonly identified by infrared spectroscopy, which is man- or instrument-intensive. For the jeweler-gemologist, this can be identified by UV transparency, which isolates type IIa and also the even rarer type IaB from other types. Then amongst type IIas, one has to determine which are synthetic. One of the most effective sorting methods is anomalous double refringence (ADR) observing between crossed polarizers in a high-index immersion liquid. However, this method finds its limit with very small diameter stones, as then the optical pathlength is so small that no birefringence is perceived. Another approach is luminescence, based on observation of the whole stone; typically synthetics luminesce stronger in shortwave than longwave ultraviolet: this is effective to pinpoint HPHT-grown colorless and yellows, but useless for generally inert CVD-grown ones. Then the observation of luminescence zoning is usually conclusive. It necessitates expensive specialized instruments and also, a good knowledge of the very varied forms of natural diamond growth to avoid mistaking a natural for a synthetic. Finally, the last resort is luminescence spectroscopy. this typically involves laser excitation with several lasers, at low temperature. Further, this implies a very thorough knowledge of natural and synthetic diamond emissions, which limits this approach to a small number of laboratories. In practice, for a small number of stones, the definitive interpretation of spectra may remain a matter of discussion. Thus, the separation of natural from synthetic diamond mélé may appear very difficult. Yet, there are a limited number of simple devices which can help the jeweler-gemologist, even more the diamond professional. The last resort appears to be luminescence spectroscopy, but it is expensive and a great deal of interpretation is required. Automated instruments offer only limited help.
DS201610-1862
2016
Fritsch, E.Fritsch, E.Are near-colorless synthetic diamonds truly difficult to identify? ( problem type IIa gems)GSA Annual Meeting, 1/2p. abstractTechnologyDouble refringence ADR

Abstract: There is a rising number of near-colorless synthetics diamonds detected in the market, which create concerns for the trade. The recent advent of near-colorless melee size synthetic diamonds has raised the question of how to test large numbers of small stones. Many have turned to specialized sorting machines, which are expensive and difficult to evaluate. The problem arises only within near-colorless type IIa diamond gems. This type is commonly identified by infrared spectroscopy, which is man- or instrument-intensive. For the jeweler-gemologist, this can be identified by UV transparency, which isolates type IIa and also the even rarer type IaB from other types. Then amongst type IIas, one has to determine which are synthetic. One of the most effective sorting methods is anomalous double refringence (ADR) observing between crossed polarizers in a high-index immersion liquid. However, this method finds its limit with very small diameter stones, as then the optical pathlength is so small that no birefringence is perceived. Another approach is luminescence, based on observation of the whole stone; typically synthetics luminesce stronger in shortwave than longwave ultraviolet: this is effective to pinpoint HPHT-grown colorless and yellows, but useless for generally inert CVD-grown ones. Then the observation of luminescence zoning is usually conclusive. It necessitates expensive specialized instruments and also, a good knowledge of the very varied forms of natural diamond growth to avoid mistaking a natural for a synthetic. Finally, the last resort is luminescence spectroscopy. this typically involves laser excitation with several lasers, at low temperature. Further, this implies a very thorough knowledge of natural and synthetic diamond emissions, which limits this approach to a small number of laboratories. In practice, for a small number of stones, the definitive interpretation of spectra may remain a matter of discussion. Thus, the separation of natural from synthetic diamond mélé may appear very difficult. Yet, there are a limited number of simple devices which can help the jeweler-gemologist, even more the diamond professional. The last resort appears to be luminescence spectroscopy, but it is expensive and a great deal of interpretation is required. Automated instruments offer only limited help.
DS201705-0823
2017
Fritsch, E.Delaunay, A., Fritsch, E.A zoned type 1aB/IIa diamond of probable 'Superdeep' origin.Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 35, 5, pp. 397-399.TechnologyDiamond morphology
DS201708-1571
2017
Fritsch, E.Fritsch, E., Rondeau, B., Devouard, B., Pinsault, L., Latouche, C.Why are some crystals gem quality? Crystal growth considerations on the 'GEM FACTOR'.The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 55, 4, pp. 521-533.TechnologyDeposit - Renard 2

Abstract: The purpose of this work is to investigate the crystal growth parameters necessary or sufficient to obtain a crystal specifically of gem quality. We assume adequate chemistry is available. First, nucleation must occur with only a limited number of nuclei, otherwise too many crystals will be produced, and they will be too small to be faceted into a gem. Two growth mechanisms are readily documented for gems: Most commonly there is slow growth, driven by a spiral growth mechanism, leading to large single individuals. There are only a few examples of fast growth leading to gem-quality edifices: examples include “gota de aceite” Colombian emerald or the dendritic “pseudo cube” for gem diamonds. We have not documented the intermediate conditions between these two extremes in the Sunagawa diagram, which would correspond to 2D nucleation growth. The presence of inclusions is to be limited to desirable ones. Thus, in general, a good stability of the growth interface is the best guarantee of good clarity in the final gem. As for the interface, in general, growth conditions must be relatively stable over the period necessary to achieve growth. Perhaps surprisingly, it has become well documented that gem-quality near-colorless diamonds may have experienced quite a complex growth history. Therefore, the term stability has to be re-defined for each system producing a given gem. The length of time it takes to achieve crystallization of the gem has rarely been studied or estimated. Scientific evidence from experimental petrology and the growth of synthetic gems indicates that it does not take millions of years to grow a gem, but that this exercise may be achieved in a week to, arguably, a few years at the most. Available free space to grow does not appear always necessary, but it helps. Otherwise deformation, inclusions, and other negative effects may occur. Finally, no dramatic post-growth events, such as fracturing or etching, should affect the gem crystal.
DS201806-1220
2018
Fritsch, E.DeLaunay, A., Fritsch, E.Type IIa diamond with extraordinary etch channels.Gems & Gemology, Vol. 54, 1, p. 66.Technologydiamond inclusions
DS201808-1743
2018
Fritsch, E.Fritsch, E., Delaunay, A.What truly characterises a Chameleon diamond? An example of an Atypical 25.85 ct stone. ( Diamondvision)Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 36, 2, pp. 142-151.Technologydiamond - morphology

Abstract: We document an exceptionally large, 25.85 ct diamond that shows a slight colour change but exhibits some atypical properties for chameleon diamonds, including white luminescence to long- and short-wave UV radiation, as well as a network-like pattern seen in most orientations with the DiamondView. In considering whether to call this a chameleon diamond, we undertook a review of available data to compile the properties that are commonly exhibited by these gems. We found that, in addition to their defining photochromic and thermochromic behaviour, nine characteristics all must be present: long-lasting yellow phosphorescence, a zoned DiamondView growth pattern showing yellow-green/blue/inert areas, the presence of dominant A aggregates and also some hydrogen in the infrared spectrum, a continuum of absorption in the visible range related to a very weak type Ib character, a 480 nm absorption band that is possibly related to trace amounts of oxygen, a 425 nm absorption band, a weaker absorption band in the red to near-infrared region consistent with hydrogen-related defects, and traces of nickel detected with photoluminescence spectroscopy.
DS201809-2005
2017
Fritsch, E.Cassette, P., Notari, F., Lepy, M-C., Caplan, C., Pierre, S., Hainschwang, T., Fritsch, E.Residual radioactivity of treated green diamonds.Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 126, 1, pp. 66-72.Globaldiamond - green

Abstract: Treated green diamonds can show residual radioactivity, generally due to immersion in radium salts. We report various activity measurements on two radioactive diamonds. The activity was characterized by alpha and gamma ray spectrometry, and the radon emanation was measured by alpha counting of a frozen source. Even when no residual radium contamination can be identified, measurable alpha and high-energy beta emissions could be detected. The potential health impact of radioactive diamonds and their status with regard to the regulatory policy for radioactive products are discussed.
DS202104-0577
2021
Fritsch, E.Fritsch, E.Revealing the formation secrets of the Matryosha diamond.Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 37, 5, pp. 528-533.Russiadiamond genesis
DS202201-0006
2021
Fritsch, E.Blumentritt, F., Fritsch, E.Photochromism and photochromic gems: a review and some new data. Part 1.Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 37, 8, 780-800. pdfGlobalspectra - EM radiation
DS1860-0465
1885
Fritsch, G.Fritsch, G.Sued Afrika Bis zum ZambesiLeipzig:, UNKNOWN.Africa, South AfricaGeology
DS1989-0642
1989
Fritsch, J.Hinz, K., Fritsch, J., Kempter, E.H.K., et al.Thrust tectonics along the north-western continental margin ofSabah/BorneoGeologische Rundschau, Vol. 78, No. 3, pp. 705-730GlobalTectonics
DS201012-0212
2010
Fritschle, T.Fritschle, T., Prelevic, D., Foley, S.F.Mineral variations from Mediterranean lamproites: major element compositions and first indications from trace elements in phlogopites, olivines and clinopyroxenes.Geological Society of America Abstracts, 1p.Europe, Spain, Serbia, TurkeyLamproite
DS201312-0280
2013
Fritschle, T.Fritschle, T., Prelevic, D., Foley, S.F., Jacob, D.E.Petrological characterization of the mantle source of Mediterranean lamproites: indications from major and trace elements of phlogopite.Chemical Geology, Vol. 353, pp. 267-279.Europe, SpainLamproite
DS2002-1288
2002
FritzPuti, M., Korikovsky, Wallbrecher, Unzog, Olesen, FritzEvolution of an eclogitized continental fragment in the Eastern Alps ( Sieggraben Austria).Journal of Structural Geology, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 339-57.AustriaEclogites
DS200612-0416
2005
Fritz, H.Fritz, H., Tenczer, V., Hauzenberger, C.A., Wallbrecher, E., Hoinkes, G., Muhongo, S.Central Tanzanian tectonic map: a step forward to decipher Proterozoic structural events.Tectonics, Vol. 24, 6, TC6013. 10.1029/2005 TC001796Africa, TanzaniaTectonics
DS201212-0724
2012
Fritz, H.Tenczer, V., Hauzenberger, Ch., Fritz, H., Hoinkes, G., Muhongo, S., Klotzli, U.Crustal age domains and metamorphic reworking of the deep crust in northern central Tanzania: a U Pb zircon and monazite study.Mineralogy and Petrology, in press availableAfrica, TanzaniaCraton, geochronology
DS201312-0907
2013
Fritz, H.Teneczer, V., Hauzenberger, Ch., Fritz, H., Hoinkes, G., Mubongo, S., Klotzli, U.Crustal age domains and metamorphic reworking of the deep crust in northern central Tanzania: a U/Pb zircon and monazite age study.Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 107, pp. 679-707.Africa, TanzaniaGeochronology
DS1970-0774
1973
Fritz, P.Mitchell, R.H., Fritz, P.Kimberlites from Somerset Island District of Franklin, Northwest Territories.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 3, PP. 384-393.Northwest Territories, CanadaBlank
DS1994-1551
1994
Fritz, P.Schubert, C., Fritz, P., Aravena, R.Late Quaternary Paleoenvironmental studies in the Gran Sabana (Venezuelan Guyana shield).Quat. International, Vol. 21, pp. 81-90.VenezuelaGeomorphology, Gran Sabana
DS1991-0517
1991
Fritz, R.D.Fritz, R.D., Horn, M.K., Joshi, S.D.Geological aspects of horizontal drillingAmerican Association of Petroleum Geol. Bulletin, No. 33, 563p. approx. $ 45.00 United StatesGlobalDrilling -petroleuM., Book -ad
DS1993-0468
1993
Fritz, W.J.Fritz, W.J., Sears, J.W.Tectonics of the Yellowstone hotspot wake in southwestern MontanaGeology, Vol. 21, No. 5, May pp. 427-430MontanaPaleovalley, Volcanics
DS200612-1381
2006
Fritzsch, L.Stoltz, R., Chweala, A., Zakosarenko, V., Schulz, M., Fritzsch, L., Meyer, H-G.SQUID technology for geophysical exploration. ( not specific to diamonds)Society of Exploration Geophysics, abstract 5p.GlobalGeophysics - magnetic airborne gradiometer
DS1990-0494
1990
Frizado, J.Frizado, J., Mancuso, J.FOXPET: a FOXBASE Mineralogical Association of Canada (MAC) database system for managing petrological information(IGBADAT)Geological Society of America (GSA) Annual Meeting, Abstracts, Vol. 22, No. 7, p. A152GlobalComputer Program, FOXPET- petrology
DS1992-0492
1992
Frizado, J.Frizado, J.Management of geological databases #1Pergamon Press, 250p. approx. $ 100.00 United StatesBookComputer, Geological database management
DS1992-0493
1992
Frizado, J.Frizado, J.Management of geological databases #2Pergamon Press, 250p. approx. $ 150.00GlobalTable of contents, Geological databases
DS201412-0505
2014
Frizon de lamotte, D.Leprtre, R., Barbarand, J., Missenard, Y., Leparmentier, F., Frizon de lamotte, D.Reguibat shield and adjacent basins.Geological Magazine, Vol. 151, 5, pp. 885-898.Africa, MauritaniaGeology
DS201506-0268
2015
Frizon de Lamotte, D.Frizon de Lamotte, D., Fourdan, B., Leleu, S., Leparmentier, F., de Clarens, P.Style of rifting and the stages of Pangea break up.Tectonics, Vol. 34, 5, pp. 1009-1029.Global, RussiaPangea
DS201805-0989
2018
Frizon de Lamotte, D.Vincente de Gouveia, S., Besse, J., Frizon de Lamotte, D., Greff-Lefftz, M., Lescanne, M., Gueydan, F., Leparmentier, F.Evidence of hot spot paths below Arabia and the Horn of Africa and consequences on the Red Sea opening.Earth Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 487, pp. 210-220.Africatectonics

Abstract: Rifts are often associated with ancient traces of hotspots, which are supposed to participate to the weakening of the lithosphere. We investigated the expected past trajectories followed by three hotspots (Afar, East-Africa and Lake-Victoria) located around the Red Sea. We used a hotspot reference frame to compute their location with respect to time, which is then compared to mantle tomography interpretations and geological features. Their tracks are frequently situated under continental crust, which is known to strongly filter plume activity. We looked for surface markers of their putative ancient existence, such as volcanism typology, doming, and heat-flow data from petroleum wells. Surface activity of the East-Africa hotspot is supported at 110 Ma, 90 Ma and 30 Ma by uplift, volcanic activity and rare gas isotopic signatures, reminiscent of a deep plume origin. The analysis of heat-flow data from petroleum wells under the Arabian plate shows a thermal anomaly that may correspond to the past impact of the Afar hotspot. According to derived hotspot trajectories, the Afar hotspot, situated (at 32 Ma) 1000 km north-east of the Ethiopian-Yemen traps, was probably too far away to be accountable for them. The trigger of the flood basalts would likely be linked to the East-Africa hotspot. The Lake-Victoria hotspot activity appears to have been more recent, attested only by Cenozoic volcanism in an uplifted area. Structural and thermal weakening of the lithosphere may have played a major role in the location of the rift systems. The Gulf of Aden is located on inherited Mesozoic extensional basins between two weak zones, the extremity of the Carlsberg Ridge and the present Afar triangle, previously impacted by the East-Africa hotspot. The Red Sea may have opened in the context of extension linked to Neo-Tethys slab-pull, along the track followed by the East Africa hotspot, suggesting an inherited thermal weakening.
DS200912-0680
2009
Frizonde Lamotte, D.Sebti, S., Saddiqi, O., El Haimer, F.Z., Michard, A., Ruiz, G., Bousquet, R., Baidder, L., Frizonde Lamotte, D.Vertical movements at the fringe of the West African Craton: first zircon fission track datings from the Anti Atlas Precambrian basement, Morocco.Comptes Rendus Geoscience, Vol. 341, no. 1, pp. 71-77.Africa, MoroccoTectonics
DS201412-0301
2011
Frizzotti, M-L.Godard, G., Frizzotti, M-L., Palmeri, R., Smith, D.C.Origin of high pressure disordered metastable phases ( Lonsdaleite and incipiently amorphized quartz) in metamorphic rocks: geodynamic shock or crystal-scale overpressure? In: Ultrahigh Pressure Metamorphism: 25 years after discovery of coesite and diamond. Eds. Dobrzhinetskaya, L., Cuthbert, S., Faryad, W., Elsevier Publ. Pp. 125-148.MantleUHP
DS200612-0023
2006
Frjd, S.Anderson, U.B., Eklund, O., Frjd, S., Konopelko, D.1.8 Ga magmatism in the Fennoscandian Shield; lateral variations in subcontinental mantle enrichment.Lithos, Vol. 86, 1-2, pp. 110-136.Europe, Finland, Sweden, Kola PeninsulaMagmatism
DS1995-0571
1995
Frodeman, R.Frodeman, R.Geological reasoning: geology as an interpretive and historical scienceGeological Society of America (GSA) Bulletin, Vol. 107, No. 8, August pp. 960-968GlobalMethodology, Geologic time -concept
DS1993-1595
1993
Froes, E.Thompson, P.H., Ross, D., Davidson, A., Froes, E., Kerswill, J.A.Preliminary geology of Winter Lake Lac de Gras area Northwest TerritoriesGeological Survey of Canada, Open File, No. 2740, 1 map 1: 250, 000 $ 15.00Northwest TerritoriesMap, Lac de Gras area
DS1995-1903
1995
FroeseThompson, P.H., Russell, I., Paul, D., Kerswill, FroeseRegional geology and mineral potential of the Winter Lake-Lac de Gras @central Slave Province.Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 1995-C, pp. 107-120.Northwest TerritoriesGeology, Lac de Gras area
DS1994-1765
1994
Froese, A.Thompson, F.H., Ross, D., Davidson, A., Froese, A., Kerswill, J.A.Regional geologic setting of gold, base metals and diamonds in the WinterLake-Lac de Gras area, Slave Province, Northwest Territories.Geological Survey of Canada Open Forum January 17-19th. Abstracts only, p. 38.Northwest TerritoriesGeology, Winter Lake area
DS1993-1596
1993
Froese, E.Thompson, P.H., Ross, D., Davidson, A., Froese, E., Kerswill, J.A., Peshko, M.Preliminary geology of the Winter Lake-Lac de Gras area, Northwestterritories, east half 86A.Geological Survey of Canada Open File, No. 2740, 1: 250, 000 1 map $ 15.00Northwest TerritoriesMap, Geology
DS1993-1597
1993
Froese, E.Thompson, P.H., Ross, D., Froese, E., Kerswill, J., Peshko, M.Regional geology in the Winter Lake-Lac de Gras area, central SlaveProvince, District of Mackenzie, N.W.T.Geological Survey Canada Paper, No. 93-1C, pp. 61-70.Northwest TerritoriesWinter Lake, Regional geology
DS1994-1766
1994
Froese, E.Thompson, P., Ross, D., Davidson, A., Froese, E., KerswillPreliminary geology of the Winter Lake Lac de Gras area, northwest Territories 86A E and 76DGeological Survey of Canada Open file, No. 2740, $ 19.75Northwest TerritoriesGeology map, Winter Lake-Lac de Gras
DS1989-0449
1989
Frohlich, C.Frohlich, C.Deep earthquakesScientific American, Vol. 260, No. 1, January pp. 48-55GlobalEarthquakes, Structure
DS1990-0495
1990
Frohlich, C.Frohlich, C., Grand, S.P.The fate of subducting slabsNature, Vol. 347, No. 6291, September 27, pp. 333-334GlobalTectonics, Subducting slabs
DS1994-0554
1994
Frohlich, C.Frohlich, C.Geophysics : a break in the deepNature, Vol. 368, No. 6467, March 10, p. 100.MantleGeophysics
DS1986-0900
1986
Frohlich, G.Zimanowsky, B., Lorenz, V., Frohlich, G.Experiments on phreatomagmatic explosions with silicate andcarbonatiticmeltsJournal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Vol. 30, No. 1-2, November pp. 149-154GlobalCarbonatite
DS1991-1013
1991
Frohlich, G.Lorenz, V., Zimanowski, B., Frohlich, G.Experiments on explosive basic and ultrabasic, ultramafic, and carbonatiticvolcanism.Proceedings of Fifth International Kimberlite Conference held Araxa June 1991, Servico Geologico do Brasil (CPRM) Special, pp. 245-247GlobalTEE-HAUS, experimental explosions, Carbonatite, phreatomagmatic
DS1994-1051
1994
Frohlich, G.Lorenz, V., Zimanowski, B., Frohlich, G.Experiments on explosive basic and ultrabasic, ultramafic and carbonatiticvolcanism.Proceedings of Fifth International Kimberlite Conference, Vol. 1, pp. 270-284.GlobalCarbonatite, Experimental petrology
DS1987-0226
1987
Froidevaux, C.Fuchs, JK., Froidevaux, C.Composition, structure and dynamics of the lithosphere asthenospheresystemAmerican Geophysical Union (AGU) Geodynamics Series, Vol. 16, 340pGlobalMantle, Peridotite
DS1991-1800
1991
Froidevaux, C.Vigny, C., Ricard, Y., Froidevaux, C.The driving mechanism of plate tectonicsTectonophysics, Vol. 187, pp. 345-360GlobalTectonics, Plate tectonics - mechanisms
DS1994-0345
1994
Froidevaux, C.Corrieu, V., Ricard, Y., Froidevaux, C.Converting mantle tomography into mass anomalies to predict Earth's radialviscosity.Phys. Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 84, No. 1-4, July, pp. 3-14.MantleTomography, Experimental physics
DS200412-0584
2003
Froitzheim, N.Froitzheim, N., Pleuger, J., Roller, S., Nagel, T.Exhumation of high and ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks by slab extraction.Geology, Vol. 31, 10, p. 925-8.Europe, AlpsUHP, metamorphism
DS201012-0674
2010
Froitzheim, N.Schmidt, S., Nagel, T.J., Froitzheim, N.A new occurrence of microdiamond bearing metamorphic rocks, SW Rhodopes, Greece.European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 22, 2, pp. 189-198.Europe, GreeceMetamorphic diamonds
DS201502-0076
2014
Froitzheim, N.Majka, J., Rosen, A., Janak, M., Froitzheim, N., Klonowska, I., Manecki, M., Sasinkova, V., Yoshida, K.Microdiamond discovered in the Seve Nappe ( Scandinavian Caledonides) and its exhumation by the "vacuum-cleaner" mechanism.Geology, Vol. 42, 12, pp. 1107-1110.Europe, SwedenSubduction, microdiamond
DS201504-0203
2015
Froitzheim, N.Janak, M., Froitzheim, N., Yoshida, K., Sasinkova, V., Nosko, M., Kobayashi,T., Hirajima, T., Vrabec, M.Diamond in metasedimentary crustal rocks from Pohorje, eastern Alps: a window to deep continental subductionJournal of Metamorphic Geology, Vol. 33, 5, pp. 495-512.Europe, SloveniaSubduction
DS201505-0237
2014
Froitzheim, N.Majka, J., Rosen, A., Janak, M., Froitzheim, N., Klonowska, I., Maneck, M., Sasinkova, V., Yoshida, K.Microdiamond discovered in the Seve Nappe (Scandinavian Caledonides) and its exhumation by the "vacuum-cleaner" mechanism.Geology, Vol. 42, 12, pp. 1107-110.EuropeMicrodiamonds
DS201602-0230
2016
Froitzheim, N.Petrik, I., Janak, M., Froitzheim, N., Georgiev, N., Yoshida, K., Sasinkova, V., Konecny, P., Milovska, S.Triassic to Early Jurassic (c.200 Ma) UHP metamorphism in the Central Rhodopes: evidence from U-Pb-Th dating of monazite in diamond bearing gneiss from Chelelpare, Bulgaria.Journal of Metamorphic Geology, in press available, 44p.Europe, BulgariaGneiss - diamonds

Abstract: Evidence for ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism (UHPM) in the Rhodope Metamorphic Complex comes from occurrence of diamond in pelitic gneisses, variably overprinted by granulite facies metamorphism, known from several areas of the Rhodopes. However, tectonic setting and timing of UHPM are not interpreted unanimously. Linking age to metamorphic stage is a prerequisite for reconstruction of these processes. Here we use monazite in diamond-bearing gneiss from Chepelare (Bulgaria) to date the diamond-forming UHPM event in the Central Rhodopes. The diamond-bearing gneiss comes from a strongly deformed, lithologically heterogeneous zone (Chepelare Mélange) sandwiched between two migmatized orthogneiss units, known as Arda-I and Arda-II. Diamond, identified by Raman micro-spectroscopy, shows the characteristic band mostly centred between 1332 and 1330 cm?1. The microdiamond occurs as single grains or polyphase diamond + carbonate inclusions, rarely with CO2. Thermodynamic modelling shows that garnet was stable at UHP conditions of 3.5-4.6 GPa and 700-800 °C, in the stability field of diamond, and was re-equilibrated at granulite facies/partial melting conditions of 0.8-1.2 GPa and 750-800 °C. The texture of monazite shows older central parts and extensive younger domains which formed due to metasomatic replacement in solid residue and/or overgrowth in melt domains. The monazite core compositions, with distinctly lower Y, Th and U contents, suggest its formation in equilibrium with garnet. The U-Th-Pb dating of monazite using electron microprobe analysis yielded a c. 200 Ma age for the older cores with low Th, Y, U and high La/Nd ratio, and a c. 160 Ma age for the dominant younger monazite enriched in Th, Y, U and HREE. The older age of around 200 Ma is interpreted as the timing of UHPM whereas the younger age of around 160 Ma as granulite facies/partial melting overprint. Our results suggest that UHPM occurred in Late Triassic to Early Jurassic time, in the framework of collision and subduction of continental crust after the closure of Palaeotethys.
DS201604-0621
2016
Froitzheim, N.Petrik, I., Janak, M., Froitzheim, N., Georgiev, N., Yoshida, K., Sasinkova, V., Konecny, P., Milovska, S.Triassic to Early Jurassic ( c. 200Ma) UHP metamorphism in the Central Rhodopes: evidence from U-Pb dating of monazite in diamond bearing gneiss from Chepelare ( Bulgaria).Journal of Metamorphic Geology, Vol. 34, 3, pp. 265-291.Europe, BulgariaUHP diamond bearing gneiss
DS201606-1105
2016
Froitzheim, N.Petrik, I., Janak, M., Froitzheim, N., Georgiev, N., Yoshida, K., Sasinkova, V., Konecny, P., Milovska, S.Triassic to Early Jurassic ( c. 200Ma) UHP metamorphism in the central Rhodopes: evidence from U-Pb-Th dating of monazite in diamond bearing gneiss from Chepelare Bulgaria.Journal of Metamorphic Geology, Vol. 34, 3, pp. 265-291.Europe, BulgariaDiamonds in gneiss
DS201702-0221
2017
Froitzheim, N.Klonowska, I., Janak, M., Majka, J., Petrik, I., Froitzheim, N., Gee, D.G., sasinkova, V.Microdiamond on Areskutan confirms regional UHP metamorphism in the Seve Nappe complex of the Scandinavian Caledonides.Journal of Metamorphic Geology, in press availableEurope, Sweden, NorwayUHP

Abstract: Metamorphic diamond in crustal rocks provides important information on the deep subduction of continental crust. Here we present a new occurrence of diamond within the Seve Nappe Complex of the Scandinavian Caledonides, on Åreskutan in Jämtland County, Sweden. Microdiamond is found in-situ as single and composite (diamond + carbonate) inclusions within garnet, in kyanite-bearing paragneisses. The rocks preserve the primary peak pressure assemblage of Ca,Mg-rich garnet + phengite + kyanite + rutile, with polycrystalline quartz surrounded by radial cracks indicating breakdown of coesite. Calculated P-T conditions for this stage are 830-840 °C and 4.1-4.2 GPa, in the diamond stability field. The ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) assemblage has been variably overprinted under granulite facies conditions of 850-860 °C and 1.0-1.1 GPa, leading to formation of Ca,Mg-poor garnet+biotite+ plagioclase+K-feldspar+sillimanite+ilmenite+quartz. This overprint was the result of nearly isothermal decompression, which is corroborated by Ti-in-quartz thermometry. Chemical Th-U-Pb dating of monazite yields ages between 445 and 435 Ma, which are interpreted to record post-UHP exhumation of the diamond-bearing rocks. The new discovery of microdiamond on Åreskutan, together with other evidence of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism (UHPM) within gneisses, eclogites and peridotites elsewhere in the Seve Nappe Complex, provide compelling arguments for regional (at least 200 km along strike of the unit). UHPM of substantial parts of this far-travelled allochthon. The occurrence of UHPM in both rheologically weak (gneisses) and strong lithologies (eclogites, peridotites) speaks against the presence of large tectonic overpressure during metamorphism.
DS201703-0422
2017
Froitzheim, N.Klonowska, I., Janak, M., Majka, J., Petrik, I., Froitzheim, N., Gee, D.G., Sasinkova, V.Microdiamond on Areskutan confirms regional UHP metamorphism in the Seve Nappe Complex of the Scandinavian Caledonides.Journal of Metamorphic Geology, in press availableEurope, SwedenMicrodiamond

Abstract: Metamorphic diamond in crustal rocks provides important information on the deep subduction of continental crust. Here, we present a new occurrence of diamond within the Seve Nappe Complex (SNC) of the Scandinavian Caledonides, on Åreskutan in Jämtland County, Sweden. Microdiamond is found in situ as single and composite (diamond+carbonate) inclusions within garnet, in kyanite-bearing paragneisses. The rocks preserve the primary peak pressure assemblage of Ca,Mg-rich garnet+phengite+kyanite+rutile, with polycrystalline quartz surrounded by radial cracks indicating breakdown of coesite. Calculated P-T conditions for this stage are 830-840 °C and 4.1-4.2 GPa, in the diamond stability field. The ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) assemblage has been variably overprinted under granulite facies conditions of 850-860 °C and 1.0-1.1 GPa, leading to formation of Ca,Mg-poor garnet+biotite+plagioclase+K-feldspar+sillimanite+ilmenite+quartz. This overprint was the result of nearly isothermal decompression, which is corroborated by Ti-in-quartz thermometry. Chemical Th-U-Pb dating of monazite yields ages between 445 and 435 Ma, which are interpreted to record post-UHP exhumation of the diamond-bearing rocks. The new discovery of microdiamond on Åreskutan, together with other evidence of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism (UHPM) within gneisses, eclogites and peridotites elsewhere in the SNC, provide compelling arguments for regional (at least 200 km along strike of the unit) UHPM of substantial parts of this far-travelled allochthon. The occurrence of UHPM in both rheologically weak (gneisses) and strong lithologies (eclogites, peridotites) speaks against the presence of large tectonic overpressure during metamorphism.
DS201707-1340
2017
Froitzheim, N.Klonowska, I., Janak, M., Majka, J., Petrik, I., Froitzheim, N., Gee, D.Microdiamond on Areskutan confirms UHP metamorphism in the Seve Nappe Complex of the Scandinavian Caledonides.Journal of Metamorphic Geology, Vol. 35, 5, pp. 541-564.Europe, SwedenUHP

Abstract: Metamorphic diamond in crustal rocks provides important information on the deep subduction of continental crust. Here we present a new occurrence of diamond within the Seve Nappe Complex of the Scandinavian Caledonides, on Åreskutan in Jämtland County, Sweden. Microdiamond is found in-situ as single and composite (diamond + carbonate) inclusions within garnet, in kyanite-bearing paragneisses. The rocks preserve the primary peak pressure assemblage of Ca,Mg-rich garnet + phengite + kyanite + rutile, with polycrystalline quartz surrounded by radial cracks indicating breakdown of coesite. Calculated P-T conditions for this stage are 830-840 ºC and 4.1-4.2 GPa, in the diamond stability field. The ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) assemblage has been variably overprinted under granulite facies conditions of 850-860 ºC and 1.0-1.1 GPa, leading to formation of Ca,Mg-poor garnet + biotite + plagioclase + K-feldspar + sillimanite + ilmenite + quartz. This overprint was the result of nearly isothermal decompression, which is corroborated by Ti-in-quartz thermometry. Chemical Th-U-Pb dating of monazite yields ages between 445 and 435 Ma, which are interpreted to record post-UHP exhumation of the diamond-bearing rocks. The new discovery of microdiamond on Åreskutan, together with other evidence of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism (UHPM) within gneisses, eclogites and peridotites elsewhere in the Seve Nappe Complex, provide compelling arguments for regional (at least 200 km along the unit) UHPM of substantial parts of this far-travelled allochthon. The occurrence of UHPM in both rheologically weak (gneisses) and strong lithologies (eclogites, peridotites) speaks against the presence of large tectonic overpressure during metamorphism.
DS201709-2018
2017
Froitzheim, N.Klonowska, I., Janek, M., Majka, J., Petrik, I., Froitzheim, N., Gee, D.G., Sasinkova, V.Microdiamond on Areskutan confirms regional UHP metamorphism in the Seve Nappe Complex of the Scandinavian Caledonides.Journal of Metamorphic Geology, Vol. 35, 5, pp. 541-564.Europe, Scandinaviamicrodiamond

Abstract: Metamorphic diamond in crustal rocks provides important information on the deep subduction of continental crust. Here, we present a new occurrence of diamond within the Seve Nappe Complex (SNC) of the Scandinavian Caledonides, on Åreskutan in Jämtland County, Sweden. Microdiamond is found in situ as single and composite (diamond+carbonate) inclusions within garnet, in kyanite-bearing paragneisses. The rocks preserve the primary peak pressure assemblage of Ca,Mg-rich garnet+phengite+kyanite+rutile, with polycrystalline quartz surrounded by radial cracks indicating breakdown of coesite. Calculated P–T conditions for this stage are 830–840 °C and 4.1–4.2 GPa, in the diamond stability field. The ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) assemblage has been variably overprinted under granulite facies conditions of 850–860 °C and 1.0–1.1 GPa, leading to formation of Ca,Mg-poor garnet+biotite+plagioclase+K-feldspar+sillimanite+ilmenite+quartz. This overprint was the result of nearly isothermal decompression, which is corroborated by Ti-in-quartz thermometry. Chemical Th–U–Pb dating of monazite yields ages between 445 and 435 Ma, which are interpreted to record post-UHP exhumation of the diamond-bearing rocks. The new discovery of microdiamond on Åreskutan, together with other evidence of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism (UHPM) within gneisses, eclogites and peridotites elsewhere in the SNC, provide compelling arguments for regional (at least 200 km along strike of the unit) UHPM of substantial parts of this far-travelled allochthon. The occurrence of UHPM in both rheologically weak (gneisses) and strong lithologies (eclogites, peridotites) speaks against the presence of large tectonic overpressure during metamorphism.
DS201506-0256
2015
Frojdo, S.Bell, K., Zaitsev, A.N., Spratt, J., Frojdo, S., Rukhlov, A.S.Elemental, lead and sulfur isotopic compositions of galena from Kola carbonatites, Russia - implications for melt and mantle evolution.Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 79, 2, pp. 219-241.RussiaCarbonatite, Kola

Abstract: Galena from four REE-rich (Khibina, Sallanlatvi, Seblyavr, Vuoriyarvi) and REE-poor (Kovdor) carbonatites, as well as hydrothermal veins (Khibina) all from the Devonian Kola Alkaline Province of northwestern Russia was analysed for trace elements and Pb and S isotope compositions. Microprobe analyses show that the only detectable elements in galena are Bi and Ag and these vary from not detectable to 2.23 and not detectable to 0.43 wt.% respectively. Three distinct galena groups can be recognized using Bi and Ag contents, which differ from groupings based on Pb isotope data. The Pb isotope ratios show significant spread with 206Pb/204Pb ratios (16.79 to 18.99), 207Pb/204Pb (15.22 to 15.58) and 208Pb/204Pb ratios (36.75 to 38.62). A near-linear array in a 207Pb/204Pb vs. 206Pb/204Pb ratio diagram is consistent with mixing between distinct mantle sources, one of which formed during a major differentiation event in the late Archaean or earlier. The S isotopic composition (?34S) of galena from carbonatites is significantly lighter (–-6.7 to -–10.3% Canyon Diablo Troilite (CDT) from REE-rich Khibina, Seblyavr and Vuoriyarvi carbonatites, and - 3.2% CDT from REE-poor Kovdor carbonatites) than the mantle value of 0%. Although there is no correlation between S and any of the Pb isotope ratios, Bi and Ag abundances correlate negatively with ?34S values. The variations in the isotopic composition of Pb are attributed to partial melting of an isotopically heterogeneous mantle source, while those of ?34S (together with Bi and Ag abundances) are considered to be process driven. Although variation in Pb isotope values between complexes might reflect different degrees of interaction between carbonatitic melts and continental crust or metasomatized lithosphere, the published noble gas and C, O, Sr, Nd and Hf isotopic data suggest that the variable Pb isotope ratios are best attributed to isotopic differences preserved within a sub-lithospheric mantle source. Different Pb isotopic compositions of galena from the same complex are consistent with a model of magma replenishment by carbonatitic melts/fluids each marked by quite different Pb isotopic compositions.
DS1989-0450
1989
Frolich, G.Frolich, G.New rumbles on deep sourcesNature, Vol. 341, October 26, pp. 687-688. Database # 18211GlobalMantle, Earthquakes
DS1999-0227
1999
Frolick, V.Frolick, V.Fire into ice... Charles Fipke and the great diamond huntRaincoast Books, 354p. approx. $32.95Northwest TerritoriesBiography - Fipke, Ekati diamond mine history
DS2003-1329
2003
FrolovSteblov, G.M., Kogan, M.G., King, R.W., Scholz, C.H., Burgmann, R., FrolovImprint of the North American plate in Siberia revealed by GPSGeophysical Research Letters, Vol. 30, 18, 1924 DOI.1029/2003GLO17805Russia, Siberia, Northwest Territories, EurasiaGeophysics - seismics
DS1999-0228
1999
Frolov, A.A.Frolov, A.A., Belov, S.V.The complex carbonatite deposits of the Ziminsk ore district ( easternSayan).Geology Ore Deposits, Vol. 41, No. 2, Mar-Apr. pp. 94-113.Russia, SayanCarbonatite, Deposit - Ziminsk
DS200412-1918
2003
Frolov, D.I.Steblov, G.M., Kogan, M.G., King, R.W., Scholz, C.H., Burgmann, R., Frolov, D.I.Imprint of the North American plate in Siberia revealed by GPS.Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 30, 18, 1924 DOI.1029/2003 GLO17805Russia, Siberia, Canada, Northwest TerritoriesGeophysics - seismics
DS201909-2084
2019
Frolov, P.V.Sharkov, E.V., Chisyakov, A.V., Bogina, M.M., Bogatikov, O.A., Sjchiptsov, V.V., Belyatsky, B.V., Frolov, P.V.Ultramafic - alkaline - carbonatite complexes as a result of two stage melting of a mantle plume: from the Mid- Paleoproterozoic Tiksheozero intrusion, northern Karelia, Russia.Doklady Earth Sciences, Vol. 486, 2, pp. 638-643.Russia, Kareliacarbonatite

Abstract: The Tiksheozero ultramafic-alkaline-carbonatite intrusive complex, like numerous carbonatite-bearing complexes of similar composition, is a part of a large igneous province related to the ascent of a thermochemical mantle plume. The geochemical and isotopic data indicate that the formation of the ultramafic and alkaline rocks was related to crystallization differentiation of a primary alkali picritic melt, whereas carbonatite magmas were derived from an independent mantle source. We suggest that the origin of parental magmas of the Tiksheozero Complex, as well as other ultramafic-alkaline-carbonatite complexes, was provided by two-stage melting of the mantle-plume head: (1) adiabatic melting of its inner part generated moderately alkaline picrites, the subsequent fractional crystallization of which led to the appearance of alkaline magmas, and (2) incongruent melting of the upper cooled margin of the plume head under the influence of CO2-rich fluids, which arrived from underlying adiabatic melting zone, gave rise to carbonatite magmas.
DS202110-1635
2021
Frolov, P.V.Sharkov, E.V., Chistyakov, A.V., Bogina, M.M., Shchiptsov, V.V., Belyatsky, B.V., Frolov, P.V.Petrology of the Mid-Paleoproterozoic Tiksheozero ultramafic-alkaline-carbonatite complex, ( Northern Karelia).Petrology, Vol. 29, 5, pp. 475-501. pdfRussia, Kareliadeposit - Tiksheozero

Abstract: The paper reports first comprehensive geological, petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical data on one of the world’s oldest Tiksheozero ultramafic?alkaline?carbonatite complex (~1.99 Ga), which belongs to the Mid-Paleoproterozoic igneous province of the Baltic Shield. The complex was formed in three intrusive phases. The first phase is composed of the low-alkali mafic?ultramafic rocks: dunites, wehrlites, clinopyroxenites, and gabbro. The rocks of the second phase are alkaline ultramafic rocks represented mainly by jacupirangites (alkaline clinopyroxenites) and foidolites (melteigites, ijoliltes, and urtites), with subordinate olivinites, alkaline gabbro, and nepheline syenites. The third intrusive phase is made up of carbonatites. Geochemical and mineralogical data indicate that all three phases were derived from different primary melts. It is shown that the nepheline syenites were obtained by fractionation of foidolites. A model of formation of such complexes through decompressional melting of mantle plume head enriched in carbonate fluid is proposed.
DS1992-1211
1992
Frolov, S.M.Plaksenko, A.N., Girnis, A.V., Isaichkin, A.A., Frolov, S.M.A harzburgite xenolith from the Voronezh crystalline massif PrecambriannoritesGeochemistry International, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 146-RussiaXenolith, Harzburgite
DS2001-0339
2001
Frolov, V.T.Frolov, V.T.Evidence on the destruction of the continental crust in East China: destructive transgressive geodynamic evol.Moscow University of Geol. Bulletin., Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 24-33.China, easternGeodynamics - evolution
DS2003-0838
2003
Frolova, A.A.Lomonosov, I.V., Fortov, V.E., Frolova, A.A., Khishchenko, K.V.The simulation of transformation of graphite to diamond under conditions of dynamicHigh Temperature, (Kluwer Publication), Vol. 41, 4, pp. 447-458.GlobalDiamond synthesis
DS200412-1171
2003
Frolova, A.A.Lomonosov, I.V., Fortov, V.E., Frolova, A.A., Khishchenko, K.V., Charakhchyan, A.A., Shurshalov, L.V.The simulation of transformation of graphite to diamond under conditions of dynamic compression in a conic target.High Temperature, Vol. 41, 4, pp. 447-458.TechnologyDiamond synthesis
DS1985-0067
1985
Frolova, L.N.Blinova, G.K., Gurkina, G.A., Frolova, L.N.A Study of Polycrystalline Aggregates of Diamond With lonsdaleite Using the Methods of X-ray Radiography And infrared Spectroscopy.(russian)Mineral. Sbornik., (Russian), Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 18-21RussiaBlank
DS1991-0127
1991
Frolova, L.N.Blinova, G.K., Ilupin, I.P., Frolova, L.N.Impurity centers in diamonds from two regions of Siberian PlatformSoviet Geology and Geophysics, Vol. 32, No. 8, pp. 76-78RussiaDiamond morphology, Nitrogen
DS1983-0445
1983
Frolova, L.P.Mekhonoshin, A.S., Glazunova, A.D., Frolova, L.P., Klopotov, V.Geochemical Features of Ilmenite of Basic and Ultrabasic Rocks.Soviet Geology And Geophysics, Vol. 24, No. 4, PP. 55-60.RussiaGeochemistry
DS1986-0257
1986
Frolova, T.I.Frolova, T.I., Kotorgin, N.F.Classification of picrites and komatiites.(Russian)Vestn. Mosk. University of Ser., (Russian), No. 4, Geol. No. 1, pp. 3-17RussiaPicrite
DS2001-0340
2001
Frolova, Ti.Frolova, Ti., Plechov, Py, Tikhomirov, ChurakovMelt inclusions in minerals of allivalites of the Kuril Kamchatka Island Arc.Geochemistry International, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 336-46.GlobalMantle - melt
DS201312-0563
2013
From, R.Machado, G., Bilodeau, C., Takpanie, R., St.Onge, M., Rayner, N., Skipton, D., From, R., MacKay, C., Young, M., Creason, G., Braden, Z.Regional bedrock mapping, Hall Peninsula, Nunavut.Geoscience Forum 40 NWT, abstract only p. 26Canada, NunavutMapping
DS201802-0234
2018
From, R.E.From, R.E., Camacho, A., Pearson, D.G., Luo, Y.U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopes of the Archean orthogneiss complex on eastern Hall Peninsula, southern Baffin Island, Nunavut: identification of exotic Paleo to Mesoarchean crust beneath eastern Hall Peninsula.Precambrian Research, Vol. 305, pp. 341-357.Canada, Nunavut, Hall Peninsulageochronology

Abstract: Eastern Hall Peninsula on southeastern Baffin Island, lies at the junction of a complex Paleoproterozoic collision between the Rae craton, Meta Incognita microcontinent and the North Atlantic craton from ca. 1.88 to 1.80?Ga. Several different interpretations of crustal correlations and the location of intervening sutures have been proposed based on reconnaissance-scale geologic investigation. Therefore, in this study, complex zircon grains from Archean orthogneiss units on eastern Hall Peninsula were analyzed in-situ to elucidate the detailed magmatic history of the region and assess crustal provenance. Magmatic zircons yielded U-Pb crystallization ages between ca. 2976 and 2720?Ma and metamorphic zircons record tectonothermal disturbances between ca. 2740 and 2700?Ma, a period coinciding with metamorphism documented in adjacent crustal blocks (e.g., west Greenland and northern Labrador). Magmatic rocks older than ca. 2740?Ma generally have positive ?Hf(t) signatures between 0 and 7 (±2) and depleted mantle model ages of ca. 3.1-3.0?Ga indicating the time that protolith melt was extracted from the mantle. The oldest, granodioritic crust crystallized at ca. 2976?Ma and was then reworked periodically at ca. 2.93, 2.84-2.81 and 2.77-2.69?Ma. Zircons from two orthogneiss samples, with U-Pb crystallization ages younger than ca. 2740?Ma, yielded negative ?Hf(t) values ranging from ?4 to ?12 and mean depleted mantle model ages of ca. 3.4 and 3.3?Ga respectively, indicating derivation from an older, potentially exotic, crustal source yet to be identified in outcrop on Hall Peninsula. Synthesizing regional U-Pb data we propose a new regional correlation model that retains the essentials of previous models and incorporates new data from eastern Hall Peninsula and other recent studies. This new tectonic correlation model groups eastern Hall Peninsula, southern Cumberland Peninsula and the Aasiaat domain into a “Core zone” that shared a geologic history prior to 1.90?Ga and potentially prior to 2.75?Ga.
DS1992-1528
1992
Fromm, A.J.Taylor, R.W., Fromm, A.J., Okita, P.Reflection surveys conducted on the western side of the Midcontinent gravity highGeological Society of America (GSA) Abstracts with programs, 1992 Annual, Vol. 24, No. 7, abstract p. A295MidcontinentGeophysics -gravity
DS1983-0281
1983
Fromson, S.Hargreaves, D., Fromson, S.Diamonds; World Index of Strategic Minerals, 1983Gower., PP. 71-73.GlobalDiamond Production Statistics
DS1983-0282
1983
Fromson, S.Hargreaves, D., Fromson, S.Diamond. In: World Index of Stratgeic Minerals Their Production, Exploitation and RiskGower Publishing Co., PP. 69-71.GlobalProduction
DS200512-0083
2005
Fronabarger, A.K.Beutel, E.K., Nomade, S., Fronabarger, A.K., Renne, P.R.Pangea's complex breakup: a new rapidly changing stress field model.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 236, pp. 471-485.Pangea, United States, CarolinasDike, geochronology, plume, geochemistry
DS1910-0555
1918
Frood, G.E.B.Frood, G.E.B.Diamonds; Official Yearbook of the Union of South Africa, 1918Official Yearbook of The Union of South Africa., No. 2South AfricaGeology, Mining, Engineering, Kimberley
DS1995-0453
1995
Frost, B.Duggan, K.M., Chamberlain, K.R., Frost, B.Late to post orogenic extension in a Proterozoic arc continent collisionalzone, southeastern Wyoming.Geological Society of America (GSA) Abstracts, Vol. 27, No. 6, abstract p. A 161.WyomingTectonics, Medicine Bow Mountains
DS1998-0452
1998
Frost, B.Frost, B., Ballhaus, C.Comment on constrainsts on the oxidation state of mantle overlying subduction zones....Geochim. Cosmochin. Acta, Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 329-31.GlobalTectonics, mantle, subduction
DS201906-1292
2019
Frost, B.B.Frost, B.B., Frost, C.The Wyoming province, a long-lived craton on the periphery of Laurentia.GAC/MAC annual Meeting, 1p. Abstract p. 91.United States, Canadacraton

Abstract: The Wyoming craton is one of the three cratons, Wyoming, Slave, and Nain, with Hadean roots that lie on the margins of Laurentia. The Wyoming and Slave provinces show many similarities, most notably a widespread supracrustal sequence that formed around 2.86 Ga. It is possible that the two cratons rifted apart at 2.86 Ga and docked onto Laurentia as separate entities in the Paleoproterozoic. The Wyoming province is characterized by elevated 207Pb/204Pb indicative of cratons that have a Hadean origin. The earliest rocks contain 3.8 to 4.0 Ga detrital and xenocrystic zircon grains. The 3.82 Ga xenocrystic zircon grains from 3.4 Ga tonalitic gneisses in the Granite Mountains have Hf isotopic compositions requiring Hadean precursors. The transition from tonalitic to granodioritic plutonism is diachronous; it occurs around 3.3 Ga in the Granite Mountains and around 2.85 Ga in the Bighorn Mountains. Granitic plutonism since 2.85 Ga is dominantly magnesian and calc-alkalic, compositionally identical to Phanerozoic arc magmas. The Teton Range, on the western margin of the province, records the earliest Himalayan orogeny on Earth at 2.7 Ga, further evidence that much of the Wyoming Province was constructed by processes similar to those operating in the Phanerozoic. The latest structural and metamorphic event in the evolution of the craton was accretion of crustal fragments along structures that trend broadly NE-SW at 2.62 Ga. The latest major magmatic event was the intrusion of the peraluminous granites of the Mount Owen batholith in the Teton Range at 2.55 Ga. The Wyoming craton was accreted to Laurentia in the Paleoproterozoic, probably during the later stages of the Trans-Hudson orogeny.
DS1988-0229
1988
Frost, B.R.Frost, B.R.Anorthosites: origin and evolutionGsa Penrose Conference To Be Held August 14-19, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, LaramieWyoming307-766-4290
DS1989-0451
1989
Frost, B.R.Frost, B.R., Chacko, T.The granulite uncertainty principle: limitations on thermo barometry ingranulitesJournal of Geology, Vol. 97, No. 4, July pp. 435-450GlobalGranulites, Thermobarometry
DS1989-0452
1989
Frost, B.R.Frost, B.R., Fyfe, W.S., Tazaki, K., Chan, T.Grain boundary graphite in rocks and implications for high electrical conductivity in the lower crustNature, Vol. 340, No. 6229, July 13, pp. 134-6.Database #18044Wyoming, MinnesotaAnorthosite, Geophysics -Graphite
DS1989-0453
1989
Frost, B.R.Frost, B.R., Lindsley, D.H., Simmons, C.Origin and evolution of anorthosites and related rocks. Report PenroseConferenceGeology, Vol. 17, No. 5, May pp. 474-475GlobalAnorthosites, Penrose Conference Rept
DS1989-0454
1989
Frost, B.R.Frost, B.R., Shive, P.N.Comment on limiting depth of magnetization in cratoniclithosphere.plusreply by Toft and HaggertyGeophysical Research Letters, Vol. 14, No. 5, May pp. 477-479GlobalMantle, Nodules
DS1990-0595
1990
Frost, B.R.Grant, J.A., Frost, B.R.Contact metamorphism and partial melting of pelitic rocks in the Aureole of the Laramie anorthosite complex Morton Pass WyomingAmerican Journal of Science, Vol. 290, No. 4, April pp. 425-WyomingAnorthosite, Geochemistry
DS1991-0252
1991
Frost, B.R.Chamberlain, K.R., Frost, B.R., Patel, S.C., Isachsen, C.E.New uranium-lead (U-Pb) (U-Pb) geochronological and thermobarometric constraints on Proterozoic tectonic processes along the southeast margin of the Wyoming cratonGeological Society of America Annual Meeting Abstract Volume, Vol. 23, No. 5, San Diego, p. A 59WyomingGeochronology, Tectonics
DS1991-0518
1991
Frost, B.R.Frost, B.R., Lindsley, D.H.Occurrence of iron titanium oxides in igneous rocksReviews Mineralogy, Vol. 25, pp. 435-67.GlobalMineralogy - oxides, Volcanics - spinels
DS1993-0232
1993
Frost, B.R.Chamberlain, K.R., Patel, S.C., Frost, B.R., Snyder, G.L.Thick skinned deformation of the Archean Wyoming province during Proterozoic arc-continent collision.Geology, Vol. 21, No. 11, November pp. 995-998.Colorado, WyomingTectonics, Deformation -Cheyenne boundary
DS1994-0102
1994
Frost, B.R.Ballhaus, C., Frost, B.R.The generation of oxidized CO2 bearing basaltic melts from reduced CH4bearing upper mantle sources.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 58, 23, pp. 4931-40.MantleMelt -redox, Asthenosphere zonation
DS1994-1669
1994
Frost, B.R.Speece, M.A., Frost, B.R., Smithson, S.B.Precambrian basement structure and Laramide deformation revealed by seismic reflection profiling in the Laramie Mountains, Wyoming.Tectonics, Vol. 13, No. 2, Apr. pp. 354-66.WyomingTectonics - structure, Diapir - geophysics - seismics
DS1998-0453
1998
Frost, B.R.Frost, B.R., Avchenko, O.V., Frost, C.D.Evidence for extensive Proterozoic remobilization of the Aldan Shield And implications for plate tectonics..Precambrian Research., Vol. 89, No. 1-2, May 1, pp. 1-24.Russia, Siberia, LaurentiaProterozoic plate tectonics, Gondwana
DS1998-0454
1998
Frost, B.R.Frost, C.D., Frost, B.R., Hulsebosch, T.P.The Late Archean history of the Wyoming Province as recorded by granitic magmatism in the Wind River Range.Precambrian Research., Vol. 89, No. 3-4, Jun.1, pp. 145-174.WyomingMagmatism, General geology
DS1999-0536
1999
Frost, B.R.Patel, S.C., Frost, C.D., Frost, B.R.Contrasting responses of Rubidium-Strontium systematics to regional and contact metamorphism, Laramie Mountains, Wyoming.Journal of Metamorphic Geology, Vol. 17, No. 3, May pp. 259-70.WyomingGeochronology - metamorphism
DS2001-0341
2001
Frost, B.R.Frost, B.R., Chamberlain, K.R., Schumacher, J.C.Sphene (titanite): phase relations and role as a geochronometerChemical Geology, Vol. 172, No. 1-2, Feb. pp.131-48.GlobalGeochronology, Geothermometry
DS2002-0273
2002
Frost, B.R.Chamberlain, K.R., Bauer, R.L., Frost, B.R., Frost, C.D.Dakotan Orogen: continuation of Trans Hudson Orogen or younger seperate suturing of Wyoming/ Superior CratonsGac/mac Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, Abstract Volume, P.18., p.18.SaskatchewanTectonics
DS2002-0274
2002
Frost, B.R.Chamberlain, K.R., Bauer, R.L., Frost, B.R., Frost, C.D.Dakotan Orogen: continuation of Trans Hudson Orogen or younger seperate suturing of Wyoming/ Superior CratonsGac/mac Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, Abstract Volume, P.18., p.18.SaskatchewanTectonics
DS2002-0488
2002
Frost, B.R.Frost, C.D., Chamberlain, K.R., Frost, B.R.Wyoming and Slave Province: remarkable similarities but important contrastsGac/mac Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, Abstract Volume, P.37., p.37.WyomingCraton - magmatism
DS2002-0489
2002
Frost, B.R.Frost, C.D., Chamberlain, K.R., Frost, B.R.Wyoming and Slave Province: remarkable similarities but important contrastsGac/mac Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, Abstract Volume, P.37., p.37.WyomingCraton - magmatism
DS2003-0233
2003
Frost, B.R.Chamberlain, K.R., Frost, C.D., Frost, B.R.Early Archean to Mesoproterozoic evolution of the Wyoming Province: Archean originsCanadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 40, 10, Oct. pp. 1357-74.WyomingTectonics
DS200412-0305
2003
Frost, B.R.Chamberlain, K.R., Frost, C.D., Frost, B.R.Early Archean to Mesoproterozoic evolution of the Wyoming Province: Archean origins to modern lithospheric architecture.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 40, 10, Oct. pp. 1357-74.United States, WyomingTectonics
DS201112-0645
2011
Frost, B.R.Marks, M.A.W., Hettmann, K., Schilling, J., Frost, B.R., Markl, G.The mineralogical diversity of alkaline igneous rocks: critical factors for the transition from miaskitic to agpaitic phase assemblages.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 52, 3, pp. 439-455.Alkalic
DS200612-0085
2006
Frost, C.Barnes, C.G., Li, Y., Barnes, M., McCullock, L., Frost, C., Prestvik, T., Allen, C.Carbonate assimilation in the alkaline Hortavaer igneous complex, Norway.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 70, 18, p. 1. abstract only.Europe, NorwayCarbonatite
DS201906-1292
2019
Frost, C.Frost, B.B., Frost, C.The Wyoming province, a long-lived craton on the periphery of Laurentia.GAC/MAC annual Meeting, 1p. Abstract p. 91.United States, Canadacraton

Abstract: The Wyoming craton is one of the three cratons, Wyoming, Slave, and Nain, with Hadean roots that lie on the margins of Laurentia. The Wyoming and Slave provinces show many similarities, most notably a widespread supracrustal sequence that formed around 2.86 Ga. It is possible that the two cratons rifted apart at 2.86 Ga and docked onto Laurentia as separate entities in the Paleoproterozoic. The Wyoming province is characterized by elevated 207Pb/204Pb indicative of cratons that have a Hadean origin. The earliest rocks contain 3.8 to 4.0 Ga detrital and xenocrystic zircon grains. The 3.82 Ga xenocrystic zircon grains from 3.4 Ga tonalitic gneisses in the Granite Mountains have Hf isotopic compositions requiring Hadean precursors. The transition from tonalitic to granodioritic plutonism is diachronous; it occurs around 3.3 Ga in the Granite Mountains and around 2.85 Ga in the Bighorn Mountains. Granitic plutonism since 2.85 Ga is dominantly magnesian and calc-alkalic, compositionally identical to Phanerozoic arc magmas. The Teton Range, on the western margin of the province, records the earliest Himalayan orogeny on Earth at 2.7 Ga, further evidence that much of the Wyoming Province was constructed by processes similar to those operating in the Phanerozoic. The latest structural and metamorphic event in the evolution of the craton was accretion of crustal fragments along structures that trend broadly NE-SW at 2.62 Ga. The latest major magmatic event was the intrusion of the peraluminous granites of the Mount Owen batholith in the Teton Range at 2.55 Ga. The Wyoming craton was accreted to Laurentia in the Paleoproterozoic, probably during the later stages of the Trans-Hudson orogeny.
DS1993-0469
1993
Frost, C.D.Frost, C.D.neodymium isotopic evidence for the antiquity of the Wyoming provinceGeology, Vol. 21, No. 4, April pp. 351-354WyomingGeochronology, Precambrian, Archean model ages
DS1996-1270
1996
Frost, C.D.Scoates, J.S., Frost, C.D.A Strontium and neodymium isotopic investigation of Laramie anorthosites:implications for magma chamber.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 60, No. 1, Jan. pp. 95-108WyomingAnorthosites, Proterozoic, magma conduits
DS1998-0453
1998
Frost, C.D.Frost, B.R., Avchenko, O.V., Frost, C.D.Evidence for extensive Proterozoic remobilization of the Aldan Shield And implications for plate tectonics..Precambrian Research., Vol. 89, No. 1-2, May 1, pp. 1-24.Russia, Siberia, LaurentiaProterozoic plate tectonics, Gondwana
DS1998-0454
1998
Frost, C.D.Frost, C.D., Frost, B.R., Hulsebosch, T.P.The Late Archean history of the Wyoming Province as recorded by granitic magmatism in the Wind River Range.Precambrian Research., Vol. 89, No. 3-4, Jun.1, pp. 145-174.WyomingMagmatism, General geology
DS1999-0535
1999
Frost, C.D.Patel, S.C., Frost, C.D., Chamberlain, K.R., Snyder, G.Proterozoic metamorphism and uplift history of the north central LaramieMountains, Wyoming.Journal of Metamorphic Geology, Vol. 17, pp. 243-58.WyomingMetamorphic terranes, Geothermometry, geochronology
DS1999-0536
1999
Frost, C.D.Patel, S.C., Frost, C.D., Frost, B.R.Contrasting responses of Rubidium-Strontium systematics to regional and contact metamorphism, Laramie Mountains, Wyoming.Journal of Metamorphic Geology, Vol. 17, No. 3, May pp. 259-70.WyomingGeochronology - metamorphism
DS2002-0273
2002
Frost, C.D.Chamberlain, K.R., Bauer, R.L., Frost, B.R., Frost, C.D.Dakotan Orogen: continuation of Trans Hudson Orogen or younger seperate suturing of Wyoming/ Superior CratonsGac/mac Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, Abstract Volume, P.18., p.18.SaskatchewanTectonics
DS2002-0274
2002
Frost, C.D.Chamberlain, K.R., Bauer, R.L., Frost, B.R., Frost, C.D.Dakotan Orogen: continuation of Trans Hudson Orogen or younger seperate suturing of Wyoming/ Superior CratonsGac/mac Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, Abstract Volume, P.18., p.18.SaskatchewanTectonics
DS2002-0488
2002
Frost, C.D.Frost, C.D., Chamberlain, K.R., Frost, B.R.Wyoming and Slave Province: remarkable similarities but important contrastsGac/mac Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, Abstract Volume, P.37., p.37.WyomingCraton - magmatism
DS2002-0489
2002
Frost, C.D.Frost, C.D., Chamberlain, K.R., Frost, B.R.Wyoming and Slave Province: remarkable similarities but important contrastsGac/mac Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, Abstract Volume, P.37., p.37.WyomingCraton - magmatism
DS2003-0233
2003
Frost, C.D.Chamberlain, K.R., Frost, C.D., Frost, B.R.Early Archean to Mesoproterozoic evolution of the Wyoming Province: Archean originsCanadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 40, 10, Oct. pp. 1357-74.WyomingTectonics
DS200412-0305
2003
Frost, C.D.Chamberlain, K.R., Frost, C.D., Frost, B.R.Early Archean to Mesoproterozoic evolution of the Wyoming Province: Archean origins to modern lithospheric architecture.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 40, 10, Oct. pp. 1357-74.United States, WyomingTectonics
DS200512-0253
2004
Frost, C.D.Duke, G.I., Frost, C.D.Carbonatite fingerprints on Black Hills alkalic suite?Geological Society of America Annual Meeting ABSTRACTS, Nov. 7-10, Paper 88-27, Vol. 36, 5, p. 224.United States, Montana, South DakotaMagmatism
DS200712-0335
2007
Frost, C.D.Frost, R.B., Frost, C.D., Chamberlain, K.R.Constraints on the relations between the Wyoming and the Slave Provinces.Geological Association of Canada, Gac-Mac Yellowknife 2007, May 23-25, Volume 32, 1 pg. abstract p.28-29.Canada, Northwest Territories, United States, WyomingGeochronology
DS200712-0758
2006
Frost, C.D.Mueller, P.A., Frost, C.D.The Wyoming Province: a distinctive Archean Craton in Laurentian North America.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 43, 10, pp. 1391-1397.United States, Wyoming, Colorado PlateauCraton
DS200712-0759
2006
Frost, C.D.Mueller, P.A., Frost, C.D.The Wyoming province: a distinctive Archean craton in Laurentian North America.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 43, 10, pp. 1391-1397.United States, Wyoming, Colorado PlateauCraton, model
DS201412-0213
2014
Frost, C.D.Duke, G.I., Carlson, R.W., Frost, C.D., Hearn, B.C.Jr., Eby, G.N.Continental scale linearity of kimberlite-carbonatite magmatism, mid-continent North America.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 403, pp. 157-163.Canada, United StatesLineaments
DS202109-1453
2021
Frost, C.D.Beddie, H., Coper, C.M., Frost, C.D.Nature versus Nurture: preservation and destruction of Archean cratons.Tectonics, e2021TC006714 67p. PdfMantlecratons

Abstract: Because of Earth’s dynamic tectonic processes, much of its continental crust has been eroded and recycled and only a fraction of crust older than 2.5 billion years has survived to the present-day. These areas of old crust, known as Archean cratons, have not experienced deformation or magmatism for a billion years or more. This paper investigates whether craton survival is related to their nature, that is, the conditions of their formation, or to nurture, the subsequent events they experienced. Eight case studies are used to evaluate the properties and processes that promote craton stability. Nature is important: surviving Archean cratons tend to be buoyant, viscous, cold, and thick. Some survive because they have not experienced destabilizing geologic processes that introduce heat, magma, and fluids. Others have been modified to various extents by these processes. Some have been weakened and thinned and other, only marginally stable cratons are susceptible to future deformation and destruction. We conclude that both nature and nurture are essential to the survival of Earth’s oldest crust.
DS201809-2001
2018
Frost, D.Brenker, F.E., Koch, T.E., Prior, D.J., Lilly, K., Krot, A.N., Bizzarro, M., Frost, D.Fe rich Ferropericlase in super deep diamonds and the stability of high FeO wadsleyite. Implications on the composition and temperature of the Earth's transition zone.Goldschmidt Conference, 1p. AbstractMantlediamond inclusions

Abstract: The high amount of Fe-rich ferropericlase inclusions found in diamonds of a potential super-deep origin questions the bulk chemical model of the Earth [e.g., 1]. Although this might be due to a biased sampling of the lower mantle, it is worth to further address this discrepancy. A limiting factor of the Fe-content of the Earth´s deep mantle (TZ and lower mantle) is a correlation of the depths of the observed main mantle discontinuities with the (Fe,Mg)SiO4 phase diagram. In particular, the 520 kmdiscontinuity is related to the phase transformation of wadsleyite (assuming Fa10) to ringwoodite. The existing phase diagrams suggest a stability limit of wadsleyite ?Fa40 [e.g., 2,3], which limits the Fe-content of the Earth´s transition zone. Here we report on a discovery of Fe-rich wadsleyite grains (up to Fa56) in the high-pressure silicate melt droplets within Fe,Ni-metal in shock veins of the CB (Bencubbin-like) metal-rich carbonaceous chondrite QC 001 [4], which were identified using HR-EDX, nano-EBSD and TEM. Although the existence of such Fe-rich wadsleyite in shock veins may be due to the kinetic reasons, new theoretical and experimental studies of the stability of (Fe,Mg)SiO4 at high temperature (> 1800 K) are clearly needed. This may have significant impact on the temperature and chemical estimates of the Earth´s transition zone.
DS201904-0731
2019
Frost, D.Elazar, O., Frost, D., Navon, O., Kessel, R.Melting H2O and CO2 bearing eclogite at 4-6 GPa and 900-1200 C: implications for the generation of diamond forming fluids.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, in press available 47p.Mantlemelting, subduction
DS201906-1290
2019
Frost, D.Elazar, O., Frost, D., Navon, O., Kessel, R.Melting H2O and CO2 bearing eclogite at 4-6 Gpa and 900-1200C: implications for the generation of diamond forming fluids.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 255, pp. 69-87.Mantlediamond genesis

Abstract: Eclogites play a significant role in geodynamic processes, transferring large amounts of basaltic material and volatiles (chiefly CO2 and H2O species) into the earth's mantle via subduction. Previous studies of eclogite melting focused on two end member systems: either carbonated or hydrous eclogites. Here we focus on the hydrous carbonated eclogitic system in order to define the position of its solidus and determine the near solidus fluid and melt compositions at 4-6?GPa and 900-1200?°C. Experiments were performed on a rocking multi-anvil press. The total dissolved solids in the equilibrated fluids were analyzed following the cryogenic technique using a LA-ICP-MS. H2O and CO2 content were determined by mass balance calculations. Solid phases were chemically characterized using an EPMA. Garnet and clinopyroxene are present in all experiments, assembling the eclogitic rock. A carbonate phase was detected at all temperatures at 4?GPa and at temperatures below 1200?°C at 5 and 6?GPa. Coesite was observed at all pressures below 1200?°C. The solidus was crossed between 1000 and 1100?°C at 4 and 5?GPa. At 6?GPa we observed a relatively smooth decrease in the H2O and CO2 content of the fluid phase with rising temperature, suggesting the presence of a supercritical fluid. The second critical endpoint is thus defined in this system at ?5.5?GPa and 1050?°C. The composition of fluids and melts reported in this study indicates that the hydrous carbonated eclogite system is a plausible source-rock for high density fluids (HDFs) found in microinclusions in diamonds, specifically for the intermediate compositions along the array spanned between low-Mg carbonatitic HDFs and hydrous-silicic ones. Our results suggest that the whole array reflects melting in a heterogeneous mantle. Melting of water-rich eclogite produces silicic HDFs, carbonate-rich zones will produce carbonatitc HDFs, while source-rocks with varying H2O/CO2 ratios produce intermediate compositions.
DS201706-1069
2017
Frost, D.A.Frost, D.A., Rost, S., Garnero, E.J., Li, M.Seismic evidence for Earth's crusty deep mantle.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 470, pp. 54-63.Mantlegeophysics - seismic

Abstract: Seismic tomography resolves anomalies interpreted as oceanic lithosphere subducted deep into Earth's lower mantle. However, the fate of the compositionally distinct oceanic crust that is part of the lithosphere is poorly constrained but provides important constraints on mixing processes and the recycling process in the deep Earth. We present high-resolution seismic array analyses of anomalous P-waves sampling the deep mantle, and deterministically locate heterogeneities in the lowermost 300 km of the mantle. Spectral analysis indicates that the dominant scale length of the heterogeneity is 4 to 7 km. The heterogeneity distribution varies laterally and radially and heterogeneities are more abundant near the margins of the lowermost mantle Large Low Velocity Provinces (LLVPs), consistent with mantle convection simulations that show elevated accumulations of deeply advected crustal material near the boundaries of thermo-chemical piles. The size and distribution of the observed heterogeneities is consistent with that expected for subducted oceanic crust. These results thus suggest the deep mantle contains an imprint of continued subduction of oceanic crust, stirred by mantle convection and modulated by long lasting thermo-chemical structures. The preferred location of the heterogeneity in the lowermost mantle is consistent with a thermo-chemical origin of the LLVPs. Our observations relate to the mixing behaviour of small length-scale heterogeneity in the deep Earth and indicate that compositional heterogeneities from the subduction process can survive for extended times in the lowermost mantle.
DS201012-0213
2010
Frost, D.F.Frost, D.F., Asahara, Y., Rubie, D.C., Miyajima, N., Dubrovinsky, Holzapfel, Ohtani, Miyahara, SakaiPartitioning of oxygen between the Earth's mantle and core.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 115, B2 , B02202.MantleChemistry
DS200512-0636
2005
Frost, D.I.Liebske, C., Corgne, A., Frost, D.I., Rubie, D.C., Wood, B.J.Compositional effects in element partitioning between Mg silicate perovskite and silicate melts.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 149, 1, pp. 113-128.MantleGeochemistry
DS2001-0036
2001
Frost, D.J.Angel, R.J., Frost, D.J., Ross, N.L., Hemley, R.Stabilities and equations of state of dense hydrous magesium silicatesPhysics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 127, No. 1-4, Dec. 1, pp. 181-96.MantleMineralogy - silicates, Subduction - geodynamics, rheology
DS2002-1516
2002
Frost, D.J.Smythe, J.R., Frost, D.J.The effect of water on the 410 km discontinuity. An experimental studyGeophysical Research Letters, Vol. 29,10,May15,pp.123-MantleCore-mantle boundary
DS2002-1615
2002
Frost, D.J.Tronnes, R.G., Frost, D.J.Peridotite melting and mineral melt partitioning of major and minor elements at 22-24.5 GPa.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol.197,1-2,pp.117-31.mantlePeridotite - garnet group, ringwoodite
DS2003-1300
2003
Frost, D.J.Smyth, J.R., Holl, C.M., Frost, D.J., Jacobsen, S.D., Langenhorst, F.Structural systematics of hydrous ring woodite and water in Earth's interiorAmerican Mineralogist, Vol. 88, 10, Oct. pp. 1402-7.MantleMineralogy
DS200412-0585
2004
Frost, D.J.Frost, D.J., Liebske, C., Langenhorst, F., McCammon, C.A., Tronnes, R.G., Rubie, D.C.Experimental evidence for the existence of iron rich metal in the Earth's lower mantle.Nature, No. 6981, March 25, pp. 409-411.MantleSulphides
DS200412-0586
2004
Frost, D.J.Frost, D.J., Liebske, C., McCammon, C.A., Langenhorst, F., Tronnes, R., Rubie,D.C.Experimental evidence for the existence of a metallic iron rich phase in the Earth's mantle.Lithos, ABSTRACTS only, Vol. 73, p. S38. abstractMantleRedox conditions
DS200412-1863
2003
Frost, D.J.Smyth, J.R., Holl, C.M., Frost, D.J., Jacobsen, S.D., Langenhorst, F., McCammon, C.A.Structural systematics of hydrous ring woodite and water in Earth's interior.American Mineralogist, Vol. 88, 10, Oct. pp. 1402-7.MantleMineralogy
DS200512-0188
2005
Frost, D.J.Corgne, A., Liebske, C., Wood, B.J., Rubie, D.C., Frost, D.J.Silicate perovskite melt partitioning of trace elements and geochemical signature of a deep perovskitic reservoir.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 69, 2, Jan. 15, pp. 485-496.MantleGeochemistry
DS200512-0444
2005
Frost, D.J.Holzapel, C., Rubie, D.C., Frost, D.J., Langenhorst, F.Geophysics: Fe Mg interdiffusion in (Mg,Fe) SiO3 perovskite and lower mantle requilibration.Science, No. 5741, Sept. 9, pp. 1707-1710.MantleGeophysics
DS200512-0562
2005
Frost, D.J.Konzett, J., Yang, H., Frost, D.J.Phase relations and stability of magnetoplumbite and crichtonite series phases under upper mantle P-T conditions: an experimental study to 15 GPa with LILEJournal of Petrology, Vol. 46, 4, pp. 749-781.MantleMetasomatism - lithosphere
DS200512-0563
2005
Frost, D.J.Konzett, J., Yang, H., Frost, D.J.Phase relations and stability of magnetoplumbite and crichtonite series phases under upper mantle P T conditions: an experimental study to 15 GPa. LILEJournal of Petrology, Vol. 46, 4, pp. 749-781.MantleMetasomatism in the lithospheric mantle
DS200512-0679
2005
Frost, D.J.Mainprice, D., Tommasi, A., Couvy, H., Cordier, P., Frost, D.J.Pressure sensitivity of olivine slip systems and seismic anisotropy of Earth's upper mantle.Nature, No. 7027, Feb. 17, pp. 731-2.MantleOlivine
DS200612-0417
2006
Frost, D.J.Frost, D.J.The stability of hydrous mantle phases.Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Vol. 62, pp. 243-271.MantleWater - chemistry
DS200612-1279
2006
Frost, D.J.Shcheka, S.S., Wiedenbeck, M., Frost, D.J., Keppler, H.Carbon solubility in mantle minerals.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 245, 3-4, May 30, pp. 730-742.MantleMineral chemistry - carbon
DS200612-1325
2006
Frost, D.J.Smyth, J.R., Frost, D.J., Nestola, F., Holl, C.M., Bromiley, G.Olivine hydration in the deep upper mantle: effects of temperature and silica activity.Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 33, 15, August 16, L15301MantleMineral chemistry
DS200612-1326
2006
Frost, D.J.Smyth, J.R., Holl, C.M., Frost, D.J., Keppler, H., Nestola, F., Mierdel, K.Hydration of nominally anhydrous minerals: melt generation, physical properties, and dynamics of the upper mantle.International Mineralogical Association 19th. General Meeting, held Kobe, Japan July 23-28 2006, Abstract p.102.MantleMelt generation
DS200712-0031
2007
Frost, D.J.Asahara, Y., Frost, D.J., Rubie, D.C.Partitioning of FeO between magnesiwustite and liquid iron at high pressures and temperatures: implications for the composition of the Earth's outer core.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 257, 3-4, May 30, pp. 435-449.MantleUHP
DS200712-0334
2007
Frost, D.J.Frost, D.J.Hydroxyl contents of deep mantle minerals coexiting with CH4-rich fluids: implications for the focusing of fluids in the upper mantle by redox processes.Plates, Plumes, and Paradigms, 1p. abstract p. A298.MantleRedox
DS200712-0926
2007
Frost, D.J.Saikia, A., Frost, D.J., Rubie, D.C.The formation of calcium perovskite from majoritic garnet - implications for splitting of the 520 km seismic discontinuity.Plates, Plumes, and Paradigms, 1p. abstract p. A866.MantleGeophysics - seismics
DS200812-0369
2008
Frost, D.J.Frost, D.J.The upper mantle and transition zone.Elements, Vol. 4, 3, June pp. 171-176.MantleGeophysics - seismics, phase transformation
DS200812-0370
2008
Frost, D.J.Frost, D.J., Mann, U., Asahara, Y., Rubie, D.C.The redox state of the mantle during and just after core formation.Philosophical Transactions Royal Society of London Series A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 366, no. 1883, pp. 4315-4338.MantleRedox
DS200812-0371
2008
Frost, D.J.Frost, D.J., McCammon, C.A.The redox state of Earth's mantle.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol. 36, May, pp. 389-420.MantleRedox
DS200812-0996
2008
Frost, D.J.Saikia, A., Frost, D.J., Rubie, D.C.Splitting of the 520 kilometer seismic discontinuity and chemical heterogeneity in the mantle.Science, Vol. 319, 5869, March 14, pp. 1515-1517.MantleGeophysics - seismics
DS200912-0231
2008
Frost, D.J.Frost, D.J., Asahara, Y., Tsuno, K., Rubie, D.C., Pickles, J.An experiment based model describing the partitioning of oxygen between Earth's mantle and core.American Geological Union, Fall meeting Dec. 15-19, Eos Trans. Vol. 89, no. 53, meeting supplement, 1p. abstractMantleUHP
DS200912-0232
2009
Frost, D.J.Frost, D.J., McCammon, C.A.The effect of oxygen fugacity on the olivine to wadsleyite transformation: implications for remote sensing of mantle redox state at the 410 km seismic ...American Mineralogist, Vol. 94, 7, pp. 872-882.MantleUHP - discontinuity
DS200912-0233
2009
Frost, D.J.Frost, D.J., Rubie, D.C., Tsuno, K.Chemistry of the Earth's core and reactions at the core mantle boundary.Goldschmidt Conference 2009, p. A400 Abstract.MantleBoundary
DS200912-0519
2009
Frost, D.J.Mosenfelder, J.L., Asimow, P.D., Frost, D.J., Rubie, D.C., Ahrens, T.J.The MgSiO3 system at high pressure: thermodynamic properties of perovskite, postperovskite and melt from global inversion of shock and static compression data.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 114, B1 B01203.MantlePerovskite
DS201012-0750
2010
Frost, D.J.Stagno, V., Frost, D.J.Carbon speciation in the asthenosphere: experimental measurements of the redox conditions at which carbonate bearing melts coexist with graphite or diamond in peridotite assemblages.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 300, 1-2, Nov. 15, pp. 72-84.MantlePeridotite, assemblages
DS201112-0767
2011
Frost, D.J.Pamato, M.G., Boffa Ballaran, T., Frost, D.J., Kurnosov, A., Trots, D.M.The elasticity of hydrous minerals in the lower mantle.Goldschmidt Conference 2011, abstract p.1591.MantleWater recycling
DS201112-0885
2011
Frost, D.J.Rubie, D.C., Frost, D.J., Mann, U., Asahara, Y., Nimmo, F., Tsuno, K., Kegler, P., Holzheid, A., Palme, H.Heterogeneous accretion, composition and core-mantle differentiation of the Earth.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 301, 1-2, pp. 31-42.MantleAccretion
DS201112-0996
2011
Frost, D.J.Stagno, V., McCammon, C.A., Frost, D.J.High pressure calibration of the oxygen fugacity recorded by garnet bearing peridotites.Goldschmidt Conference 2011, abstract p.1928.MantleGraphite/diamond in peridotite mantle
DS201112-1051
2011
Frost, D.J.Tomlinson, E.L., Howell, D., Jones, A.P., Frost, D.J.Characteristics of HPHT diamond grown at sub-lithosphere conditions (10-20 GPa).Diamond and Related Materials, Vol. 20, 1, Jan. pp. 11-17.TechnologyUHP
DS201112-1138
2011
Frost, D.J.Ye, Yu., Smyth, J.R., Frost, D.J.Structural study of the coherent dehydration of wadsleyite.American Mineralogist, Vol. 96, pp. 1760-1767.MantleThermal expansion
DS201212-0078
2012
Frost, D.J.Boffa Ballaran, T., Kurosov, A., Glazyrin, K., Frost, D.J., Merlini, M., Hanfland, M., Caracas, R.Effect of chemistry on the compressibility of silicate perovskite in the lower mantle.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 333-334, pp. 181-190.MantlePerovskite
DS201212-0098
2012
Frost, D.J.Bureau, H., Langenhorst, F., Auzende, A-L., Frost, D.J., Esteve, I., Siebert, J.The growth of fibrous, cloudy and polycrystalline diamonds.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,, Vol. 77, pp. 202-214.TechnologyDiamond morphology
DS201212-0311
2012
Frost, D.J.Howell, D., Piazolo, S., Dobson, D.P., Wood, I.G., Jones, A.P., Watte, N., Frost, D.J., Fisher, D., Griffin, W.L.Quantitative characterization of plastic deformation of single diamond crystals: a high pressure high temperature (HPHT) experimental deformation study combines with electron backscatter diffraction.Diamond and Related Materials, Vol. 30, pp. 20-30.TechnologyDiamond morphology
DS201212-0370
2012
Frost, D.J.Konzett, J., Rhede, D., Frost, D.J.The high PT stability of apatite and Cl partioning between apatite and hydrous potassic phases in peridotite: an experimental study to 19 Gpa with implcations for the transport of P, Cl, and K in the upper mantle.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 163, 2, pp. 277-296.MantlePetrology - experimental
DS201212-0406
2012
Frost, D.J.Liebske, C., Frost, D.J.Melting phase relations in the MgO MgSiO3 system between 16 and 26 Gpa: implications for melting in Earth's deep interior.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 345-348, pp. 159-170.MantleMelting
DS201212-0649
2012
Frost, D.J.Shirey, S.B., Cartigny, P., Frost, D.J., Nestola, F., Nimis, P., Pearson, D.G., Sobolev, N.V., Walter, M.J.Diamonds and the geology of Earth mantle carbon.GSA Annual Meeting, Paper no. 211-5, abstractMantleSubduction
DS201212-0701
2012
Frost, D.J.Stagno, V., Fei, Y., McCammon, C.A., Frost, D.J.Redox equilibration temperatures within eclogite assemblages as function of pressure and temperature: implications for the deep carbon cycle.emc2012 @ uni-frankfurt.de, 1p. AbstractMantleRedox
DS201212-0783
2012
Frost, D.J.Williams, H.M., Wood, B.J., Wade, J., Frost, D.J., Tuff, J.Isotopic evidence for internal oxidation of the Earth's mantle during accretion.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 321-322, pp. 54-63.MantleAccretion
DS201312-0079
2013
Frost, D.J.Beyer, C., Frost, D.J.Garnet-clinopyroxene geobarometer for mantle eclogites.Goldschmidt 2013, AbstractTechnologyGeobarometer
DS201312-0147
2013
Frost, D.J.Chang, Y-Y., Jacobsen, S.D., Lin, J-F., Bina, C.R., Thomas, S-M., Wu, J., Shen, G., Xiao, Y., Chow, P., Frost, D.J., McCammon, C.A., Dera, P.Spin transition off F23+ in Al bearing phase D: an alternative explanation for small scale seismic scatterers in the mid-lower mantle.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 382, pp. 1-9.MantleGeophysics, seismics
DS201312-0281
2013
Frost, D.J.Frost, D.J., Novella, D., Myhill, R., Liebske, C., Tronnes, R.G.Experimental efforts to understand deep mantle melting.Goldschmidt 2013, AbstractMantleMelting
DS201312-0282
2013
Frost, D.J.Frost, D.J., Stagno, V., McCammon, C.A., Fei, Y.The stability of carbonate melt in eclogite rocks with respect to oxygen fugacity. Diamond formation.Goldschmidt 2013, AbstractMantleRedox
DS201312-0815
2012
Frost, D.J.Shirey, S.B., Cartigny, P.,Frost, D.J., Nestola, F., Pearson, D.G., Sobolev, N.V., Walter, M.J.Diamonds and the geology of Earth mantle carbonGeological Society of America Annual Meeting abstract, Paper 211-5, 1/2p. AbstractMantleCarbon
DS201312-0816
2013
Frost, D.J.Shirey, S.B., Cartigny, P., Frost, D.J., Keshav, S., Nestola, F., Nimis, P., Pearson, D.G., Sobolev, N.V., Walter, M.J.Diamonds and the geology of mantle carbon.Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Vol. 75, pp. 355-421.MantleDiamond genesis
DS201312-0926
2013
Frost, D.J.Tsuno, K., Frost, D.J., Rubie, D.C.Simultaneous partitioning of silicon and oxygen into Earth's core during early Earth differentiation.Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 40, 1, pp. 66-71.MantleBoundary
DS201412-0297
2014
Frost, D.J.Glazyrin, K., Boffa Ballaran, T., Frost, D.J., McCammon, C., Kantor, A., Merlini, M., Hanfland, M., Dubrovinsky, L.Magnesium silicate perovskite and effect of iron oxidation state on its bulk sound velocity at the conditions of the lower mantle.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 393, pp. 182-186.MantlePerovskite
DS201412-0639
2014
Frost, D.j.Novella, D., Frost, D.j.The composition of hydrous partial melts of garnet peridotite at 6 Gpa: implications for the origin of Group II kimberlites.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 55, pp. 2097-2124.MantleGroup II kimberlites
DS201412-0640
2014
Frost, D.J.Novella, D., Frost, D.J., Hauri, E.H., Bureau, H., Raepsaet, C., Roberge, M.The distribution of H2O between silicate melt and nominally anhydrous peridotite and the onset of hydrous melting in the deep upper mantle.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 400, pp. 1-13.MantleMelting
DS201412-0872
2014
Frost, D.J.Soustelle, V., Walte, N.P., Manthilake, M.A.G.M., Frost, D.J.Melt migration and melt rock reactions in the deforming Earth's upper mantle: experiments at high pressure and temperature.Geology, Vol. 42, pp. 83-86.MantleMelting
DS201503-0134
2015
Frost, D.J.Beyer, C., Frost, D.J., Miyajima, N.Experimental calibration of a garnet-clinopyroxene geobarometer for mantle eclogites.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 169, 21p.MantleGeobarometry - eclogites

Abstract: Thermodynamic parameters have been calibrated for a geobarometer suitable for use on eclogitic mantle xenoliths. The barometer is based on the incorporation of tetrahedrally coordinated aluminum in clinopyroxene coexisting with garnet and has been calibrated using the results of piston cylinder and multi-anvil experiments performed between pressures of 3 and 7 GPa and temperatures from 1,200 to 1,550 °C. Starting materials were hydrous and anhydrous synthetic mixtures of basaltic bulk compositions that yielded homogeneous bimineralic garnet-clinopyroxene phase assemblages. The experimental data set was expanded by employing results from previous experimental studies conducted in eclogitic systems, which widened the range of applicable conditions and compositions. The calibration reproduces experimental pressures of bimineralic eclogite assemblages, in addition to SiO2-saturated and kyanite-bearing eclogites, to within 0.4 GPa at the 95 % confidence interval. The barometer was then used to examine equilibration pressures recorded by natural mantle eclogites from various xenolith locations covering a wide pressure, temperature, and compositional range.
DS201503-0179
2015
Frost, D.J.Stagno, V., Frost, D.J., McCammon, C.A., Mohseni, H., Fei, Y.The oxygen fugacity at which graphite or diamond forms from carbonate bearing melts in eclogitic rocks.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 169, 18p.TechnologyRedox, carbonatite, geobarometry
DS201603-0368
2015
Frost, D.J.Chang, Y-Y., Jacobsen, S.D., Bina, C.R., Thomas, S-M., Smyth, J.R., Frost, D.J., Boffa Ballaran, T., McCammon, C.A., Hauri, E.H., Inoue, T., Yurimoto, H., Meng, Y., Dera, P.Comparative compressibility of hydrous wadsleyite and ringwoodite: effect of H2O and implications for detecting water in the transition zone.Journal of Geophysical Research,, Vol. 120, 12, pp. 8259-8280.MantleRingwoodite

Abstract: Review of recent mineral physics literature shows consistent trends for the influence of Fe and H2O on the bulk modulus (K0) of wadsleyite and ringwoodite, the major phases of Earth's mantle transition zone (410-660?km). However, there is little consensus on the first pressure derivative, K0??=?(dK/dP)P=0, which ranges from about 4 to >5 across experimental studies and compositions. Here we demonstrate the importance of K0? in evaluating the bulk sound velocity of the transition zone in terms of water content and provide new constraints on the effect of H2O on K0? for wadsleyite and ringwoodite by conducting a comparative compressibility study. In the experiment, multiple crystals of hydrous Fo90 wadsleyite containing 2.0 and 0.25?wt?% H2O were loaded into the same diamond anvil cell, along with hydrous ringwoodite containing 1.4?wt?% H2O. By measuring their pressure-volume evolution simultaneously up to 32?GPa, we constrain the difference in K0? independent of the pressure scale, finding that H2O has no effect on K0?, whereas the effect of H2O on K0 is significant. The fitted K0? values of hydrous wadsleyite (0.25 and 2.0?wt?% H2O) and hydrous ringwoodite (1.4?wt?% H2O) examined in this study were found to be identical within uncertainty, with K0? ~3.7(2). New secondary-ion mass spectrometry measurements of the H2O content of these and previously investigated wadsleyite samples shows the bulk modulus of wadsleyite is reduced by 7.0(5)?GPa/wt?% H2O, independent of Fe content for upper mantle compositions. Because K0? is unaffected by H2O, the reduction of bulk sound velocity in very hydrous regions of transition zone is expected to be on the order of 1.6%, which is potentially detectible in high-resolution, regional seismology studies.
DS201609-1733
2016
Frost, D.J.Myhill, R., Frost, D.J., Novella, D.Hydrous melting and partitioning in and above the mantle transition zone: insights from water-rich MgO SiO2 H2O experiments.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, In press available 39p.MantleMelting

Abstract: Hydrous melting at high pressures affects the physical properties, dynamics and chemical differentiation of the Earth. However, probing the compositions of hydrous melts at the conditions of the deeper mantle such as the transition zone has traditionally been challenging. In this study, we conducted high pressure multianvil experiments at 13 GPa between 1200 and 1900 °C to investigate the liquidus in the system MgO-SiO2-H2O. Water-rich starting compositions were created using platinic acid (H2Pt(OH)6) as a novel water source. As MgO:SiO2 ratios decrease, the T-XH2OXH2O liquidus curve develops an increasingly pronounced concave-up topology. The melting point reduction of enstatite and stishovite at low water contents exceeds that predicted by simple ideal models of hydrogen speciation. We discuss the implications of these results with respect to the behaviour of melts in the deep upper mantle and transition zone, and present new models describing the partitioning of water between the olivine polymorphs and associated hydrous melts.
DS201610-1845
2016
Frost, D.J.Beyer, C., Klemme, S., Grutzner, T., Ireland, T.R., Magee, C.W., Frost, D.J.Fluorine partitioning between eclogitic garnet, clinopyroxene, and melt at upper mantle conditions.Chemical Geology, Vol. 437, pp. 88-97.MantleLamproite

Abstract: In this experimental study we obtained new mineral/melt (DF = cmineral/cmelt) partitioning data for fluorine in a bimineralic hydrous eclogite under Earth's upper mantle conditions (4-6 GPa, 1460-1550 °C). Omphacitic clinopyroxene displays mineral/melt partition coefficients between DF = 0.056 ± 0.005 and DF = 0.074 ± 0.001. Garnet partition coefficients are consistently lower with an average partition coefficient of DF = 0.016 ± 0.003. We found that omphacitic clinopyroxene is the dominant nominally fluorine-free phase in subducted oceanic crust and hence omphacite is expected to be the major fluorine carrier during subduction of crust into the deeper mantle. Together with previously obtained partitioning data we propose that the oceanic crust can host more fluorine per mass unit than the underlying depleted oceanic mantle. If the majority of entrained fluorine is recycled into Earth's transition zone it is possible that the fluorine is either incorporated into high-pressure transition zone phases or released during high-pressure phase transformations and forming fluorine-rich small degree partial melts. Both scenarios are supported by elevated fluorine concentration in ocean island basalts, kimberlites, and lamproites. Combining the fluorine partitioning data with water partitioning data yields a plausible process to generate lamproitic magmas with a high F/H2O ratio. The enrichment of fluorine relative to H2O is triggered by multiple episodes of small degree melting that deplete the residual more in H2O than in fluorine, caused by the approximately three times smaller mineral-melt partition coefficients of H2O.
DS201610-1893
2016
Frost, D.J.Pamato, M.G., Kurnosov, A., Boffa Ballaran, T., Frost, D.J., Ziberna, L., Gianni, M., Speziale, S., Tkachev, S.N., Zhuravlev, K.K., Prakapenka, V.B.Single crystal elasticity of majoritic garnets: stagnant slabs and thermal anomalies at the base of the transition zone.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 451, pp. 114-124.MantleSubduction

Abstract: The elastic properties of two single crystals of majoritic garnet (Mg3.24Al1.53Si3.23O12 and Mg3.01Fe0.17Al1.68Si3.15O12), have been measured using simultaneously single-crystal X-ray diffraction and Brillouin spectroscopy in an externally heated diamond anvil cell with Ne as pressure transmitting medium at conditions up to ?30 GPa and ?600 K. This combination of techniques makes it possible to use the bulk modulus and unit-cell volume at each condition to calculate the absolute pressure, independently of secondary pressure calibrants. Substitution of the majorite component into pyrope garnet lowers both the bulk (KsKs) and shear modulus (G ). The substitution of Fe was found to cause a small but resolvable increase in KsKs that was accompanied by a decrease in ?Ks/?P?Ks/?P, the first pressure derivative of the bulk modulus. Fe substitution had no influence on either the shear modulus or its pressure derivative. The obtained elasticity data were used to derive a thermo-elastic model to describe VsVs and VpVp of complex garnet solid solutions. Using further elasticity data from the literature and thermodynamic models for mantle phase relations, velocities for mafic, harzburgitic and lherzolitic bulk compositions at the base of Earth's transition zone were calculated. The results show that VsVs predicted by seismic reference models are faster than those calculated for all three types of lithologies along a typical mantle adiabat within the bottom 150 km of the transition zone. The anomalously fast seismic shear velocities might be explained if laterally extensive sections of subducted harzburgite-rich slabs pile up at the base of the transition zone and lower average mantle temperatures within this depth range.
DS201612-2282
2016
Frost, D.J.Bureau, H., Frost, D.J., Bolfan-Casanova, N., Leroy, C.Diamond growth in mantle fluids.Lithos, Vol. 265, pp. 4-15.MantleDiamond morphology

Abstract: In the upper mantle, diamonds can potentially grow from various forms of media (solid, gas, fluid) with a range of compositions (e.g. graphite, C-O-H fluids, silicate or carbonate melts). Inclusions trapped in diamonds are one of the few diagnostic tools that can constrain diamond growth conditions in the Earth's mantle. In this study, inclusion-bearing diamonds have been synthesized to understand the growth conditions of natural diamonds in the upper mantle. Diamonds containing syngenetic inclusions were synthesized in multi-anvil presses employing starting mixtures of carbonates, and silicate compositions in the presence of pure water and saline fluids (H2O-NaCl). Experiments were performed at conditions compatible with the Earth's geotherm (7 GPa, 1300-1400 °C). Results show that within the timescale of the experiments (6 to 30 h) diamond growth occurs if water and carbonates are present in the fluid phase. Water promotes faster diamond growth (up to 14 mm/year at 1400 °C, 7 GPa, 10 g/l NaCl), which is favorable to the inclusion trapping process. At 7 GPa, temperature and fluid composition are the main factors controlling diamond growth. In these experiments, diamonds grew in the presence of two fluids: an aqueous fluid and a hydrous silicate melt. The carbon source for diamond growth must be carbonate (CO32) dissolved in the melt or carbon dioxide species in the aqueous fluid (CO2aq). The presence of NaCl affects the growth kinetics but is not a prerequisite for inclusion-bearing diamond formation. The presence of small discrete or isolated volumes of water-rich fluids is necessary to grow inclusion-bearing peridotitic, eclogitic, fibrous, cloudy and coated diamonds, and may also be involved in the growth of ultradeep, ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic diamonds.
DS201702-0195
2017
Frost, D.J.Beyer, C., Frost, D.J.The depth of sub-lithospheric diamond formation and the redistribution of carbon in the deep mantle.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 461, pp. 30-39.MantleMajorite, geobarometry

Abstract: Most diamonds form in the Earth's lithosphere but a small proportion contain Si-rich majoritic garnet inclusions that indicate formation in the deeper mantle. The compositions of syngenetic garnet inclusions can potential yield information on both the depth and mantle lithology in which the diamonds formed. Pressure dependent changes in garnet compositions have been calibrated using the results of experiments conducted in a multi-anvil apparatus at pressures between 6 and 16 GPa and temperatures of 1000 to 1400?°C. Using the results of these experiments a barometer was formulated based on an empirical parameterisation of the two major majoritic substitutions, referred to as majorite (Maj ; Al3+=Mg2++Si4+Al3+=Mg2++Si4+), and Na-majorite (Na-Maj ; Mg2++Al3+=Na++Si4+Mg2++Al3+=Na++Si4+). Moreover, previously published experimental garnet compositions from basaltic, kimberlite, komatiite and peridotite bulk compositions were included in the calibration, which consequently covers pressures from 6 to 20 GPa and temperatures from 900 to 2100?°C. Experimental pressures are reproduced over these conditions with a standard deviation of 0.86 GPa. The barometer is used to determine equilibration pressures of approximately 500 reported garnet inclusions in diamonds from a range of localities. As the majority of these inclusions are proposed to be syngenetic this allows a detailed picture of diamond formation depths and associated source rocks to be established using inclusion chemistry. Geographic differences in diamond source rocks are mapped within the sub-lithospheric mantle to over 500 km depth. Continuous diamond formation occurs over this depth range within lithologies with eclogitic affinities but also in lithologies that appear transitional between eclogitic and peridotitic bulk compositions, with an affinity to pyroxenites. The geographic differences between eclogitic and pyroxenitic diamond source rocks are rationalised in terms of diamond formation within downwelling and upwelling regimes respectively. Macroscopic diamond formation in rocks with pyroxenite compositions are likely facilitated in the deep mantle by higher average oxidation states and low mineral H2OH2O solubility compared to the surrounding mantle, which aid the mobility of C-O-H volatile species. The apparent lack of inclusions with a peridotite affinity may result from generally low oxygen fugacities in such lithologies, which reduces carbon mobility, and the lack of a suitable oxidising agent to allow diamonds to form from CH4. This glimpse of deep carbon cycle processes implies that heterogeneities in the carbon content, redox state and chemical composition of the mantle may be strongly coupled.
DS201703-0427
2017
Frost, D.J.Myhill, R., Frost, D.J., Novella, D.Hydrous melting and partitioning in and above the mantle transition zone: insights from water-rich MgO SiO2 H2O experiments.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 200, pp. 408-421.MantleMelting

Abstract: Hydrous melting at high pressures affects the physical properties, dynamics and chemical differentiation of the Earth. However, probing the compositions of hydrous melts at the conditions of the deeper mantle such as the transition zone has traditionally been challenging. In this study, we conducted high pressure multianvil experiments at 13 GPa between 1200 and 1900 °C to investigate the liquidus in the system MgO-SiO2-H2O. Water-rich starting compositions were created using platinic acid (H2Pt(OH)6) as a novel water source. As MgO:SiO2 ratios decrease, the T-XH2OT-XH2O liquidus curve develops an increasingly pronounced concave-up topology. The melting point reduction of enstatite and stishovite at low water contents exceeds that predicted by simple ideal models of hydrogen speciation. We discuss the implications of these results with respect to the behaviour of melts in the deep upper mantle and transition zone, and present new models describing the partitioning of water between the olivine polymorphs and associated hydrous melts.
DS201705-0864
2017
Frost, D.J.Novella, D., Dolejs, D., Myhill, R., Pamato, M.G., Manthilake, G., Frost, D.J.Melting phase relations in the systems Mg2SiO4-H2O and MgSiO3-H2O and the formation of hydrous melts.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 204, pp. 68-82.MantleMelting

Abstract: High-pressure and high-temperature melting experiments were conducted in the systems Mg2SiO4-H2O and MgSiO3-H2O at 6 and 13 GPa and between 1150 and 1900 °C in order to investigate the effect of H2O on melting relations of forsterite and enstatite. The liquidus curves in both binary systems were constrained and the experimental results were interpreted using a thermodynamic model based on the homogeneous melt speciation equilibrium, H2O + O2? = 2OH?, where water in the melt is present as both molecular H2O and OH? groups bonded to silicate polyhedra. The liquidus depression as a function of melt H2O concentration is predicted using a cryoscopic equation with the experimental data being reproduced by adjusting the water speciation equilibrium constant. Application of this model reveals that in hydrous MgSiO3 melts at 6 and 13 GPa and in hydrous Mg2SiO4 melts at 6 GPa, water mainly dissociates into OH? groups in the melt structure. A temperature dependent equilibrium constant is necessary to reproduce the data, however, implying that molecular H2O becomes more important in the melt with decreasing temperature. The data for hydrous forsterite melting at 13 GPa are inconclusive due to uncertainties in the anhydrous melting temperature at these conditions. When applied to results on natural peridotite melt systems at similar conditions, the same model infers the presence mainly of molecular H2O, implying a significant difference in physicochemical behaviour between simple and complex hydrous melt systems. As pressures increase along a typical adiabat towards the base of the upper mantle, both simple and complex melting results imply that a hydrous melt fraction would decrease, given a fixed mantle H2O content. Consequently, the effect of pressure on the depression of melting due to H2O could not cause an increase in the proportion, and hence seismic visibility, of melts towards the base of the upper mantle.
DS201801-0005
2018
Frost, D.J.Beyer, C., Rosenthal, A., Myhill, R., Crichton, W.A., Yu, T., Frost, D.J.An internally consistent pressure calibration of geobarometers applicable to the Earth's upper mantle using insitu XRD.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 222, Feb 1, pp. 421-435.Mantlegeobarometry

Abstract: We have performed an experimental cross calibration of a suite of mineral equilibria within mantle rock bulk compositions that are commonly used in geobarometry to determine the equilibration depths of upper mantle assemblages. Multiple barometers were compared simultaneously in experimental runs, where the pressure was determined using in-situ measurements of the unit cell volumes of MgO, NaCl, Re and h-BN between 3.6 and 10.4?GPa, and 1250 and 1500?°C. The experiments were performed in a large volume press (LVPs) in combination with synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Noble metal capsules drilled with multiple sample chambers were loaded with a range of bulk compositions representative of peridotite, eclogite and pyroxenite lithologies. By this approach, we simultaneously calibrated the geobarometers applicable to different mantle lithologies under identical and well determined pressure and temperature conditions. We identified discrepancies between the calculated and experimental pressures for which we propose simple linear or constant correction factors to some of the previously published barometric equations. As a result, we establish internally-consistent cross-calibrations for a number of garnet-orthopyroxene, garnet-clinopyroxene, Ca-Tschermaks-in-clinopyroxene and majorite geobarometers.
DS201908-1788
2019
Frost, D.J.Liu, Z., Greaux, S., Cai, N., Siersch, N., Boffa Ballaran, T., Irifune, T., Frost, D.J.Influence of aluminum on the elasticity of majorite pyrope garnets.American Mineralogist, Vol. 104, pp. 929-935.Mantlegarnets

Abstract: The effect of aluminum (Al) on the elasticity of majorite-pyrope garnets was investigated by means of ultrasonic interferometry measurements on well-fabricated polycrystalline specimens. Both velocities and elastic moduli increase almost linearly with increasing Al content within analytical uncertainty. No significant variation of the velocities and elastic moduli is observed across the tetragonal-to-cubic phase transition at majorite with the pyrope content up to 26 mol% along the majorite-pyrope system. The elasticity variation of majorite-pyrope garnets is largely dominated by the Al content, while the phase transition as a result of cation ordering/disordering of Mg and Si via substitution of Al on octahedral sites cannot significantly affect elastic properties. Seismic velocity variations of a garnet-bearing mantle transition zone are therefore dominated by garnet composition (e.g., Al, Fe, Ca, and Na) rather than the tetragonal-to-cubic phase transition because of cation ordering/disordering.
DS201910-2240
2019
Frost, D.J.Abeykoon, S., Frost, D.J., Laurenz, V., Miyajima, N.A new geothermometer based on the oxygen content of sulphide inclusions in diamonds.Goldschmidt2019, 1p. AbstractMantlegeothermometry

Abstract: Sulphides are the most common type of inclusions found in diamonds and are widely used to determine the timing and lithology of diamond formation. Typical inclusions are monosulfide solid solutions (MSS) in the Fe-Ni-S system with minor amounts of Cu, Co and Mo. Previous experimental studies show that oxygen partitions into sulphide melts but most importantly measurements of natural sulphide inclusions indeed show measureable oxygen concentrations. If the parameters that control sulphide oxygen concentration can be determined then they could be potentially used to understand formation conditions of diamonds. We performed a series of high pressure (3-11 GPa) and high temperature (1573-1973 K) experiments in order to parameterize the oxygen content in sulphides in equilibrium with a mantle peridotite assemblage relevant to diamond formation. Multi-anvil experiments were carried out in graphite capsules and a peridotite silicate composition was equilibrated with molten FeS for at least 5 hrs. Run products that contained mantle silicate minerals and quenched sulphide melts were analysed using the electron microprobe. In some cases Ir was added in sufficient quantities to saturate the sulphides and form an Fe-Ir alloy from which the oxygen fugacity could be accurately determined. We measured up to 16 weight % of FeO in our experimental sulphide melts at mantle conditions. Moreover, the content of oxygen in the sulphide is found to be not controlled by fO2 or fS2, which is in disagreement with previous experimental studies conducted at ambient pressure conditions. The experiments indicate that the oxygen concentration is mainly controlled by the FeO activity in coexisting silicate phases and the temperature. In order to fit the data and to account for the observed FeO dependence, we developed a thermodynamic model using an end-member equilibrium between olivine, pyroxene and FeO in the sulphide melt. Using this relationship with measurements of oxygen in natural sulphide inclusions in diamonds reveals temperatures for lithospheric diamond formation in the range of 1140 – 1410 ºC.
DS201910-2243
2019
Frost, D.J.Amrstrong, K., Frost, D.J., McCammon, C.A., Rubie, D.C., Boffa Ballaran, T.Deep magma ocean formation set the oxidation state of Earth's mantle.Science, Vol. 365, 6456, pp. 903-906.Mantleredox

Abstract: The composition of Earth’s atmosphere depends on the redox state of the mantle, which became more oxidizing at some stage after Earth’s core started to form. Through high-pressure experiments, we found that Fe2+ in a deep magma ocean would disproportionate to Fe3+ plus metallic iron at high pressures. The separation of this metallic iron to the core raised the oxidation state of the upper mantle, changing the chemistry of degassing volatiles that formed the atmosphere to more oxidized species. Additionally, the resulting gradient in redox state of the magma ocean allowed dissolved CO2 from the atmosphere to precipitate as diamond at depth. This explains Earth’s carbon-rich interior and suggests that redox evolution during accretion was an important variable in determining the composition of the terrestrial atmosphere.
DS201912-2825
2020
Frost, D.J.Shirey, S.B., Smit, K.V., Pearson, D.G., Walter, M.J., Aulbach, S., Brenker, F.E., Bureau, H., Burnham, A.D., Cartigny, P., Chacko, T., Frost, D.J., Hauri, E.H., Jacob, D.E., Jacobsen, S.D., Kohn, S.C., Luth, R.W., Mikhail, S., Navon, O., Nestola, F., NimDiamonds and the mantle geodynamics of carbon: deep mantle carbon and evolution from the diamond record.IN: Deep carbon: past to present, Orcutt, Daniel, Dasgupta eds., pp. 89-128.Mantlegeodynamics

Abstract: The science of studying diamond inclusions for understanding Earth history has developed significantly over the past decades, with new instrumentation and techniques applied to diamond sample archives revealing the stories contained within diamond inclusions. This chapter reviews what diamonds can tell us about the deep carbon cycle over the course of Earth’s history. It reviews how the geochemistry of diamonds and their inclusions inform us about the deep carbon cycle, the origin of the diamonds in Earth’s mantle, and the evolution of diamonds through time.
DS202001-0039
2020
Frost, D.J.Shirey, S.B., Smit, K.V., Pearson, D.G., Walter, M.J., Aulbach, S., Brenker, F.E., Bureau, H., Burnham, A.D., Cartigny, P., Chacko, T., Frost, D.J., Hauri, E.H., Jacob, D.E., Jacobsen, S.D., Kohn, S.C., Luth, R.W., Mikhail, S., Navon, O., Nestola, F., NimDiamonds and mantle geodynamics of carbon: IN: Deep Carbon: past to present. Editors Orcutt, Danielle, Dasgupta, pp. 89-128.Mantlegeodynamics

Abstract: The science of studying diamond inclusions for understanding Earth history has developed significantly over the past decades, with new instrumentation and techniques applied to diamond sample archives revealing the stories contained within diamond inclusions. This chapter reviews what diamonds can tell us about the deep carbon cycle over the course of Earth’s history. It reviews how the geochemistry of diamonds and their inclusions inform us about the deep carbon cycle, the origin of the diamonds in Earth’s mantle, and the evolution of diamonds through time.
DS202105-0767
2021
Frost, D.J.Huang, R., Boffa Ballaran, T., McCammon, C.A., Miyajima, N., Frost, D.J.The composition and redox state of bridgmanite in the lower mantle as a function of oxygen fugacity.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 30, pp. 110-136.Mantleredox

Abstract: The chemistry of bridgmanite (Brg), especially the oxidation state of iron, is important for understanding the physical and chemical properties, as well as putting constraints on the redox state, of the Earth’s lower mantle. To investigate the controls on the chemistry of Brg, the Fe3+ content of Brg was investigated experimentally as a function of composition and oxygen fugacity (fo2) at 25 GPa. The Fe3+/?Fe ratio of Brg increases with Brg Al content and fo2 and decreases with increasing total Fe content and with temperature. The dependence of the Fe3+/?Fe ratio on fo2 becomes less steep with increasing Al content. Thermodynamic models were calibrated to describe Brg and ferropericlase (Fp) compositions as well as the inter-site partitioning of trivalent cations in Brg in the Al-Mg-Si-O, Fe-Mg-Si-O and Fe-Al-Mg-Si-O systems. These models are based on equilibria involving Brg components where the equilibrium thermodynamic properties are the main adjustable parameters that are fit to the experimental data. The models reproduce the experimental data over wide ranges of fo2 with a relatively small number of adjustable terms. Mineral compositions for plausible mantle bulk compositions can be calculated from the models as a function of fo2 and can be extrapolated to higher pressures using data on the partial molar volumes of the Brg components. The results show that the exchange of Mg and total Fe (i.e., ferric and ferrous) between Brg and Fp is strongly fo2 dependent, which allows the results of previous studies to be reinterpreted. For a pyrolite bulk composition with an upper mantle bulk oxygen content, the fo2 at the top of the lower mantle is ?0.86 log units below the iron-wüstite buffer (IW) with a Brg Fe3+/?Fe ratio of 0.50 and a bulk rock ratio of 0.28. This requires the formation of 0.7?wt.% Fe-Ni alloy to balance the raised Brg ferric iron content. With increasing pressure, the model predicts a gradual increase in the Fe3+/?Fe ratio in Brg in contrast to several previous studies, which levels off by 50 GPa. Oxygen vacancies in Brg decrease to practically zero by 40 GPa, potentially influencing elasticity, diffusivity and rheology in the top portion of the lower mantle. The models are also used to explore the fo2 recorded by inclusions in diamonds, which likely crystallized as Brg in the lower mantle, revealing oxygen fugacities which likely preclude the formation of some diamonds directly from carbonates, at least at the top of the lower mantle.
DS202107-1128
2019
Frost, D.J.Shirey, S.B., Smit, K.V., Pearson, D.G., Walter, M.J., Aulbach, S., Brenker, F.E., Bureau, H., Burnham, A.D., Cartigny, P., Chacko, T., Frost, D.J., Hauri, E.H., Jacob, D.E., Jacobsen, S.D., Kohn, S.C., Luth, R.W., Mikhail, S., Navon, O.. Nestola, F., NimDiamonds and mantle geodynamics of carbon.Deep Carbon - Cambridge University Press , Cambridge.org 40p. PdfMantlecarbon
DS202112-1920
2021
Frost, D.J.Blanchard. I., Abeykon, S., Frost, D.J., Rubie, D.C.Sulfur content at sulfide saturation of peridotitic melt at upper mantle conditions.American Mineralogist, Vol. 106, pp. 1835-1843. pdfMantlesulfides

Abstract: The concentration of sulfur that can be dissolved in a silicate liquid is of fundamental importance because it is closely associated with several major Earth-related processes. Considerable effort has been made to understand the interplay between the efects of silicate melt composition and its capacity to retain sulfur, but the dependence on pressure and temperature is mostly based on experiments performed at pressures and temperatures below 6 GPa and 2073 K. Here we present a study of the effects of pressure and temperature on sulfur content at sulfide saturation of a peridotitic liquid. We performed 14 multi-anvil experiments using a peridotitic starting composition, and we produced 25 new measurements at conditions ranging from 7 to 23 GPa and 2173 to 2623 K. We analyzed the recovered samples using both electron microprobe and laser ablation ICP-MS. We compiled our data together with previously published data that were obtained at lower P-T conditions and with various silicate melt compositions. We present a new model based on this combined data set that encompasses the entire range of upper mantle pressure-temperature conditions, along with the efect of a wide range of silicate melt compositions. Our findings are consistent with earlier work based on extrapolation from lower-pressure and lower-temperature experiments and show a decrease of sulfur content at sulfide saturation (SCSS) with increasing pressure and an increase of SCSS with increasing temperature. We have extrapolated our results to pressure-temperature conditions of the Earth’s primitive magma ocean, and show that FeS will exsolve from the molten silicate and can efectively be extracted to the core by a process that has been termed the "Hadean Matte." We also discuss briefly the implications of our results for the lunar magma ocean.
DS1985-0671
1985
Frost, D.M.Tilton, G.R., Frost, D.M., Kwon, SUNG TACK.Isotopic Relationships in Arkansaw Cretaceous Alkalic Complexes.Geological Society of America (GSA), Vol. 17, No. 3, P. 194. (abstract.).United States, Gulf Coast, Arkansas, Hot Spring County, Canada, QuebecIsotope
DS1987-0740
1987
Frost, D.M.Tilton, G.R., Sung Tack Kwon, Frost, D.M.Isotopic relationships in Arkansaw Cretaceous alkalic complexesMantle metasomatism and alkaline magmatism, edited E. Mullen Morris and, No. 215, pp. 241-248ArkansasIsotope
DS201910-2262
2019
Frost, F.J.Gruninger, H., Liu, Z., Siegel, R., Boffa Ballaran, T., Katsura, T., Senker, J., Frost, F.J.Oxygen vacancy ordering in aluminous bridgmanite in the Earth's lower mantle.Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 46, 15, pp. 8731-8740.Mantlebridgmanite

Abstract: The lower mantle encompasses the largest region of the Earth's interior and is mainly composed of the perovskite?structured mineral (Mg,Fe,Al)(Al,Si)O3 bridgmanite. Its properties, therefore, control both the diffusive transport of elements and solid state flow in the lower mantle, which will be strongly influenced by point defects. We have identified and quantified defects in bridgmanite that arise from the replacement of silicon by aluminum and result in the creation of a vacant oxygen site. These oxygen defects are also found to form clusters in the structure, which in other perovskite structured minerals have been shown to strongly affect physical properties. As defect formation and ordering is dependent on composition and pressure, strong variations in physical properties may be expected within the upper 300 km of the lower mantle.
DS1996-1587
1996
Frost, G.M.Zhai, X., Coe, R.S., Gilder, S.A., Frost, G.M.Paleomagnetic constraints on the paleogeography of China: implications forGondwanaland.Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 43, pp. 643-672.ChinaPaleomagnetism, Tectonics
DS1996-1603
1996
Frost, G.M.Zhao, X., Coe, R.S., Gilder, S.A., Frost, G.M.Paleomagnetic constraints on the paeogeography of China: implications forGondwanalandAustralian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 43, pp. 643-672Australia, ChinaPaleomagnetism, Tarim, Tectonics
DS1986-0212
1986
Frost, J.K.Eidel, I.J., Frost, J.K., Goodwin, J.H.Hole into basement to explore earth's crustGeotimes, Vol. 31, No. 9, pp. 11-13GlobalTectonics
DS1994-0555
1994
Frost, R.B.Frost, R.B., Bucher, K.Is water responsible for geophysical anomalies in the deep continentalcrust? a petrological perspective.Tectonophysics, Vol. 231, pp. 293-309.MantleGeophysics -seismics, Petrology -water
DS200712-0335
2007
Frost, R.B.Frost, R.B., Frost, C.D., Chamberlain, K.R.Constraints on the relations between the Wyoming and the Slave Provinces.Geological Association of Canada, Gac-Mac Yellowknife 2007, May 23-25, Volume 32, 1 pg. abstract p.28-29.Canada, Northwest Territories, United States, WyomingGeochronology
DS1989-0455
1989
Frostick, L.Frostick, L., Reid, I.Is structure the main control of river drainage and sedimentation inriftsJournal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 2/3/4, pp. 165-182AfricaTectonics, Geomorphology -rivers
DS2002-0645
2002
Frost-Killan, S.Hammerbeck, E., Frost-Killan, S.Topical aspects of the geotectonic and metallogenic evolution of Africa11th. Quadrennial Iagod Symposium And Geocongress 2002 Held Windhoek, Abstract p. 27.AfricaMagmatism - metallogeny, diamonds
DS1860-0507
1886
Froude, J.A.Froude, J.A.Two Lectures on South Africa. Oceana, or England and Her Colonies.London: Longmans Green And Co., 396P.Africa, South AfricaGeology
DS2001-0342
2001
FruhGreen, G.L.FruhGreen, G.L., Scamelluri, M., Vallis, F.Oxygen and Hydrogen isotope ratios of high pressure ultramafic rocks: implications for fluid sources and mobility mantle...Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 141, No. 1, pp. 145-59.MantleSubduction - hydrous mantle, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Geochronology
DS1992-1386
1992
Frutsch, E.Shigley, J.E., Frutsch, E., Reinitz, I., Moon, M.An update on Sumitomo gem-quantity synthetic diamondsGems and Gemology, Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer pp. 116-122GlobalDiamonds -synthetic, Sumitomo
DS1985-0179
1985
Fry, J.L.Estreich, S., Ray, A.K., Fry, J.L.Surface Effects in Cluster Calculations of Energy Profiles Of Muonium in Diamond.Phys. Rev. Letters, Vol. 55, No. 19, Nov. 4TH. PP. 1976-1978.GlobalExperimental Petrology
DS1986-0223
1986
Fry, J.L.Estreicher, S., Ray, A.K., Fry, J.L.Interstitial hydrogen in diamond- a detailed Hartree rock analysisPhys. Rev. B., Vol. 34, No. 9, Nov. 1, pp. 6071-6079GlobalDiamond morphology
DS1986-0224
1986
Fry, J.L.Estreicher, S., Ray, A.K., Fry, J.L., Marynick, D.S.Surface effects in cluster calculations of energy profiles of muonium indiamond. reply to commentsPhys. Rev. Letters, Vol. 57, No. 26, p. 3301GlobalCrystallography, Diamond
DS1996-1050
1996
Fry, N.O'Hara, M.J., Fry, N.The highly compatible trace element paradox fractional crystallizationrevisitedJournal of Petrology, Vol. 37, No. 4, Aug. 1, pp. 859-890GlobalMagma chambers, Layered intrusions
DS1996-1051
1996
Fry, N.O'Hara, M.J., Fry, N.Geochemical effects of small packet crystallization in large magma chambers-further resolutions =paradoxJournal of Petrology, Vol. 37, No. 4, Aug. 1, pp. 891-GlobalMagma chambers, Layered intrusions
DS1986-0733
1986
FryerShigley, J.E., Fritsch, E., Stockton, C.M., Koivula, J.J., FryerThe gemological properties of the Sumitomo gem quality synthetic yellowdiamondsGems and Gemology, Vol. 22, winter pp. 192-208GlobalSynthetic diamond
DS200512-0969
2005
Fryer, B.Shaw, C.S.,Eyzaguirre, J., Fryer, B., Gagnon, J.Regional variations in the mineralogy of metasomatic assemblages in mantle xenoliths with the West Eifel volcanic field, Germany.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 46, 5, May pp. 945-972.Europe, GermanyXenoliths
DS200612-1098
2006
Fryer, B.Polat, A., Herxberg, C., Munker, C., Rodgers, R., Kusky, T., Li, J., Fryer, B.Geochemical and petrological evidence for a supra subduction zone origin of Neoarchean (ca 2.5 Ga) peridotites, central orogenic belt, North Chin a craton.Geological Society of America Bulletin, Vol. 118, 7, July pp. 771-784.ChinaPeridotite, picrites
DS1989-1142
1989
Fryer, B.J.Nutman, A.P., Fryer, B.J., Bridgewater, D.The Early Archean Nulliak (supracrustal assemblage, northern Labrador)Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 26, pp. 2159-68.Labrador, QuebecRegional setting
DS1992-0494
1992
Fryer, B.J.Fryer, B.J., Greenhough, J.D.Evidence for mantle heterogeneity from platinum group element abundances in Indian-ocean basaltsCanadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 29, No. 11, November pp. 2329-2340IndiaMantle, Geochemistry
DS1993-0924
1993
Fryer, B.J.Longerich, H.P., Jackson, S.E., Fryer, B.J., Strong, D.F.The laser ablation microprobe-inductively coupled plasma-massspectrometerGeoscience Canada, Vol. 20, No. 1, March pp. 21-25GlobalSpectrometry, Exploration techniques
DS1994-0392
1994
Fryer, B.J.Davis, W.J., Fryer, B.J., King, J.E.Geochemistry and evolution of Late Archean plutonism and its significance to the tectonic development...Precambrian Research, Vol. 67, No. 3-4, May pp. 207-242Northwest TerritoriesGeochemistry, Slave Craton
DS1994-0393
1994
Fryer, B.J.Davis, W.J., Fryer, B.J., King, J.E.Geochemistry and evolution of late Archean plutonism and its significance to the tectonic development SlavePrecambrian Research, Vol. 67, pp. 207-41.Northwest TerritoriesTectonics, Craton - Slave
DS1994-0532
1994
Fryer, B.J.Foley, S.F., Jenner, G.A., Jackson, S.F., Fryer, B.J.Trace element partition coefficients phlogopite, clinopyroxene and matrixin alkaline lamprophyre.Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 58A, pp. 280-281. AbstractNewfoundlandLamprophyre, Alkaline rocks -Notre Dame Bay
DS1994-0659
1994
Fryer, B.J.Greenhough, J.D., Fryer, B.J., Owen, J.V.Mantle processes affecting the concentration and distribution of platinum group elements (PGE):information from alkaline magmas.International Symposium Upper Mantle, Aug. 14-19, 1994, Extended abstracts pp. 67-69.NewfoundlandMantle, Alkaline rocks, platinum
DS1994-0891
1994
Fryer, B.J.Kerr, A., Fryer, B.J.The importance of late and post orogenic crustal growth in the earlyProterozoic: evidence from samarium-neodymium (Sm-Nd) isotopesEarth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 125, pp. 71-88.QuebecGeochronology, Makkovik Province
DS1994-0892
1994
Fryer, B.J.Kerr, A., Miller, R.R., Fryer, B.J., Jenner, G.A.Proterozoic and Paleozoic a type granite suites in Labrador andNewfoundland: samarium-neodymium (Sm-Nd) evidence for the importance of juvenile sources.Geological Association of Canada (GAC) Abstract Volume, Vol. 19, p.Labrador, NewfoundlandAlkaline rocks, Geochronology
DS201112-0810
2011
Fryer, B.J.Polat, A., Appel, P.W.U., Fryer, B.J.An overview of the geochemistry of Eoarchean to Mesoarchean ultramafic to mafic volcanic rocks, SW Greenland: implications for mantle depletionGondwana Research, Vol. 20, 2-3, pp. 255-273.MantlePetrogenetic processes at subduction zones Early Earth
DS1984-0419
1984
Fryer, C.W.Koivula, J.I., Fryer, C.W.Identifying Gem Quality Synthetic Diamonds: an UpdateGems And Gemology, Vol. 20, No. 3, FALL PP. 146-158.GlobalSynthetic
DS1989-0819
1989
Fryer, C.W.Koivula, J.I., Kammerling, R.C., Fritsch, E., Fryer, C.W., HargettThe characteristics and identification of filled diamondsGems and Gemology, Vol. 25, No. 2, Summer pp. 68-83GlobalDiamond morphology, Filled diamonds
DS1996-0475
1996
Fryer, P.Fryer, P.Evolution of Mariana convergent plate margin systemsReviews of Geophysics, Vol. 34, No. 1, Feb. pp 89-125GlobalPlate tectonics, Subduction
DS2002-0490
2002
Fryer, P.Fryer, P.Recent studies of serpeninite occurrences in the Oceans: mantle-ocean interactions in the plate tectonic cycle.Chemie Der Erde, Vol. 62, 4, pp. 257-302.MantleTectonics
DS1940-0208
1949
Fryklund, V.C.Jr.Fryklund, V.C.Jr.The Titanium Ore Deposits of Magnet Cove, Hot Spring County, Arkansaw.Ph.d. Thesis, University Minnesota., United States, Gulf Coast, Arkansas, Hot Spring CountyTitanium
DS1950-0025
1950
Fryklund, V.C.Jr.Fryklund, V.C.Jr., Holbrook, D.F.Titanium Ore Deposits of Hot Spring County, ArkansawArkansaw RESOURCES AND DEVEL. COMM. DIV. GEOLOGY Bulletin., No. 16, 173P.United States, Gulf Coast, Arkansas, Hot Spring CountyTitanium
DS1950-0178
1954
Fryklund, V.C.Jr.Fryklund, V.C.Jr., Harner, R.S., Kaiser, E.P.Niobium (columbium) and Titanium at Magnet Cove and Potash Sulfur Springs, Arkansaw.United States Geological Survey (USGS) Bulletin., No. 1015B, PP. 23-56.United States, Gulf Coast, Arkansas, Hot Spring County, Garland CountyNiobium, Columbium, Titanium
DS201906-1308
2019
Fryzova, R.Kynicky, J., Smith, M.P., Song, W., Fryzova, R., Brtnicky, M.The role of carbonate-flouride melt immiscibility in shallow REE deposits evolution: new evidence from Mongolia.3rd International Critical Metals Meeting held Edinburgh, 1p. abstract p. 52.Asia, MongoliaREE
DS200612-0392
2005
Frzzotti, M.L.Ferrando, S., Frzzotti, M.L., Dallai, L., Compagnoni, R.Multiphase solid inclusions in UHP rocks ( Su-Lu, China): remnants of supercritical silicate rich aqueous fluids released during continental subduction.Chemical Geology, Vol. 223, 1-3, Nov. 22, pp. 68-81.ChinaUHP
DS2002-0561
2002
Frzzotti, M-L.Ghiribelli, B., Frzzotti, M-L., Palmeri, R.Coesite in eclogites of the Lanterman Range (Antartica): evidence from textural and Raman studies.European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 14,pp.355-60., Vol. 14,pp.355-60.AntarcticaUHP - coesite, metamorphism
DS2002-0562
2002
Frzzotti, M-L.Ghiribelli, B., Frzzotti, M-L., Palmeri, R.Coesite in eclogites of the Lanterman Range (Antartica): evidence from textural and Raman studies.European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 14,pp.355-60., Vol. 14,pp.355-60.AntarcticaUHP - coesite, metamorphism
DS201701-0011
2016
Fschroeder-Frerkes, F.Fschroeder-Frerkes, F., Woodland, A.B., Uenver-Thiele, I., Klimm, K., Knapp, N.Ca-Eskola in corporation in clinopyroxene: limitations and petrological implications for eclogites and related rocks.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 171, pp. 101-TechnologyEclogite

Abstract: Clinopyroxene is an essential mineral in eclogitic rocks. It commonly contains minor amounts of the defect-bearing Ca-Eskola (CaEs, Ca0.5?0.5AlSi2O6) component, with higher concentrations generally considered to indicate a high-pressure origin at least within the coesite stability field. Changes in pressure and temperature conditions can lead to exsolution of this component as a free SiO2 phase, which may have a number of petrological implications. This makes it important to understand the factors that maximize CaEs incorporation in clinopyroxene. We have undertaken a series of experiments at high pressures and temperatures (4-10 GPa and 1000-1350 °C) to further investigate the systematics of CaEs incorporation in eclogite-like clinopyroxene and the factors responsible for maximizing CaEs contents. Two simple chemical systems were chosen that allow unambiguous interpretation of the results: (1) CMAS + H2O and (2) two compositions in the NCMAS system. All experimental products contained clinopyroxene and garnet along with either a free SiO2 phase or a silicate melt. Coexisting garnet is grossular-rich, generally with Xgr ? 0.67. Compositional variations are attributable to the presence or absence of melt and changes in modal amounts of garnet at different pressure-temperature conditions. Even small amounts of H2O lower the solidus temperature and the presence of a melt reduces the SiO2 activity, which destabilizes the CaEs component in clinopyroxene. The CaEs and the Ca-Tschermaks (CaTs, CaAl2SiO6) components in clinopyroxene decrease with increasing jadeite mole fraction, which is also a function of pressure and bulk Al content. Modeling X-ray powder diffraction data yields a molar volume for the CaEs endmember of VCaEs = 60.87(63) cm3, which reasonably agrees with a literature value that was estimated from natural samples. In the presence of coexisting coesite, the CaEs and CaTs do not vary independently of each other, being controlled by the internal equilibrium 2CaEs = CaTs + 3SiO2 (coesite). This relation, observed in simple systems (i.e., CMAS ± Na), is also obeyed by clinopyroxene in more complex, natural analog bulk compositions. An assessment of available experimental data reveals a maximum of 15-18 mol% CaEs in eclogitic clinopyroxene at conditions corresponding to 130-180 km depth. CaEs contents are maximized at high temperatures; i.e., at or near the solidus in the presence of coesite. Thus, this study supports the role of CaEs exsolution in contributing to melt generation during upwelling of eclogite bodies in the mantle, albeit with some caveats. Somewhat higher maximum CaEs contents (~20 mol%) are found in Ca and Al-rich bulk compositions, such as grospydite xenoliths. Such bulk compositions also seem to require the coexistence of kyanite. Other Ca and Al-rich rock types, like rodingites, should have the potential of containing CaEs-rich clinopyroxenes, except that they are SiO2-undersaturated. This emphasizes the further role of bulk composition, in addition to high temperatures, in achieving maximum CaEs contents in high-pressure clinopyroxene.
DS1986-0120
1986
FuCai Xiucheng, Guo Jiugao, Chen, Feng, Fu, Yude, Tang Rongbing, TanDistribution of paramagnetic nitrogen in placer diamonds with Special reference to its significance in diamond classification. *CHIKuangwu Xuebao, *CHI, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 195-202ChinaAlluvials, Diamond inclusions-nitrog
DS1998-1636
1998
Fu, B.Zheng, Y.F., Gong, B., Fu, B., Li, Y.Extreme 13 C depletion in ultrahigh pressure eclogites from the Dabie and Sulu terranes in China.Mineralogical Magazine, Goldschmidt abstract, Vol. 62A, p. 1698-9.ChinaEclogites, metamorphism, Deposit - Dabie Shan
DS1999-0229
1999
Fu, B.Fu, B., Zheng, Y.F., Li, S.Oxygen and hydrogen isotope geochemistry of gneisses associated with ultrahigh pressure eclogites.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 134, No. 1, Jan pp. 52-66.ChinaEclogites, Dabie Mountains, Shuanghe
DS1999-0834
1999
Fu, B.Zheng, Y.F., Fu, B., Gong, B.Hydrogen and oxygen isotope evidence for fluid rock interactions in the stages of pre-post ultra high pressure (UHP) metamorphismLithos, Vol. 48, No. 4, Apr. pp. 677-94.ChinaGeochronology - metamorphic rocks, Dabie Mountains
DS2001-0343
2001
Fu, B.Fu, B., Turet, L.R., Zheng, Y.F.Fluid inclusions in coesite bearing eclogites and jadeite quartzite at Shuanghe Dabie Shan.Journal of Metamorphic Geology, Vol. 19, No. 5, Sept. pp. 529-46.Chinaultra high pressure (UHP), geochronology
DS2002-0491
2002
Fu, B.Fu, B., Zheng, Y.F., Touret, J.L.Petrological, isotopic and fluid inclusion studies of eclogites from Sujiahe NW Dabie Shan, China.Chemical Geology, Vol. 187, No. 1-2, pp. 107-28.ChinaUHP, Eclogites
DS2003-0427
2003
Fu, B.Fu, B., Touret, J.L., Zheng, Y.F., Jahn, B.Fluid inclusions in granulites, granulitized eclogites and garnet pyroxenites from theLithos, Vol. 70, 3-4, pp. 293-319.ChinaUHP, eclogites
DS2003-0428
2003
Fu, B.Fu, B., Touret, J.L.R., Zheng, Y.F.Remnants of premetamorphic fluid and oxygen isotopic signatures in eclogites andJournal of Metamorphic Geology, Vol. 21, 6, pp. 561-78.ChinaUHP, eclogites, geochronology
DS2003-1548
2003
Fu, B.Zhang, R.Y., Liou, J.G., Zheng, Y.F., Fu, B.Transition of UHP eclogites to gneissic rocks of low amphibolite facies duringLithos, Vol. 70, 3-4, pp. 269-91.ChinaUHP, metamorphism
DS2003-1559
2003
Fu, B.Zheng, Y-F., Fu, B., Gong, B., Li, L.Stable isotope geochemistry of ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks from the DabieEarth Science Reviews, Vol. 62, 1-2, July, pp. 105-161.ChinaUHP, Subduction
DS200412-0587
2003
Fu, B.Fu, B., Touret, J.L., Zheng, Y.F., Jahn, B.Fluid inclusions in granulites, granulitized eclogites and garnet pyroxenites from the Dabie Sulu terranes, eastern China.Lithos, Vol. 70, 3-4, pp. 293-319.ChinaUHP, eclogites
DS200412-0588
2003
Fu, B.Fu, B., Touret, J.L.R., Zheng, Y.F.Remnants of premetamorphic fluid and oxygen isotopic signatures in eclogites and garnet clinopyroxenite form the Dabie Sulu terrJournal of Metamorphic Geology, Vol. 21, 6, pp. 561-78.ChinaUHP, eclogites, geochronology
DS200412-2209
2003
Fu, B.Zhang, R.Y., Liou, J.G., Zheng, Y.F., Fu, B.Transition of UHP eclogites to gneissic rocks of low amphibolite facies during exhumation: evidence from the Dabie Terraine, cenLithos, Vol. 70, 3-4, pp. 269-91.ChinaUHP, metamorphism
DS200412-2226
2003
Fu, B.Zheng, Y-F., Fu, B., Gong, B., Li, L.Stable isotope geochemistry of ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks from the Dabie Sulu orogen in China: implications for geodynEarth Science Reviews, Vol. 62, 1-2, July, pp. 105-161.ChinaUHP Subduction
DS200512-0633
2005
Fu, B.Li, Y-L., Zheng, Y-F., Fu, B.Mossbauer spectroscopy of omphacite and garnet pairs from eclogites: application to geothermometry.American Mineralogist, Vol.90, Jan. pp. 90-100.Eclogite
DS200712-0795
2007
Fu, B.Page, F.Z., Fu, B., Kita, N.T., Fournelle, Spicuzza, Schulze, Viljoen, Basei, ValleyZircons from kimberlite: new insights into oxygen isotopes, trace elements, and Ti in zircon thermometry.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 71, 15, pp. 3887-3903.TechnologyZircon thermometry
DS200812-0372
2008
Fu, B.Fu, B., Page, F.Z., Cavosie, A.J., Fournelle, J., Kita, N.T., Lackey, J.S., Wilde, S.A., Valley, J.W.Ti in zircon thermometry: applications and limitations.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 37p. in press availableTechnologyGeothermometry - kimberlites
DS201812-2840
2018
Fu, C.Li, Y., Zhang, J., Mustofa, K.M.G., Wang, Y., Yu, S., Cai, Z., Li, P., Zhou, G., Fu, C., Mao, X.Petrogenesis of carbonatites in the Luliangshan region, North Qaidam, northern Tibet, China: evidence for recycling of sedimentary carbonate and mantle metasomatism within a subduction zone.Lithos, Vol. 322, pp. 148-165.China, Tibetcarbonatite

Abstract: Carbonatitic magmatism in subduction zones provides extremely valuable information on the cycling, behavior and storage of deep carbon within the Earth. It may also shed light on insights into crust-mantle interaction and mantle metasomatism within subduction zones. Origin of carbonatite has long been debated: all hypotheses need to reflect the different mineral assemblages and geochemical compositions of carbonatites and their diverse tectonic settings. Here we present a petrological, geochronological, geochemical and isotopic study of carbonatite bodies associated with orogenic peridotites, which occur as stocks or dykes with widths of tens to hundreds of meters in the Luliangshan region, North Qaidam, northern Tibet, China. On the basis of modal olivine (Ol) content, the studied samples were subdivided into two groups: Ol-poor carbonatite and Ol-rich carbonatite. Zircon grains from the Ol-poor carbonatite show detrital features, and yield a wide age spectrum between 400?Ma and 1000?Ma with a pronounced peak at ca. 410-430?Ma. By contrast, oscillatory zoned zircons and inherited cores show two relatively small Neoproterozoic age peaks at ca. 920 and 830?Ma. Zircon grains from the Ol-rich carbonatite sample are also distributed in a wide spectrum between 400 and 1000?Ma, with a pronounced peak at ca. 440?Ma and a slightly inferior peak at ca. 410?Ma. The oscillatory zoned zircons and inherited cores exhibit a smaller Neoproterozoic age peak at ca. 740?Ma. The pronounced peaks ranging from 430 to 410?Ma are consistent with the deep subduction and mantle metasomatic events recorded in associated ultramafic rocks. Both groups of carbonatites are characterized by enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREEs) with high (La/Yb)N values and pronounced negative Eu anomalies. They show high 87Sr/86Sr values (0.708156-0.709004), low 143Nd/144Nd values (0.511932-0.512013) and high ?18OV-SMOW values (+17.9 to +21.3‰). This geochemical and isotopic evidence suggests that these carbonatites were derived from remobilized sedimentary carbonate rocks. We propose that the primary carbonatite magma was formed by partial melting of sedimentary carbonates with mantle contributions. Sedimentary carbonates were subducted into the shallow upper mantle where they melted and formed diapirs that moved upwards through the hot mantle wedge. The case presented provides a rare example of carbonatite originating from sedimentary carbonates with mantle contributions and relevant information on the mantle metasomatism within a subduction zone.
DS201901-0046
2018
Fu, F.Lin, J-F, Mao, Z., Yang, J., Fu, F.Elasticity of lower-mantle bridgemanite.Nature, Vol. 564, pp. E18-E26.Mantlebridgmanite
DS2003-0834
2003
Fu, H.Liu, S., Li, X., Fu, H., Wagner, G.A.The characteristics of ESR and 3-D TL spectra of diamondsNuclear Techniques, Vol. 26, 1, pp. 28-31.GlobalDiamond morphology
DS201412-0492
2014
Fu, J.Kusky, T.M., Li, X., Wang, Z., Fu, J., Ze, L., Zhu, P.Are Wilson cycles preserved in Archean cratons? A comparison of the North Chin and Slave cratons.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 51, 3, pp. 297-311.China, Canada, Northwest TerritoriesWilson cycle
DS200512-0685
2003
Fu, L.Marakushev, A.A., Lonkan, S., Bobrov, A.V., Hengweng, Z., Fu, L.Evolution of the SuLu eclogite ultramafic foldbelt in East China.Moscow University Geology Bulletin, Vol. 58, 6, pp. 33-46.ChinaUHP
DS2002-0941
2002
Fu, R.Li, L., Liao, X., Fu, R.Slab break odd depth: a slowdown subduction modelGeophysical Research Letters, Vol.29,3,Feb.1,pp.11-1-3.MantleSubduction
DS200512-0306
2005
Fu, R.Fu, R., Wang, J., Chang, X., Huang, J., Dai, Z., Zha, X.Upper mantle convection driving by density anomaly and a test model.Acta Seismologica Sinica, Vol. 18, 1, pp. 27-33.MantleGeophysics - seismics
DS202003-0354
2020
Fu, R.O'Neill, C., March, S., Bottke, W., Fu, R.The role of impacts in Archean tectonics.Geology, Vol. 48, pp. 174-178.Australia, Africa, South Africacraton

Abstract: Field evidence from the Pilbara craton (Australia) and Kaapvaal craton (South Africa) indicate that modern tectonic processes may have been operating at ca. 3.2 Ga, a time also associated with a high density of preserved Archaean impact indicators. Recent work has suggested a causative association between large impacts and tectonic processes for the Hadean. However, impact flux estimates and spherule bed characteristics suggest impactor diameters of <100 km at ca. 3.5 Ga, and it is unclear whether such impacts could perturb the global tectonic system. In this work, we develop numerical simulations of global tectonism with impacting effects, and simulate the evolution of these models throughout the Archaean for given impact fluxes. We demonstrate that moderate-size (?70 km diameter) impactors are capable of initiating short-lived subduction, and that the system response is sensitive to impactor size, proximity to other impacts, and also lithospheric thickness gradients. Large lithospheric thickness gradients may have first appeared at ca. 3.5-3.2 Ga as cratonic roots, and we postulate an association between Earth’s thermal maturation, cratonic root stability, and the onset of widespread sporadic tectonism driven by the impact flux at this time.
DS201709-1990
2017
Fu, R.R.Glenn, D.R., Fu, R.R., Kehayias, P., Le Sage, D., Lima, E.A., Weiss, B.P., Walsworth, R.L.Micrometer-scale magnetic imaging of geological samples using a quantum diamond microscope. ( remnant magnetism meteorites)Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems: G3, in press availableTechnologygeophsyics - magnetics

Abstract: Remanent magnetization in geological samples may record the past intensity and direction of planetary magnetic fields. Traditionally, this magnetization is analyzed through measurements of the net magnetic moment of bulk millimeter to centimeter sized samples. However, geological samples are often mineralogically and texturally heterogeneous at submillimeter scales, with only a fraction of the ferromagnetic grains carrying the remanent magnetization of interest. Therefore, characterizing this magnetization in such cases requires a technique capable of imaging magnetic fields at fine spatial scales and with high sensitivity. To address this challenge, we developed a new instrument, based on nitrogenvacancy centers in diamond, which enables direct imaging of magnetic fields due to both remanent and induced magnetization, as well as optical imaging, of room-temperature geological samples with spatial resolution approaching the optical diffraction limit. We describe the operating principles of this device, which we call the quantum diamond microscope (QDM), and report its optimized image-area-normalized magnetic field sensitivity (20 µT?µm/Hz½), spatial resolution (5 µm), and field of view (4 mm), as well as trade-offs between these parameters. We also perform an absolute magnetic field calibration for the device in different modes of operation, including three-axis (vector) and single-axis (projective) magnetic field imaging. Finally, we use the QDM to obtain magnetic images of several terrestrial and meteoritic rock samples, demonstrating its ability to resolve spatially distinct populations of ferromagnetic carriers.
DS202001-0044
2019
Fu, R.R.Tang, F., Taylor, R.J.M., Einsle, J.F., Borlina, C.S., Fu, R.R., Weiss, B.P., Williams, H.M., Williams, W., Nagy, L., Midgley, P.A., Lima, E.A., Bell, E.A., Harrison, T.M., Alexander, E.W., Harrison, R.J.Secondary magnetite in ancient zircon precludes analysis of a Hadean geodynamo. Jack HillsProceedings National Academy of Science, Vol. 116, pp. 407-412.Australiapaleomagnetism

Abstract: Zircon crystals from the Jack Hills, Western Australia, are one of the few surviving mineralogical records of Earth’s first 500 million years and have been proposed to contain a paleomagnetic record of the Hadean geodynamo. A prerequisite for the preservation of Hadean magnetization is the presence of primary magnetic inclusions within pristine igneous zircon. To date no images of the magnetic recorders within ancient zircon have been presented. Here we use high-resolution transmission electron microscopy to demonstrate that all observed inclusions are secondary features formed via two distinct mechanisms. Magnetite is produced via a pipe-diffusion mechanism whereby iron diffuses into radiation-damaged zircon along the cores of dislocations and is precipitated inside nanopores and also during low-temperature recrystallization of radiation-damaged zircon in the presence of an aqueous fluid. Although these magnetites can be recognized as secondary using transmission electron microscopy, they otherwise occur in regions that are indistinguishable from pristine igneous zircon and carry remanent magnetization that postdates the crystallization age by at least several hundred million years. Without microscopic evidence ruling out secondary magnetite, the paleomagnetic case for a Hadean-Eoarchean geodynamo cannot yet been made.
DS1996-0476
1996
Fu, R.S.Fu, R.S., Huang, J.H., Wei, Z.X.The upper mantle flow beneath the North Chin a PlatformPure and Applied Geophysics, Vol. 146, No. 3-4, May 1, pp. 649-660.ChinaMantle, Tectonics
DS201808-1744
2018
Fu, S.Fu, S., Yang, J., Zhang, Y., Okuschi, T., McCammon, C., Kim, H-I., Lee, S.K., Lin, J-F.Abnormal elasticity of Fe bearing bridgmanite in the Earth's lower mantle.Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 45, 10, pp. 4725-4732.Mantlebridgmanite

Abstract: Seismic heterogeneities in the Earth's lower mantle have been attributed to thermal and/or chemical variations of constituent minerals. Bridgmanite is the most abundant lower?mantle mineral and contains Fe and Al in its structure. Knowing the effect of Fe on compressional and shear wave velocities (VP, VS) and density of bridgmanite at relevant pressure?temperature conditions can help to understand seismic heterogeneities in the region. However, experimental studies on both VP and VS of Fe?bearing bridgmanite have been limited to pressures below 40 GPa. In this study, VP and VS of Fe?bearing bridgmanite were measured up to 70 GPa in the diamond anvil cell. We observed drastic softening of VP by ~6(±1)% at 42.6-58 GPa and increased VS at pressures above 40 GPa. We interpret these observations as due to a spin transition of Fe3+. These observations are different to previous views on the effect of Fe on seismic velocities of bridgmanite. We propose that the abnormal sound velocities of Fe?bearing bridgmanite could help to explain the seismically observed low correlation between VP and VS in the mid?lower mantle. Our results challenge existing models of Fe enrichment to explain the origin of Large Low Shear Velocity provinces in the lowermost mantle.
DS202005-0747
2020
Fu, S.Lin, J-F., Mao, Z., Yang, J., Fu, S.Elasticity of lower-mantle bridgmanite.Nature, Vol. 564, 7736, doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0741-7Mantlebridgmanite
DS202003-0337
2020
Fu, W.Feng, M., Song, W., Kynicky, J., Smith, M., Cox, C., Kotlanova, M., Brtnicky, M., Fu, W., Wei, C.Primary rare earth element enrichment in carbonatites: evidence from melt inclusions in Ulgii Khild carbonatite, Mongolia.Ore Geology Reviews, Vol. 117, 14p. PdfAsia, Mongoliadeposit - Ulgii Khild
DS201811-2612
2018
Fu, X.Sun, M., Fu, X., Liu, K.H., Gai, S.S.Absence of thermal influence from the African Superswell and cratonic keels on the mantle transition zone beneath southern Africa: evidence from receiver function imaging.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 503, pp. 108-117.Africa, South Africa, Zimbabwegeophysics - seismic

Abstract: The depths of the 410 km (d410) and 660 km (d660) discontinuities beneath southern Africa, which is presumably underlain by the lower-mantle African Superswell, are imaged in 1? radius consecutive circular bins using over 6400 P-to-S receiver functions (RFs) recorded by 130 seismic stations over a 27 yr period. When the IASP91 standard Earth model is utilized for moveout correction and time-depth conversion, a normal mantle transition zone (MTZ) thickness of 246 ± 7 km is observed, suggesting that the Superswell has no discernible effect on mantle transition zone temperature. Based on the negligible disparity of the mean MTZ thicknesses between on (246 ± 6 km) and off (246 ± 8 km) cratonic regions, we conclude that the deep Archean cratonic keels possess limited influence on MTZ thermal structure. The apparently shallower-than-normal MTZ discontinuities and the parallelism between the d410 and d660 are mostly the results of upper mantle high wave speed anomalies probably corresponding to a thick lithosphere with a mean thickness of about 245 km beneath the Kaapvaal and 215 km beneath the Zimbabwe cratons. In contradiction to conclusions from some of the previous studies, the resulting spatial distribution of the stacking amplitudes of the P-to-S converted phases at the discontinuities is inconsistent with the presence of an excessive amount of water in the MTZ and atop the d410.
DS201412-0412
2014
Fu, Y.Ito, G., Dunn, R.L.A., Wolfe, C.J., Gallego, A., Fu, Y.Seismic anisotropy and shear wave splitting associated with mantle plume-plate interactions.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 119, no. 6, pp. 4923-4937.MantleGeophysics - seismics
DS202202-0204
2022
Fu, Y.Li, D., Fu, Y., Hollings, P., Mitchell, R.H., Zurevinski, S., Kamo, S., Zhang, R., Zhang, Y., Liu, Q., Liao, J., Liang, Y., Sun, X.PL57 garnet as a new natural reference material for in situ U-Pb isotope analysis and its perspective for geological applications.Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 177, 19 , 18p. PdfGlobalgarnet

Abstract: Garnet is a common U-bearing mineral in various magmatic and metamorphic rocks with a high U-Pb closure temperature (>?850 °C), rendering it a potentially valuable U-Pb geochronometer. However, a high U (>?10 ppm) garnet reference material that suits both quadrupole and/or multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is yet to be established. This study evaluates a potential reference material for in situ garnet U-Pb analysis with anomalously high U content from the Prairie Lake alkaline complex, Canada. The PL57 garnet, occurring in a calcite ijolite, has high TiO2 (6.5-15.0 wt%, average 12.7 wt%) and Fe2O3 (17.1-21.3 wt%) contents and is a member of the andradite (26-66 mol.%)-morimotoite (18-41 mol.%)-schorlomite (16-35 mol.%) solid solution series. Four samples were dated by U-Pb ID-TIMS to assess reproducibility. Twelve TIMS analyses produced concordant, equivalent results. Garnet PL57 yielded a concordant age of 1156.2?±?1.2 Ma (2?, n?=?10, MSWD?=?1.0), based on ten analyses with two results discarded due to possible mineral inclusions (if included, the concordia age is 1156.6?±?1.8 Ma; n?=?12, MSWD?=?2.0). PL57 had 27-76 ppm (average 41 ppm) U with Th/U of 0.51-0.68 (average 0.63). The total common Pb content ranged from 0.4 to 3.9 pg (average 1.1 pg). Laser ablation coupled with ICP-MS and high angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) imaging provide direct evidence that U is incorporated and homogeneously distributed within the garnet lattice rather than as defects or pore spaces. Published garnet samples and standards were then tested by calibrating the Willsboro, Mali, Qicun, and Tonglvshan garnet against PL57, which gave accurate ages within the recommended values. Case studies of garnet from the Archean Musselwhite orogenic gold deposit in Canada and the Cenozoic Changanchong and Habo skarn deposits in China yield reliable ages. This suggests that PL57 is a robust U-Pb isotope reference material. The limited variations of U and Pb isotopic ratios, together with the high U concentration and extremely low initial common Pb, make PL57 an ideal calibration and monitor reference material for in situ measurements.
DS1987-0225
1987
Fu GongginFu GongginMagmatic ultrapotassic rocks.*CHIMineral and Rocks, *CHI, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 119-122. Very brief english abstractChinaLamproite
DS1982-0212
1982
Fu HuifangFu Huifang, Shu ChengmingMorphological pecularities of synthesized diamonds and a preliminary discussion on the region for perfect diamond growthGeochemistry, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 328-337ChinaLanguage ?, Diamond Morphology
DS1980-0132
1980
Fu huifang, et al.Fu huifang, et al.Morphological Pecularities of Synthetic Diamond and a Preliminary Discussion on its Fine Crystal Growth Field.Geochimica., No. 1, PP. 23-30.ChinaDiamond Synthesis
DS1990-0496
1990
Fu PingqiuFu Pingqiu, Xie Hongsen, Zhang LimingA structure mineralogical study of ringwooditeInternational Mineralogical Association Meeting Held June, 1990 Beijing China, Vol. 1, extended abstract p. 490-491ChinaMineralogy, Ringwoodite
DS1990-0497
1990
Fu PingquiFu Pingqui, Xie Hongsen, Zhang LimingA structure -mineralogical study of ringwooditeChinese Journal of Geochemistry, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 99-103ChinaMineralogy, Ringwoodite
DS1986-0119
1986
Fu YudeCai Xiucheng, Guo Jiugao, Chen Feng, Fu Yude, Tang Rongbing, TanDistribution of paramagnetic nitrogen in placer diamonds with specialAcad. Sin. Institute Geochem., Guiyang, *CHI, Vol. 6, No. 3, September pp. 195-202ChinaAlluvials, Geochemistry, diamond inclusions
DS2002-1465
2002
Fuch, M.J.Shirey, S.B., Harris, J.W., Richardson, S.H., Fuch, M.J., James, D.E., CartignyDiamond genesis, seismic structure and evolution of the Kaapvaal Zimbabwe CratonScience, No. 5587, Sept. 6, pp. 1683-5.South Africa, ZimbabweTectonics - diamond genesis, Geophysics - seismics
DS1987-0226
1987
Fuchs, JK.Fuchs, JK., Froidevaux, C.Composition, structure and dynamics of the lithosphere asthenospheresystemAmerican Geophysical Union (AGU) Geodynamics Series, Vol. 16, 340pGlobalMantle, Peridotite
DS1983-0237
1983
Fuchs, K.Fuchs, K.Alfred Wegener Conference.... Geophysical, Geochemical and Petrological Evidence on Deformation and Composition of the Continental Subcrustal Lithosphere.Eos, Vol. 64, No. 3, Jan. 18TH., 3P.GlobalGarnet, Lherzolite
DS1991-0519
1991
Fuchs, K.Fuchs, K.The International lithosphere ProgramEpisodes, Vol. 13, No. 4, December pp. 239-246GlobalMantle, Continental drilling
DS1995-1579
1995
Fuchs, K.Ritter, J.R.R., Fuchs, K., Kaspar, T., et al.Seismic images illustrate the deep roots of the Chyulu Hills volcanic @Kenya.Eos, Vol. 76, No. 28, July 11, pp. 273, 278.KenyaGeophysics -seismics, Mantle
DS1996-1341
1996
Fuchs, K.Sobolev, S.V., Fuchs, K.Meeting of geophysics with kimberlites - preface editorialTectonophysics, Vol. 262, No. 1-4, Sept. 30, p.1.RussiaGeophysics
DS1997-0928
1997
Fuchs, K.Prodehl, C., Fuchs, K., Mechie, J.Seismic-refraction studies of the Afri-Arabian rift system - a briefreview.Tectonophysics, Vol. 278, No. 1-4, Sept. 15, pp. 1-14.AfricaTectonics, Rifting
DS2001-0344
2001
Fuchs, K.Fuchs, K., Muller, B.World stress map of the Earth: a key to tectonic processes and technological applications.Naturwissenschaften, Vol. 88, No. 9, pp. 357-71.MantleMap - stress, tectonics
DS2002-0492
2002
Fuchs, K.Fuchs, K., Tittgemeyer, M., Ryberg, T., Wenzel, F., Mooney, W.Global significance of a Sub-Moho boundary layer (SMBL) deduced from high resolution seismic observations.International Geology Review, Vol. 44, 8, pp. 671-85.MantleGeophysics - seismics
DS1990-0967
1990
Fuchs, R.L.MacDougall, R.E., Fuchs, R.L.Property sales- getting from here to thereAmerican Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME) Preprint, No. 90-36, 5pGlobalLaw, Mineral properties -overview
DS201911-2560
2019
Fuchs, S.Schumann, D., Martin, R.F., Fuchs, S., de Fourestier, J.Silicocarbonatitic melt inclusions in fluorapatite from the Yeates prospect, Otter Lake, Quebec: evidence of marble anatexis in the central metasedimentary belt of the Grenville Province.The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 57, pp. 583-604.Canada, Quebeccarbonatite

Abstract: We have investigated a locality very well known to mineral collectors, the Yates U-Th prospect near Otter Lake, Québec. There, dikes of orange to pink calcite enclose euhedral prisms of fluorapatite, locally aligned. Early investigators pointed out the importance of micro-inclusions in the prisms. We describe and image the micro-inclusions in two polished sections of fluorapatite prisms, one of them with a millimetric globule of orange calcite similar to that in the matrix. We interpret the globule to have been an inclusion of melt trapped during growth. Micro-globules disseminated in the fluorapatite are interpreted to have crystallized in situ from aliquots of the boundary-layer melt enriched in constituents rejected by the fluorapatite; the micro-globules contain a complex jigsawed assemblage of carbonate, silicate, and sulfate minerals. Early minerals to crystallize are commonly partly dissolved and partly replaced by lower-temperature phases. Such jigsawed assemblages seem to be absent in the carbonate matrix sampled away from the fluorapatite prisms. The pressure and temperature attained at the Rigolet stage of the Grenville collisional orogeny were conducive to the anatexis of marble in the presence of H2O. The carbonate melt is considered to have become silicocarbonatitic by assimilation of the enclosing gneisses, which were also close to their melting point. Degassing was important, and the melt froze quickly. The evidence points to a magmatic origin for the carbonate dikes and the associated clinopyroxenite, rather than a skarn-related association.
DS2003-0429
2003
FuckFuck, Reinhardt, A., Brito Neves, B., Schobbenhaus Filo, C.Search for Rodinia in South America: geological records and problemsGeological Society of America, Annual Meeting Nov. 2-5, Abstracts p.301.BrazilTectonics
DS200412-0589
2003
FuckFuck, Reinhardt, A., Brito Neves, B., Schobbenhaus Filo, C.Search for Rodinia in South America: geological records and problems.Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting Nov. 2-5, Abstracts p.301.South America, BrazilTectonics
DS2003-0172
2003
Fuck, R.Brown, M., Baldwin, J., Morales, J., Fuck, R.Modelling ultra hot beauties from Brazil: peak temperature and P-T evolutionGeological Society of America, Annual Meeting Nov. 2-5, Abstracts p.222.BrazilUHP
DS200412-0227
2003
Fuck, R.Brown, M., Baldwin, J., Morales, J., Fuck, R.Modelling ultra hot beauties from Brazil: peak temperature and P-T evolution.Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting Nov. 2-5, Abstracts p.222.South America, BrazilUHP
DS201902-0306
2018
Fuck, R.Peres Rocha, M., Assumpcao, M., Fuck, R., Araujo de Azevedo, P., Penna, Crepaldi Affonso, G.M., Sousa Lima Costa, I., Farrapo Albuquetque, D.Llithosphere expression of the boundary between the Amazonian and extra-Amazonian domains of the South American platform from travel time seismic tomography.Researchgate, AGU 1p. Preprint pdfSouth Americacraton

Abstract: The South American platform is the stable part of the South American plate, unaffected by the orogenesis of the Andes and the Caribbean. Its basement is composed of Archean and Proterozoic cratonic blocks amalgamated by mobile belts, and can be separated in two large domains or continental masses: 1) The Amazonian, Northwest-west portion, including the Amazonian craton, related to the Laurentia supercontinent; and 2) the extra-Amazonian, Central-southeast or Brasiliano domain, related to West Gondwana, formed of several paleocontinental fragments, where the São Francisco and Rio de La Plata cratons and the Paranapanema block are the largest. It has been suggested that these two domains are separated by the Transbrasiliano Lineament to the south and the Araguaia Fold Belt to the north. Teleseismic P waves from 4,989 earthquakes recorded by 339 stations operated mainly in Brazil in the last 25 years have been used for relative-time tomography. The Amazonian domain is predominantly characterized by higher velocities. The SW (extra-Amazonian) domain is characterized by several blocks with high velocities, such as in and around the Sao Francisco Craton, and the Paranapanema block. Results of P-wave travel time tomography allowed to observe a strong low-velocity anomaly near 100-200 km depth following the Araguaia-Paraguay fold belt. This strong low-velocity anomaly could be considered the limit between these two domains, reaching lithospheric depths, and does not necessarily follow the Transbrasiliano lineament, especially in its southern portion.
DS1992-1203
1992
Fuck, R.A.Pimentel, M.M., Fuck, R.A.Neoproterozoic crustal accretion in central BrasilGeology, Vol. 20, No. 4, April pp. 375-379BrazilGeochronology, Craton
DS1996-1119
1996
Fuck, R.A.Pimentel, M.M., Fuck, R.A., De Alvararenga, J.S.Post Brasiliano (Pan African) high K granitic magmatism in Central Brasil:the role of Late Precambrian.....Prcambrian Research, Vol. 80, pp. 217-238BrazilOrogeny, Extension related Late Precambrian -early Paleozoic
DS2002-1089
2002
Fuck, R.A.Moraes, R., Brown, M., Fuck, R.A., Camargo, M.A., Lima, T.M.Characterization and P T evolution of melt bearing ultrahigh temperature granulites: anJournal of Petrology, Vol. 43, 9, Sept.pp. 1673-1706.BrazilUHP - mineralogy - not specific to diamonds
DS2003-1077
2003
Fuck, R.A.Pimentel, M.M., Dantas, E.L., Fuck, R.A., Armstrong, R.A.Shrimp and conventional U Pb age, Sm Nd isotopic characteristics and tectonicAnais Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Vol. 75, 1, pp. 97-108.Brazil, GoiasGeochronology, Alkaline rocks
DS2003-1081
2003
Fuck, R.A.Piuzana, D., Pimentel, M.M., Fuck, R.A., Armstrong, R.SHRIMP U Pb and Sm Nd dat a for the Araxa group and associated magmatic rocks:Precambrian Research, Vol. 125, 1-2, pp. 139-60.BrazilMagmatism - Carbonatite
DS200412-1548
2003
Fuck, R.A.Pimentel, M.M., Dantas, E.L., Fuck, R.A., Armstrong, R.A.Shrimp and conventional U Pb age, Sm Nd isotopic characteristics and tectonic significance of the K rich Itapuranga Suite in GoiAnais Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Vol. 75, 1, pp. 97-108.South America, Brazil, GoiasGeochronology Alkaline rocks
DS200412-1554
2003
Fuck, R.A.Piuzana, D., Pimentel, M.M., Fuck, R.A., Armstrong, R.SHRIMP U Pb and Sm Nd dat a for the Araxa group and associated magmatic rocks: constraints for the age of sedimentation and geodyPrecambrian Research, Vol. 125, 1-2, pp. 139-60.South America, Brazil, BahiaGeochronology Magmatism - carbonatites
DS200512-0307
2005
Fuck, R.A.Fuck, R.A., Dall'Agnol, R., Bettencourt, J.S.Volcanic rocks in Brazil through time and different tectonic settings.Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 18, 3-4, March pp. 233-235. (brief editorial)South America, BrazilTectonics
DS200912-0145
2009
Fuck, R.A.Dall'Agnol, R., Fuck, R.A., Villas, R.N.N.Insights on the magmatism, crustal evolution and metallogenesis of the Amazonian craton.Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 27, 2-3, pp. 109-112.South America, BrazilMagmatism
DS201312-0084
2013
Fuck, R.A.Bley de Brito Neves, B., Fuck, R.A.The Neoproterozoic evolution of the basement of the South Americam platform.Journal South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 47, pp. 72-89.South AmericaCraton - Amazon
DS201412-0147
2014
Fuck, R.A.Correa Rosa, J.W., Fuck, R.A.Geophysical structures and tectonic evolution of the southern Guyana Shield, Brazil.Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 52, pp. 57-71.South America, BrazilGeophysics
DS201503-0133
2015
Fuck, R.A.Araujo e Azevedo, P., Peres Rocha, M., Pereira Soares, J.E., Fuck, R.A.Thin lithosphere beween the Amazonian and Sao Francisco cratons, in central Brazil, revealed by seismic P wave tomography.Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 201, 1, pp. 61-69.South America, BrazilGeophysics - seismic

Abstract: Results of P-wave traveltime seismic tomography in central Brazil unravel the upper-mantle velocity structure and its relationship with the tectonic framework. Data were recorded between 2008 and 2012 at 16 stations distributed over the study area, and were added to the database used by Rocha et al. to improve the resolution of anomalies, and to image the surrounding regions. The main objective was to observe the upper-mantle boundary zone between the Amazonian and São Francisco cratons, represented by mobile belts, inside the Tocantins Province, and to study the lithosphere related to the collision between these two cratons during the Neoproterozoic. A set of low-velocity anomalies was observed crossing the study area in the NE–SW direction, in agreement with the main trend of the Transbrasiliano lineament. The region where the anomalies are located was interpreted as the zone separating the Amazonian and São Franciscan palaeoplates. There is a good correlation between the low-velocity anomalies and the high seismicity of this region, suggesting that it is a region of weakness, probably related to lithospheric thinning. High velocities were observed under the Amazonian and São Francisco cratons. A model is proposed for the lithospheric subsurface in central Brazil, emphasizing the boundary zone between the main palaeoplates in the study area. After merging both databases, the low-velocity anomalies in the central part of the study area suggest tectonic partitioning of the lithosphere. Synthetic tests show that the tomography results are robust.
DS201509-0426
2015
Fuck, R.A.Saraiva dos Santos, T.J., Da Silva Amaral, W., Ancelmi, M.F., Pitarello, M.Z., Fuck, R.A., Dantas, E.L.U-Pb age of coesite bearing eclogite from NW Borborema Province, NE Brazil: implications for western Gondwana assembly.Gondwana Research, Vol. 28, pp. 1183-1196.South America, BrazilUHP

Abstract: The Late Neoproterozoic assembly of western Gondwana played an important role in the subduction of oceanic and continental lithospheres. Such event was also a source of arc magmatism, reworking of cratonic margins and development of ultra-high pressure (UHP) suture zones. In the Borborema province, NE Brazil, we have described for the first time UHP rocks enclosed within gneiss migmatite and calc-silicate rocks. They bear coesite included in atoll-type garnet from metamafic rocks, identified by petrographic study and Raman microspectroscopy analysis. U-Pb zircon dating of the leucosome of the migmatites and the calc-silicate rock displays, concordant ages of 639 ± 10 Ma and 649.7 ± 5 Ma, respectively, here interpreted as the minimum age of the eclogitization event in the region. U-Pb zircon dating of the coesite-bearing rock defined a concordia age of 614. 9 ± 7.9 Ma that comprised the retrograde eclogitic conditions to amphibolite facies. The UHP rocks, mostly retrograded to garnet amphibolites, occur enclosed in the Paleoproterozoic continental block composed of calc-silicate rocks, migmatized sillimanite gneiss, mylonitic augen gneiss and granitic and tonalitic gneiss along a narrow N-S oriented belt between the Santa Quitéria magmatic arc and the Transbrasiliano lineament. This block was involved in the subduction to UHP eclogite depths, and was retrogressed to amphibolite during its exhumation and thrusting. Our data indicate an important Neoproterozoic transcontinental suture zone connecting the Pharusian belt with Borborema Province, and probably with the Brasília belt in central Brazil.
DS201609-1755
2016
Fuck, R.A.Willy Correa Rosa, J., Wilson Correa Rosa, J., Fuck, R.A.The structure of the Amazonian craton: available geophysical evidence.Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 70, pp. 162-173.South AmericaCraton

Abstract: The Amazonian craton, which covers a large area of South America, and is thought to have been stable since the end of the Mesoproterozoic, has recently benefited from a series of regional geophysical surveys. The Amazonian craton comprises the northern Guyana shield and the southern Central Brazil shield. It has become the main subject of seismological studies aiming to determine crustal thickness. Moho thickness maps that cover a large part of the South American continent summarize these studies. Receiver function studies, aided by surface wave dispersion tomography, were also useful tools applied in the region over the past decade. These have been improved by the addition of temporary and permanent regional seismological arrays and stations. An interesting NNW-SSE Moho depth anomaly, pointing to crustal thickening of up to 60 km in the central Guyana shield and a 50 km thick anomaly of the southern Central Brazil shield were recently identified. Areas with crustal thickening correspond to Paleoproterozoic magmatic arcs. The upper mantle seismic anisotropy in part of the region has been determined from SKS splitting studies. The currently available seismic anisotropy information shows that the orientation of the determined anisotropic axis is related to the frozen in anisotropy hypothesis for the Amazonian craton. The orientation of the anisotropic axis shows no relation to the current South American plate motion in the Amazonian craton. Most recently, detailed information for the two shields has benefited from a series of high-resolution, regional aerogeophysical surveys, made available by CPRM, the Brazilian Geological Survey. In addition to the mentioned contribution from seismology for imaging deeper crustal structures, regional gravity surveys have been expanded, adding to previous Bouguer anomaly maps, and deep drilling information from early exploration efforts have been compiled for the Amazon basin, which covers the Amazonian craton separating the Guyana and Central Brazil shields.
DS201712-2716
2017
Fuck, R.A.Pereira, R.S., Fuck, R.A., Soares Franca, O., Leite, A.A.Evidence of young, proximal and primary (YPP) diamond source occurring in alluviums in the Santa Antonio do Bonito, Santo Inacio and Douradhinho rivers in Coromandel region, Minas Gerais.Brazilian Journal of Geology, Vol. 47, 3, pp. 383-401.South America, Brazildeposit - Alta Paranaiba

Abstract: Magmatism associated with the Alto Paranaíba structural high comprises kimberlites, kamafugites, and alkaline complexes, forming an approximately 400 x 150 km NW-SE belt in the southern São Francisco Craton. Dating of some intrusions reveals ages between 120 and 75 Ma. Chemical analyses of garnet recovered in alluvium from traditional diamond digging areas indicate peridotitic garnet windows in Três Ranchos and Coromandel. Six hundred and eighty (680) diamonds acquired or recovered during mineral exploration in the digging areas of Romaria, Estrela do Sul, Três Ranchos and Coromandel show unique characteristics, certain populations indicating young, proximal and primary sources (YPP). Analyses of 201 stones from Santo Antônio do Bonito, Santo Inácio and Douradinho rivers alluvium, Coromandel, present no evidence of transport, characterizing a proximal source. Within these river basins, exposures of the Late Cretaceous Capacete Formation basal conglomerate contain mainly small rounded and/or angular quartzite pebbles and of basic and ultrabasic rocks, as well as kimberlite minerals (garnet, ilmenite, spinel, sometimes diamond). A magnetotelluric profile between the Paraná and Sanfranciscana basins shows that the thick underlying lithosphere in the Coromandel region coincides with the peridotitic garnet window and with a diamond population displaying proximal source characteristics. Diamond-bearing kimberlite intrusions occur in different areas of Alto Paranaíba.
DS201907-1567
2017
Fuck, R.A.Pereira, R.G., Fuck, R.A., Franca, O.S., Leite, A.A.Evidence of young, proximal and primary ( YPP) diamond source occurring in alluviums in the Sant Antonio do Bonito, Santo Inacio and Dourahinho rivers in the Coromandel region, Minas Gerais.Brazil Journal of Geology, Vol. 47, 3, pp. 383-401. pdfSouth America, Brazilkimberlites, kamafugites, Tres Ranchos, Coromandel

Abstract: Magmatism associated with the Alto Paranaíba structural high comprises kimberlites, kamafugites, and alkaline complexes, forming an approximately 400 x 150 km NW-SE belt in the southern São Francisco Craton. Dating of some intrusions reveals ages between 120 and 75 Ma. Chemical analyses of garnet recovered in alluvium from traditional diamond digging areas indicate peridotitic garnet windows in Três Ranchos and Coromandel. Six hundred and eighty (680) diamonds acquired or recovered during mineral exploration in the digging areas of Romaria, Estrela do Sul, Três Ranchos and Coromandel show unique characteristics, certain populations indicating young, proximal and primary sources (YPP). Analyses of 201 stones from Santo Antônio do Bonito, Santo Inácio and Douradinho rivers alluvium, Coromandel, present no evidence of transport, characterizing a proximal source. Within these river basins, exposures of the Late Cretaceous Capacete Formation basal conglomerate contain mainly small rounded and/or angular quartzite pebbles and of basic and ultrabasic rocks, as well as kimberlite minerals (garnet, ilmenite, spinel, sometimes diamond). A magnetotelluric profile between the Paraná and Sanfranciscana basins shows that the thick underlying lithosphere in the Coromandel region coincides with the peridotitic garnet window and with a diamond population displaying proximal source characteristics. Diamond-bearing kimberlite intrusions occur in different areas of Alto Paranaíba.
DS201909-2068
2019
Fuck, R.A.Padilha, A.L., Vitorello, I., de Padua, M.B., Fuck, R.A.Magnetotelluric images of PaleoProterozoic accretion and Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic reworking processes in the northern Sao Francico craton, central-eastern Brazil.Precambrian Research, in press available, 55p. pdfSouth America, Brazilcraton

Abstract: Broadband and long period magnetotelluric (MT) data were collected along an east-west oriented, 580-km-long profile across the northern São Francisco Craton where extensive Proterozoic and Phanerozoic sedimentary cover and lack of deep-probing geophysical surveys have prevented to establish unequivocally the cratonic character of the Archean-Paleoproterozoic lithosphere. Following dimensionality analyses, the MT dataset was interpreted using both 2-D and 3-D inversion procedures. The near-surface structure is better resolved in the 2-D model due to its finer resolution. A huge upper crustal conductor is found all along the shallow early Neoproterozoic Irecê Basin in the central domain of the craton, extending laterally for approximately 150?km and restricting signal propagation below the basin. Its high conductance is explained by a combination of high porosity and high fluid salinity in the sedimentary package. Another upper crustal conductor is observed on the west side of the profile, interpreted as fractured metasedimentary rocks of the Rio Preto belt thrusted on top of the craton basement during Neoproterozoic marginal collision. The 3-D model explains significantly better the measured data related to deep structure. Contrary to what is expected for a stable cratonic block, the geoelectric model shows pronounced electrical complexity and heterogeneity, an indication that the cratonic lithosphere was multiply reworked in the past by tectonothermal events. Different lithospheric resistive blocks bounded by major conductive zones are identified. Constrained by geochemical and isotopic data, these vertical conductive interfaces are interpreted as cryptic suture zones due to large-scale amalgamation of continents and microcontinents leading to the assembly of the São Francisco Craton in the Paleoproterozoic. The conductivity enhancement is more likely explained by emplacement of sulfides along previous suture zones during mafic magmatism. At upper mantle depths, high conductivity observed below most of the profile indicates that metasomatism or refertilization processes with incompatible elements caused by the Paleoproterozoic subducting slabs and Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic upwelling of deep fluids and melts reworked this portion of the craton mantle.
DS202008-1402
2020
Fuck, R.A.Jalowitzki, T., Gervasoni, F., Sumino, H., Klemme, S., Berndt, J., Dalla Costa, M., Fuck, R.A.Plume subduction events recorded by KS2 kimberlite indicator minerals from Juina, Brazil.Goldschmidt 2020, 1p. AbstractSouth America, Brazil, Mato Grossodeposit - Juina

Abstract: The Cretaceous Juína Kimberlite Province (JKP, 95-92 Ma) is located in the southwest of the Amazonian Craton, northwest of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Here we present new geochemical and isotopic data of garnet (n=187) and zircon (n=25) megacrysts collected from the KS2 kimberlite. The magmatic zircon megacrysts have U-Pb ages of 92.1 ± 0.7 Ma. The chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns (LREE
DS202104-0575
2020
Fuck, R.A.Ferreira, A.C.D., Dantas, E.L., Fuck, R.A.The previously missing c. 2.9 Ga high-K continental crust in West Gondwana revealed in northwest Brazil. Terra Nova, 10.1111/ter.12504 11p. PdfSouth America, Brazil, Borboremaalkaline rocks

Abstract: 2.9 Ga is an uncommon magmatic age in Archean evolution worldwide, especially in West Gondwana. We identified so far unknown 2.97-2.92 Ga high?K calc?alkaline magmatism in the Borborema Province, northeast Brazil. It appears to indicate that the transition to high?K magmas occurred before c. 2.7 Ga in Earth's history. The 2.9 Ga protoliths were reworked and progressively changed composition to 2.65 Ga and 2.25 Ga higher?K granites in early magmatic arcs. Therefore, despite several reworking events from the Archean to Proterozoic times, these rare relicts of K?rich magmatism indicate that reworking of felsic components was significant for the growth and differentiation of continental crust from c. 2.9 Ga onwards in West Gondwana.
DS202109-1458
2021
Fuck, R.A.de Caravlho, L.D.V., Jalowitzki, T., Scholz, R., de Oliveira Gonzales, G., Rocha, M.P., Peeira, R.S., Lana, C., de Castro, P., Queiroga, G., Fuck, R.A.An exotic Cretaceous kimberlite linked to metasomatized lithospheric mantle beneath the southwestern margin of the Sao Francisco Craton, Brazil.Geoscience Frontiers, doi,org/101016/j.gsf.2021.101.28South America, Brazildeposit - Osvaldo Franca 1

Abstract: We present major and trace element compositions of mineral concentrates comprising garnet xenocrysts, ilmenite, phlogopite, spinel, zircon, and uncommon minerals (titanite, calzirtite, anatase, baddeleyite and pyrochlore) of a newly discovered Late Cretaceous kimberlite (U-Pb zircon age 90.0 ± 1.3 Ma; 2?) named Osvaldo França 1, located in the Alto Paranaíba Igneous Province (APIP), southeastern Brazil. Pyrope grains are lherzolitic (Lherz-1, Lherz-2 and Lherz-3), harzburgitic (Harz-3) and wehrlitic (Wehr-2). The pyrope xenocrysts cover a wide mantle column in the subcratonic lithosphere (66-143 km; 20-43 kbar) at relatively low temperatures (811-875 °C). The shallowest part of this mantle is represented by Lherz-1 pyropes (20-32 kbar), which have low-Cr (Cr2O3 = 1.74-6.89 wt.%) and fractionated middle to heavy rare earth elements (MREE-HREE) pattern. The deepest samples are represented by Lherz-2, Lherz-3, Harz-3, and Wehr-2 pyropes (36-43 kbar). They contain high-Cr contents (Cr2O3 = 7.36-11.19 wt.%) and are characterized by sinusoidal (Lherz-2 and Wehr-2) and spoon-like (Lherz-3 and Harz-3) REE patterns. According to their REE and trace elements, pyrope xenocrysts have enriched nature (e.g., Ce and Yb vs. Cr2O3), indicating that the cratonic lithosphere has been affected by a silicate melt with subalkaline/tholeiite composition due to their low Zr, Ti and Y concentrations. Besides minerals with typical kimberlitic signatures, such as ilmenite and zircon, the exotic compositions of phlogopite and ulvöspinel suggest an enriched component in the magma source. The formation of rare mineral phases with strong enrichment of light-REE (LREE) and high field strength elements (HFSE) is attributed to the late-stage kimberlitic melt. We propose a tectonic model where a thermal anomaly, represented by the low-velocity seismic anomaly observed in P-wave seismic tomography images, supplied heat to activate the alkaline magmatism from a metasomatized cratonic mantle source during the late-stages of Gondwana fragmentation and consequent South Atlantic Ocean opening. The metasomatism recorded by mineral phases is a product of long-lived recycling of subducted oceanic plates since the Neoproterozoic (Brasiliano Orogeny) or even older collisional events, contributing to the exotic character of the Osvaldo França 1 kimberlite, as well as to the cratonic lithospheric mantle.
DS202203-0335
2022
Fuck, R.A.Barbosa, N.A., Fuck, R.A., Souza, V.S., Dantas, E.L., Tavares Jr., S.S.Evidence of Paleoproterozoic SLIP, northern Amazonian craton, Brazil.Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 111, 19p. PdfSouth America, Brazilgeophysics - seismics

Abstract: The Orocaima SLIP consists of an association of acid-intermediate volcanic-plutonic rocks. The volcanic rocks were generated in explosive eruptions through low eruptive columns, probably associated with fissural volcanism in the north of the Amazonian Craton, Brazil, between 2.0 and 1.98 Ga. It generated ignimbrites, whose facies (volcanic breccia rich in lithic, lapilli-tuff and lithic lapilli-tuff) show the proximity of the source. The extensive area of ca. 200.000 km2 of ignimbrite, rhyolite and dacite deposits, as well as the age range (2.0-1.98 Ga) and geochemical signatures suggest that the Orocaima volcano-plutonism may correspond to one of the oldest silicic LIPs in the world. The silicic volcanism is essentially subaerial and characterized by high-grade ignimbrites (densely welded) and subordinate lava, the ages of which indicate the longevity of the volcanic event in the Orosirian. They are included in the Surumu Group and comprise rocks with high-K calc-alkaline affinities and were emplaced in a subduction-related setting, similar to the rocks that extend through Venezuela, Guyana and Suriname (Cuchivero-Surumu-Iwokrama-Dalbana metavolcanic belt - CSID). The occurrence of mafic fragments disseminated in volcanic and granitic rocks in the north of Roraima, Brazil and in other segments of the CSID belt suggests the coexistence of acid and basic magmas. Except for one sample (?Nd(t) = -2.3), the Nd isotopic data of analyzed Surumu Group volcanic rocks yielded positive ?Nd(t) values (0.5-4.48; TDM = 2.0-2.47 Ga), suggesting generation from magmas derived from the mantle or from the melting of new juvenile crust. The Orocaima volcanism bears no evidence of involvement of Archean sources in the generation of the rocks. Thus, the Orocaima volcano-plutonism may represent one of the most significant ignimbrite eruption events during the Palaeoproterozoic in the world.-
DS202203-0340
2022
Fuck, R.A.de Moura Almeida, Y., Marotta, G.S., Franca, G.S., Vidotti, R.M., Fuck, R.A.Crustal thickness estimation and tectonic analysis of the Amazonian craton from gravity data.Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 111, 10p. PdfSouth America, Brazilgeophysics - seismics

Abstract: The crustal thickness in South America has been mostly determined using seismological techniques. However, because these techniques provide point constraint or profile-specific results, the crustal thickness maps become especially dependent on both the number and spatial distribution of seismological stations. In the Amazonian Craton, the extensive forest cover restricts the number of existing stations, not allowing to elaborate a solely seismological crustal thickness model with homogeneous data coverage. Therefore, to overcome this difficulty, this work proposes a crustal thickness model for the Amazonian Craton developed based on the Parker-Oldenburg method and the Global Geopotential Model called GECO, considering the relationships between wavelengths and depths of the investigation sources. Furthermore, the developed iterative process allowed to determine the average depth of the crust-mantle interface, the density contrast at the interface, and the minimum and maximum frequencies used in the signal filtering process, making the model more robust for defining the used constants. The average crustal thickness of the Amazonian Craton was estimated as 40.25 km, with a standard deviation of the differences of 4.91 km, compared to crustal thickness defined by the seismological data. The estimated model shows great consistency with the data set used while allowing important inferences about craton compartmentation. Also, the geological provinces displayed an N-S connecting trend under the Amazonas, Solimões, and Acre basins, correlating the Guyana Shield with the Central Brazil Shield. Additionally, we observed various tectonic cycles acting on the craton while significantly modifying the structure of the provinces, possibly removing cratonic roots and rejuvenating the crust in older provinces.
DS202203-0362
2022
Fuck, R.A.Peireira, R.S., de Carvallo, L.D.V., Fuck, R.A.Primary source of alluvial diamonds from the Santo Antonio do Bonito, Santo Inacio and Douradinho rivers, Coromandel region, Minas Gerais, Brazil.Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 111, 15p. PdfSouth America, Brazil, Minas Geraisdeposit - Coromandel

Abstract: In the midwestern Minas Gerais, Brazil, kimberlite intrusions, particularly kamafugite and alkaline complexes, occur along the NW-SE-oriented Alto Paranaíba structural high. Diamonds in this region were discovered in the Bagagem River and later in the alluvial deposits of the Santo Antônio do Bonito, Santo Inácio and Douradinho rivers. Diamond-bearing kimberlites observed in the region are the primary sources of diamond deposits, as in the case of the Vargem Bonita diggings-in the upper São Francisco River. However, the primary sources of the alluvial diamonds that occur in the Santo Antônio do Bonito, Santo Inácio, and Douradinho rivers have not been clarified. These diamond populations have characteristics common to all three drainage area, where large stones are frequently recovered. Diamond accumulation in the alluvium is due to the erosion and re-concentration of material from basal conglomerate of the Capacete Formation. There is evidence that the sources that fed the conglomerate are local diamond-bearing kimberlites of approximately 90-120 Ma underlying the Capacete Formation, which in an upper unit of the Mata da Corda Group. Recent fieldwork led to the location of a kimberlite intrusion in the Santo Inácio River Basin, southeast of Coromandel. The intrusion fulfills the requirements constituting a primary source of diamonds in the area.
DS201707-1332
2016
Fude, L.Guowu, L., Guangming, Y., Fude, L., Ming, X., Xiangkun, G., Baoming, P., Fourestier, J.Fluorcalciopyrochlore, a new mineral species from Bayan Obo, inner Mongolia, P.R. China.The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 54, pp. 1285-1291.China, Mongoliacarbonatite - Bayan Obo

Abstract: Fluorcalciopyrochlore, ideally (Ca,Na)2Nb2O6F, cubic, is a new mineral species (IMA2013-055) occurring in the Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE deposit, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. The mineral is found in a dolomite-type niobium rare-earth ore deposit. Associated minerals are dolomite, aegirine, riebeckite, diopside, fluorite, baryte, phlogopite, britholite-(Ce), bastnäsite-(Ce), zircon, magnetite, pyrite, fersmite, columbite-(Fe), monazite-(Ce), rutile, and others. Crystals mostly form as octahedra {111}, dodecahedra {110}, and cubes {100}, or combinations thereof, and generally range in size from 0.01 to 0.3 mm. It is brownish-yellow to reddish-orange in color with a light yellow streak. Crystals of fluorcalciopyrochlore are translucent to transparent with an adamantine to greasy luster on fractured surfaces. It has a conchoidal fracture. No parting or cleavage was observed. The Mohs hardness is 5, and the calculated density is 4.34(1) g/cm3. The empirical formula is (Ca1.14Na0.74Ce0.06Sr0.03Th0.01Fe0.01Y0.01La0.01Nd0.01)?2.02(Nb1.68Ti0.29Zr0.02Sn0.01)?2.00O6.00(F0.92O0.08)?1.00 on the basis of 7(O,F) anions pfu. The simplified formula is (Ca,Na)2Nb2O6F. The strongest four reflections in the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in Å (I) hkl] are: 6.040 (9) 1 1 1, 3.017 (100) 2 2 2, 2.613 (17) 0 0 4, 1.843 (29) 0 4 4, and 1.571 (15) 2 2 6. The unit-cell parameters are a 10.4164(9) Å, V 1130.2(2) Å3, Z = 8. The structure was solved and refined in space group FdEmbedded Image m with R = 0.05. The type material is deposited in the Geological Museum of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China, catalogue number M12182.
DS201610-1840
2016
Fuechsle, M.Aravanis, T., Chen, J., Fuechsle, M., Grujic, M., Johnston, P., Kok, Y., Magaraggia, R., Mann, A., Mann, L., McIntoshm S., Rheinberger, G., Saxey, D., Smalley, M., van Kann, F., Walker, G., Winterflood, J.VK1 tm - a next generation airborne gravity gradiometer.ASEG-PESA-AIG 2016 25th Geophysical Conference, Abstract 5p.TechnologyGradiometer

Abstract: The minerals exploration industry’s demand for a highly precise airborne gravity gradiometer has driven development of the VK1TM Airborne Gravity Gradiometer, a collaborative effort by Rio Tinto and the University of Western Australia. VK1TM aims to provide gravity gradient data with lower uncertainty and higher spatial resolution than current commercial systems. In the recent years of VK1TM development, there have been significant improvements in hardware, signal processing and data processing which have combined to result in a complete AGG system that is approaching competitive survey-ready status. This paper focuses on recent improvements. Milestone-achieving data from recent lab-based and moving-platform trials will be presented and discussed, along with details of some advanced data processing techniques that are required to make the most use of the data.
DS2000-0945
2000
Fuenzalida, A.Taboada, A., Rivera, L., Fuenzalida, A., et al.Geodynamics of the northern Andes: subductions and intracontinental deformation (Colombia).Tectonics, Vol. 19, No. 3, Oct. pp. 787-813.ColombiaTectonics, Subduction - not specific to diamonds
DS1985-0204
1985
Fuge, R.Fuge, R., Andrews, M.J.The Automated Photometric Determination of Total Fluorine In Mineral Exploration.Journal of Geochemical Exploration., Vol. 23, PP. 293-297.GlobalKimberlite Prospecting
DS1996-0038
1996
Fuge, R.Appleton, J.D., Fuge, R., McCall, G.J.H.Environmental geochemistry and healthGeological Society of London, No. 113, 270pAfricaEnvironment, geochemistry, health, Table of contents
DS1996-1608
1996
Fugzan, M.M.Zinkevich, V.P., Rikhter, A.V., Fugzan, M.M.40 Ar-39 Ar dating of east Kamchatka metamorphic rocksDoklady Academy of Sciences, Vol. 333, pp. 78-82.Russia, KamchatkaGeochronology, Argon, Metamorphic rocks
DS1987-0227
1987
Fuhrbach, J.Fuhrbach, J.Want to buy a 'hot diamond'?Gems and Gemology, Vol. 23, No. 2, Summer, p. 111GlobalRadioactivity induced, Irradiation
DS1997-0362
1997
Fuijita, K.Fuijita, K., Stone, D.M., Layer, P.W., Parfenov, KozminCooperative program helps decipher tectonics of northeastern RussiaEos, Vol. 78, No. 24, June 17, p. 245, 252-54.RussiaTectonics, Siberian Platform
DS1993-0470
1993
Fuis, G.S.Fuis, G.S., Clowes, R.M.Comparison of deep structure along three transects of the western American continental margin.Tectonics, Vol. 12, No. 6, December pp. 1420-1435.Cordillera, California, Alaska, British ColumbiaTectonics
DS1993-0471
1993
Fuis, G.S.Fuis, G.S., Clowes, R.M.Comparison of deep structure along three transects of the western North American continental margin.Tectonics, Vol. 12, No. 6, December pp. 1420-1435.Cordillera, North AmericaTectonics, Transects, Structure
DS1998-0455
1998
Fuis, G.S.Fuis, G.S.West margin of North America - a synthesis of recent seismic transectsTectonophysics, Vol. 288, No. 1-4, Mar. pp. 265-?North America, British ColumbiaTectonics, Geophysics - seismic
DS1989-1087
1989
Fujibayashi, N.Nago, T., Fujibayashi, N.Highly potassic lamprophyre from the Sera Plateau In the ChugokuMountains, southwest Japan.*JPN.Ganko, *JPN., Vol. 84, No. 8, pp. 70-277JapanMinette, Potassic lamprophyre
DS1990-0498
1990
FujiiFujii, KeizoResearch on mineral deposits associated with carbonatite in BrasilJapan Geological Survey Chishitsu Chosajo Geppo, stated articles are in, Vol. 41, No. 11, pp. 619-650?BrazilCarbonatite, Research
DS1975-0280
1976
Fujii, T.Fujii, T.Solubility of Al203 in Enstatite Coexisting with For sterite and Spinel.Carnegie Institute Yearbook, FOR 1975, PP. 566-571.GlobalMineralogy
DS1981-0165
1981
Fujii, T.Fujii, T., Scarfe, C.M.Petrology and Ultramafic Nodules from Boss Mountain, Central British Columbia.Geological Association of Canada (GAC), No. 6, P. A20. (ABSTRACT VOLUME).Canada, British ColumbiaPetrology
DS1981-0166
1981
Fujii, T.Fujii, T., Scarfe, C.M.Partial Melting of Spinel Lherzolite and its Bearing on The origin of Morbs.Geological Society of America (GSA), Vol. 13, No. 7, P. 456. (abstract.)L.Canada, British ColumbiaPetrology
DS1982-0213
1982
Fujii, T.Fujii, T., Scarfe, C.M.Petrology of Ultramafic Nodules from West Kettle River, Near Kelowna, Southern British Columbia.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 80, No. 4, PP. 297-306.Canada, British ColumbiaPetrology, Websterite, Inclusions, Basanite, Mineralogy
DS1984-0174
1984
Fujii, T.Brearley, M., Scarfe, C.M., Fujii, T.The Petrology of Ultramafic Xenoliths from Summit Lake, Near Prince George British Columbia.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 88, PP. 53-63.Canada, British ColumbiaBasanite, Microprobe Analyses, Nodules, Spinel Lherzolite, Wehrlite
DS1985-0205
1985
Fujii, T.Fujii, T., Scarfe, C.M.Composition of Liquids Coexisting with Spinel Lherzolite At10 Kbar and the Genesis of Morbs.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 90, No. 1, PP. 18-28.GlobalPetrology
DS1998-1614
1998
Fujii, T.Yasuda, A., Fujii, T.Ascending subducted oceanic crust entwined with mantle plumesGeophysical Research Letters, Vol. 25, No. 10, May 15, p. 1561-MantlePlumes, Subduction
DS2002-1102
2002
Fujii, T.Mube, K., Fujii, T., Yasuda, A.Composition of aqueous fluid coexisting with mantle minerals at high pressure and its bearing on the differentiation of the Earth's mantle.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol.66,12, June pp. 2273-86.MantleGeochemistry - melt
DS2003-0701
2003
Fujii, T.Kenji, M., Takashi, O., Yasuda, A., Fujii, T.Connectivity of aqueous fluid in eclogite and its implications for fluid migration in theJournal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 108, B6, 10.1029/2002JB001960 June 6MantleEclogite, Water
DS200412-0973
2003
Fujii, T.Kenji, M., Takashi, O., Yasuda, A., Fujii, T.Connectivity of aqueous fluid in eclogite and its implications for fluid migration in the Earth's interior.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 108, B6, 10.1029/2002 JB001960 June 6MantleEclogite Water
DS200612-0913
2006
Fujii, T.Mibe, K., Fujii, T., Yasuda, A., Ono, S.Mg Fe partitioning between olivine and ultramafic melts at high pressures.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 70, 3, Feb. 1, pp. 757-766.MantleMagmatism
DS200612-0915
2006
Fujii, T.Mibe, K., Orihashi, Y., Nakai, S., Fujii, T.Element partitioning between transition zone minerals and ultramafic melt under hydrous conditions.Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 33, 16, August 28, L16307.MantleWater
DS1980-0037
1980
Fujimaki, H.Aoki, K.I., Fujimaki, H., Kitamura, M.Exsolved Garnet Bearing Pyroxene Megacrysts from Some South african Kimberlites.Lithos, Vol. 13, PP. 269-279.South AfricaPetrography
DS1983-0238
1983
Fujimaki, H.Fujimaki, H., Tatsumoto, M., Aoki, K.Partition Coefficients of Hafnium, Zirconium and Rare Earth Elements (ree) Phenocrysts and Gro Undmasses.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 89, Feb. 15TH. SUPPL. PP. 662-672.GlobalGeochemistry, Rare Earth Elements (ree), Kimberlite
DS1984-0111
1984
Fujimaki, H.Aoki, K.I., Fujimaki, H.rare earth elements (REE) ABUNDANCES in EXSOLVED GARNET BEARING CLINOPYROXENE MEGACRYSTS from BELLSBANK KIMBERLITE (SOUTH AFRICA).Chemical Geology, Vol. 45, PP. 165-171.South AfricaSpectrometry, Analyses
DS1988-0777
1988
Fujimori, N.Yoshioka, T., Imai, O., Ohara, H., Doi, A., Fujimori, N.Thin solid films of ceramic and diamond and their applicationSurf. Coat. Technol, Vol. 36, No. 1-2, pp. 311-318GlobalDiamond applications/coatings
DS1990-0578
1990
Fujimori, N.Glass, J.T., Messier, R., Fujimori, N.Diamond, silicon carbide and related wideband gap semiconductors.Symposium held Nov. 1989 BostonMaterials Research Society, Vol. 162, 650p. Table of contents availableGlobalMaterials research, Diamond uses electronics
DS2001-0783
2001
FujinoMiyajima, N., Yagi, Hirose, Kondo, Fujino, MiuraPotential host phase of aluminum and potassium in the Earth's lower mantleAmerican Mineralogist, Vol. 86, pp. 740-46.MantleAlkali earth elements
DS1975-0232
1976
Fujino, K.Aoki, K., Fujino, K., Akaogi, M.Titanochondrite and Titanoclinohumite Derived from the Upper Mantle in the Buell Park Kimberlite, Arizona.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 56, PP. 243-253.GlobalKimberlite, Colorado Plateau, Rocky Mountains
DS1995-0914
1995
Fujino, K.Karato, S.i., Wang, Z., Liu, B., Fujino, K.Plastic deformation of garnets: systematics and implications for the rheology of the mantle transitionEarth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 130, No. 1-4, Feb. pp. 13-30.MantleTransition zone, Garnet petrography
DS2000-0306
2000
Fujino, K.Funamori, N., Jeanloz, R., Fujino, K.Mineral assemblages of basalt in the lower mantleJournal of Geophysical Research, Vol.105, No.11, Nov.10, pp.26037-MantleLithosphere - mineral chemistry
DS2002-0808
2002
Fujino, K.Kamon, T., Fujino, K., Miura, H., Kubo, A., Katsura, T., Ito, E.Phase relations and structure variations in Ca Ti O3 Ca SiO3 perovskite18th. International Mineralogical Association Sept. 1-6, Edinburgh, abstract p.76.MantleUHP mineralogy - perovskite
DS200412-0590
2004
Fujino, K.Fujino, K., sasaki, Y., Komori, T., Ogawa, H., Miyajima, N., Sata, N., Yagi, T.Approach to the mineralogy of the lower mantle by a combined method of a laser heated diamond anvil cell experiment and analyticPhysics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 143-144, pp. 215-221.MantleMineralogy - experimental
DS200612-1263
2006
Fujino, K.Seto, Y., Hamane, D., Nagai, T., Fujino, K.The fate of carbonates with subducted slabs into the lower mantle and a possible formation of diamonds.International Mineralogical Association 19th. General Meeting, held Kobe, Japan July 23-28 2006, Abstract p. 130.MantleDiamond genesis, subduction
DS200712-1061
2006
Fujino, K.Takafuji, N., Fujino, K., Nagai, T., Seto, Y., Hamane, D.Decarbonation reaction of magnesite in subduction slabs at the lower mantle.Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, Vol. 33, 10, pp. 651-654.MantleSubduction
DS200712-1062
2006
Fujino, K.Takafuji, N., Fujino, K., Nagai, T., Seto, Y., Hamane, D.Decarbonation reaction of magnesite in subducting slabs at the lower mantle.Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, Vol. 33, 10, pp. 651-654.MantleSubduction
DS200812-0474
2008
Fujino, K.Hirose, K., Takafur, N., Fujino, K., Shieh, S.R., Duffy, T.S.Iron partitioning between perovskite and post peroovskite: a transmission electron microscope study.American Mineralogist, Vol. 93, pp. 1678-1681.MantlePhase transition
DS200812-1042
2008
Fujino, K.Seto, Y., Hamane, D., Nagai, T., Fujino, K.Fate of carbonates within oceanic plates subducted to the lower mantle, and a possible mechanism of diamond formation.Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, Vol. 35, 4, pp. 223-229.MantleUHP, Diamond genesis
DS201112-0751
2011
Fujino, K.Obuchi, T., Karato, S-I., Fujino, K.Strength of single crystal orthopyroxene under lithospheric conditions.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 161, pp. 961-975.MantleConvection
DS201112-0990
2011
Fujino, K.Spengler, D., Nishihara, Y., Fujino, K.Super Si garnet breakdown kinetics and implications for craton evolution.Goldschmidt Conference 2011, abstract p.1921.MantleConvection
DS201412-0646
2014
Fujino, K.Ohta, K., Fujino, K., Kuwayama, Y., Kondo, T., Shimizu, K., Ohishi, Y.Highly conductive iron rich (Mg, Fe) O magnesiowustite and its stability in the Earth's lower mantle.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 119, no. 6, pp. 4656-4665.MantleMineralogy
DS201412-0647
2014
Fujino, K.Ohuchi, T., Fujino, K., Kawazoe, T., Irifune, T.Crystallographic preferred orientation of wadsleyite and ringwoodite: effects of phase transformation and water on seismic anisotropy in the mantle transition zone.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 397, pp. 133-144.MantleMineral chemistry
DS201811-2597
2018
Fujino, K.Ohuchi, T., Lei, X., Higo, Y., Tange, Y., Sakai, T., Fujino, K.Semi-brittle behavior of wet olivine aggregates: the role of aqueous fluid in faulting at upper mantle pressures.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 173, 21p. Doi.org/10.1007/s00410-018-1515-9Mantlesubduction

Abstract: The role of aqueous fluid in fracturing in subducting slabs was investigated through a series of deformation experiments on dunite that was undersaturated (i.e., fluid-free) or saturated with water (i.e., aqueous-fluid bearing) at pressures of 1.0-1.8 GPa and temperatures of 670-1250 K, corresponding to the conditions of the shallower regions of the double seismic zone in slabs. In situ X-ray diffraction, radiography, and acoustic emissions (AEs) monitoring demonstrated that semi-brittle flow associated with AEs was dominant and the creep/failure strength of dunite was insensitive to the dissolved water content in olivine. In contrast, aqueous fluid drastically decreased the creep/failure strength of dunite (up to ~ 1 GPa of weakening) over a wide range of temperatures in the semi-brittle regime. Weakening of the dunite by the aqueous fluid resulted in the reduction of the number of AE events (i.e., suppression of microcracking) and shortening of time to failure. The AE hypocenters were located at the margin of the deforming sample while the interior of the faulted sample was aseismic (i.e., aseismic semi-brittle flow) under water-saturated conditions. A faulting (slip rate of ~ 10?³ to 10?? s?¹) associated with a large drop of stress (?? ~ 0.5 to 1 GPa) and/or pressure (?P ~ 0.5 GPa) was dominant in fluid-free dunite, while a slow faulting (slip rate < 8 × 10?? s?¹) without any stress/pressure drop was common in water-saturated dunite. Aseismic semi-brittle flow may mimic silent ductile flow under water-saturated conditions in subducting slabs.
DS201511-1840
2015
Fujishima, A.Harada, Y., Hishinuma, R., Terashima, C., Uetsuka, H., Nakata, K., Kondo, T., Yuasa, M., Fujishima, A.Rapid growth of diamond and its morphology by in-liquid plasma CVD.Diamond and Related Materials, in press available, 16p.TechnologySynthetics

Abstract: Diamond synthesis and its morphology by in-liquid plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method are investigated in this study. Diamond films were grown on Si substrates from mixed alcohol solution. Very high growth rate of 170 ?m/h was achieved by this method. Microcrystalline and nanocrystalline diamond films were formed in different conditions. In the case of microcrystalline film, the shapes of diamond grains depend on the location in the film. All morphological differences in this study can be explained by the same mechanism of conventional gas phase CVD method. It means diamond morphology by in-liquid plasma CVD method can be controlled by process parameters as well as gas phase CVD method.
DS2001-0662
2001
FujitaLayer, P.W., Newberry, Fujita, Parfenov, TrunlinaTectonic setting of the plutonic belts of Yakutia, northeast Russia based on 40 Ar 39 Ar geochronology..Geology, Vol. 29, No. 2, Feb. pp. 167-70.Russia, YakutiaGeochemistry - trace element, Subduction - not specific to diamonds
DS1991-0520
1991
Fujita, K.Fujita, K., Sleep, N.H.A re-examination of the seismicity of MichiganTectonophysics, Vol. 186, No. 1-2, February 1, pp. 75-106MichiganBlank
DS1992-1484
1992
Fujita, K.Stone, D.B., Crumley, S.G., Fujita, K., Parfenov, L.M.Joint paleogeographic studies in Yakutia and the Russian far East: tectonicimplicationsEos Transactions, Vol. 73, No. 14, April 7, supplement abstracts p. 209Russia, YakutiaCraton, Structure
DS1994-0243
1994
Fujita, K.Cambray, F.W., Fujita, K.The midcontinent rift and Grenville connectionGeological Society of America Abstracts, Vol. 26, No. 5, April p. 7. Abstract.GlobalGeophysics -gravity, Tectonics
DS1998-0915
1998
Fujita, K.Mackey, K.G., Fujita, K., Ruff, L.J.Crustal thickness of northeast RussiaTectonophysics, Vol. 284, No. 3-4, Jan. 30, pp. 283-298.Russia, SiberiaTectonics, Crust
DS201312-0283
2013
Fujita, K.Fujita, K., Ogawa, M.A preliminary numerical study on water-circulation in convecting mantle with magmatism and tectonic plates.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 216, pp. 1-11.MantleMagmatism, Convection
DS1992-0495
1992
Fukao, Y.Fukao, Y., Obayashi, M., Inoue, H., Nenbai, M.Subducting slabs stagnant in the mantle transition zoneJournal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, No. B 4, April 10, pp. 4809-4822MantleModel transition zone, Subduction -slabs
DS1994-0556
1994
Fukao, Y.Fukao, Y., Maruyama, S., Obayashi, M., Inoue, H.Geologic implication of the whole mantle P wave tomographyJournal of the Geological Society of Japan, Vol. 100, No. 1, January pp. 4-23MantleTomography, Geophysics -seismics
DS1994-0557
1994
Fukao, Y.Fukao, Y., Maruyama, S., Obayashi, M., Inoue, H.Geologic implication of the whole mantle P wave tomographyJournal of the Geological Society of Japan, Vol. 100, No. 1, January pp. 4-23.MantleTomography, Geophysics -seismics
DS2001-0345
2001
Fukao, Y.Fukao, Y., Widiyantoro, S., Obayahi, M.Stagnant slabs in the upper and lower mantle transition regionReviews of Geophysics, Vol. 39, No. 3, Aug. pp. 291-324.MantleSlabs, Melting, subduction
DS2003-1017
2003
Fukao, Y.Niu, Fenglin, Kawakatsu, H., Fukao, Y.Seismic evidence for a chemical heterogeneity in the mid mantle: a strong and slightlyJournal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 108, B9, 10.1029/2002JB002384MantleGeophysics - seismics
DS200412-0591
2004
Fukao, Y.Fukao, Y., Koyama, T., Obayashi, M., Utada, H.Trans Pacific temperature field in the mantle transition region derived from seismic and electromagnetic tomography.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 217, 3-4, Jan. 15, pp.425-434.MantleGeophysics - seismics
DS200412-1440
2003
Fukao, Y.Niu, Fenglin, Kawakatsu, H., Fukao, Y.Seismic evidence for a chemical heterogeneity in the mid mantle: a strong and slightly dipping seismic reflector beneath the MarJournal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 108, B9, 10.1029/2002 JB002384MantleGeophysics - seismics
DS200512-0583
2005
Fukao, Y.Kuge, K., Fukao, Y.High velocity lid of East Antarctica: evidence of a depleted continental lithosphere.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 110, B6, June 18, B06309 10.1029/2004 JB003382AntarcticaGeophysics - seismics
DS200612-0995
2006
Fukao, Y.Obayashi, M., Sugioka, H., Yoshimitsu, J., Fukao, Y.High temperature anomalies oceanward of subducting slabs at the 410 km discontinuity.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 243, 1-2, Mar 15, pp. 149-158.MantleSubduction
DS200812-1149
2008
Fukao, Y.Takaku, M., Fukao, Y.Fluid mechanical representation of plate boundaries in mantle convection modeling.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 166, 1-2, pp. 44-56.MantleConvection
DS200912-0234
2009
Fukao, Y.Fukao, Y., Obayashi, M., Nakakuki, T.Stagnant slab: a review.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol. 37, pp. 19-46.MantleSubduction
DS200912-0543
2009
Fukao, Y.Obayashi, M., Yoshimitsu, J., Fukao, Y.Tearing of stagnant slab.Science, Vol. 324, 5931, pp. 1173-1175.JapanSubduction
DS200912-0782
2009
Fukao, Y.Utada, H., Koyama, T., Obayashi, M., Fukao, Y.A joint interpretation of electromagnetic and seismic tomography models suggest the mantle transition zone below Europe is dry.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 281, 3-4, May 15, pp. 249-257.EuropeGeophysics - seismics
DS201412-0257
2013
Fukao, Y.Fukao, Y., Obayashi, M.Subducted slabs stagnant above, penetrating through, and trapped below the 660 km discontinuity.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 118, 11, pp. 5920-5938.MantleSubduction
DS201412-0644
2013
Fukao, Y.Obayashi, M., Yoshimitsu, J., Noelt, G., Fukao, Y., Shiobara, H., Sugioka, H., Miyamachi, H., Gao, Y.Finite frequency whole mantle P wave tomography: improvement of subducted slab images.Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 40, 21, pp. 5652-5657.MantleTomography
DS2002-1172
2002
Fukasawa, K.Ogasawara, Y., Ohta, M., Fukasawa, K., Katayama, I., Maruyama, S.Petrology of diamond bearing dolomite marble from Kumdy KolFrontiers Science Series, University Academy Press, Vol. 38, pp. 191-212.ChinaPetrology
DS200412-1458
2002
Fukasawa, K.Ogasawara, Y., Ohta, M., Fukasawa, K., Katayama, I., Maruyama, S.Petrology of diamond bearing dolomite marble from Kumdy Kol.Frontiers Science Series, University Academy Press, Vol. 38, pp. 191-212.ChinaPetrology
DS200812-0631
2007
Fukert, S.Lang, A.R., Bulanova, G.P., Fisher, D., Fukert, S., Saruna, A.Defects in a mixed habit Yakutian diamond: studies by optical and cathodluminescence microscopy, infrared absorption, Raman Scattering and photoluminesence spectJournal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 309, 2, pp. 170-180.TechnologySpectroscopy
DS202008-1428
2020
Fukuba, K.Nishiyama, T., Ohfuji, H., Fukuba, K., Terauchi, M., Nishi, U., Harada, K., Unoki, K., Moribe, Y., Yoshiasa, A., Ishimaru, S., Mori, Y., Shigeno, M., Arai, S.Microdiamond in a low grade metapelite from a Cretaceous subduction complex, western Kyushu, Japan. ( UHP) Nishisonogi unitNature Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, 11645 11p. PdfAsia, Japanmicrodiamond

Abstract: Microdiamonds in metamorphic rocks are a signature of ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism that occurs mostly at continental collision zones. Most UHP minerals, except coesite and microdiamond, have been partially or completely retrogressed during exhumation; therefore, the discovery of coesite and microdiamond is crucial to identify UHP metamorphism and to understand the tectonic history of metamorphic rocks. Microdiamonds typically occur as inclusions in minerals such as garnet. Here we report the discovery of microdiamond aggregates in the matrix of a metapelite from the Nishisonogi unit, Nagasaki Metamorphic Complex, western Kyushu, Japan. The Nishisonogi unit represents a Cretaceous subduction complex which has been considered as an epidote-blueschist subfacies metamorphic unit, and the metapelite is a member of a serpentinite mélange in the Nishisonogi unit. The temperature condition for the Nishisonogi unit is 450 °C, based on the Raman micro-spectroscopy of graphite. The coexistence of microdiamond and Mg-carbonates suggests the precipitation of microdiamond from C-O-H fluid under pressures higher than 2.8 GPa. This is the first report of metamorphic microdiamond from Japan, which reveals the hidden UHP history of the Nishisonogi unit. The tectonic evolution of Kyushu in the Japanese Archipelago should be reconsidered based on this finding.
DS200412-1461
2004
Fukui, H.Ohtaka, O., Shimono, M., Ohnisi, N., Fukui, H., Takebe, H., Arima, H., Yamanaka, T.,Kikegawa, T., Kume, S.HIP production of a diamond/ SiC composite and application to high pressure anvils.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 143-144, pp. 587-591.TechnologyUHP
DS202007-1182
2020
Fukui, H.Tanaka, R., Sakamaki, T., Ohtani, E., Fukui, H., Kamada, S., Suzuki, A., Tsutsui, S., Uchiyama, H., Baron, A.Q.R.The sound velocity of wustite at high pressures: implications for low-velocity anomalies at the base of the lower mantle.Progress in Earth and Planetary Science, Vol. 7, 23, 7p. PdfMantlewustite

Abstract: The longitudinal sound velocity (VP) and the density (?) of wüstite, FeO, were measured at pressures of up to 112.3?GPa and temperatures of up to 1700?K using both inelastic X-ray scattering and X-ray diffraction combined with a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell. The linear relationship between VP and ?, Birch’s law, for wüstite can be expressed as VP = 1.55 (1) × ? [g/cm3] ? 2.03 (8) [km/s] at 300?K and VP = 1.61 (1) × ? [kg/m3] ? 2.82 (10) [km/s] at 1700?K. The sound velocity of wüstite is significantly lower than that of bridgmanite and ferropericlase under lower mantle conditions. In other words, the existence of wüstite in the lower mantle can efficiently decrease the seismic velocity. Considering its slow velocity and several mechanisms for the formation of FeO-rich regions at the core-mantle boundary, we confirm earlier suggestions indicating that wüstite enrichment at the bottom of the Earth’s mantle may contribute to the formation of denser ultra-low velocity zones.
DS1987-0228
1987
Fukunaga, K.Fukunaga, K., Matsuda, J., Nagao, K., Miyamoto, N., Ito, K.Noble gas enrichment in vapour growth diamonds and the origin of Diamonds in urelitesNature, Vol. 328, No. 6126, July 9, pp. 141-143GlobalMeteorites, Diamond
DS1991-1076
1991
Fukunaga, K.Matsuda, J., Fukunaga, K., Ito, K.Noble gas studies in vapor growth diamonds: comparison with shock produced diamonds and the origin of diamonds in ureilitesGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 55, pp. 2011-2023GlobalSynthetic diamonds, CVD., Ureilites
DS1982-0309
1982
Fukunaga, O.Kanda, H., Fukunaga, O.Growth of Large Diamond CrystalsAdvances In Earth And Plan. Sci., Vol. 12, PP. 525-535.GlobalDiamond Morphology
DS1988-0230
1988
Fukunaga, O.Fukunaga, O., Nakamura, K.Synthesis of diamond. *JAPPatent: JPN Kokai Tokkyo Koho 88158126 A2, July 1, 1988 3p. JAP, GlobalDiamond synthesis
DS1989-0744
1989
Fukunaga, O.Kanda, H., Ohsawa, T., Fukunaga, O., Sunagawa, I.Effect of solvent metals upon the morphology of synthetic diamonds #1Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 94, pp. 115-124GlobalDiamond synthesis, Diamond morphology
DS200612-0418
2006
Fukura, S.Fukura, S., Kagi, H., Nakagawa, T.Photoluminescence, Rama and infrared studies of carbonado.International Mineralogical Association 19th. General Meeting, held Kobe, Japan July 23-28 2006, Abstract p. 138.Africa, Central African Republic, South America, BrazilCarbonado - morphology
DS200612-0653
2006
Fukura, S.Kagi, H., Fukura, S., Nakai, M., Sugiyama, K.Development of a Built in scanning near field microscope head for an atomic force microscope system and its application to natural polycrystalline diamondsInternational Mineralogical Association 19th. General Meeting, held Kobe, Japan July 23-28 2006, Abstract p. 114.TechnologyCarbonado
DS200812-0533
2008
Fukura, S.Kagi, H., Fukura, S.Infrared and Raman spectroscopic observations of central African carbonado and implications for its origin.European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 387-393.Africa, Central African RepublicCarbonado
DS200912-0544
2009
Fukura, S.Odake, S., Fukura, S., Arakawa, S., Ohta, M., Harte, B., Kagi, H.Divalent chromium in ferropericlase inclusions in lower mantle diamonds revealed by morco XANES measurements.Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, Vol. 103, 5, pp. 350-353.TechnologyDiamond inclusions
DS201012-0332
2009
Fukura, S.Kagi, H., Odake, S., Fukura, S., Zedgenizov, D.A.Raman spectroscopic estimation of depth of diamond origin: technical developments and the application.Russian Geology and Geophysics, Vol. 50, 12, pp. 1183-1187.TechnologyDiamond genesis
DS1998-1423
1998
Fukushima, H.Sungagawa, I., Yasuda, T., Fukushima, H.Fingerprinting of two diamonds cut from the same roughGems and Gemology, Vol. 34, Winter, pp. 270-83.GlobalDiamond morphology, Topography, tomography, crystallography
DS1989-1343
1989
Fukuyama, H.Sato, H., Sacks, I.S., Murase, T., Muncill, G., Fukuyama, H.Qp-melting temperature relation in peridotite at high pressure andtemperature: attenuation mechanism And implications for the mech. prop. of The upper mantleJournal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 94, No. B8, August 10, pp. 10, 647-10, 661GlobalMantle, Peridotite -experimental
DS201809-2023
2018
Fukuyama, K.Fukuyama, K., Kagi, H., Inoue, T., Shinmei, T., Kakizawa, S., Takahata, N., Sano, Y.in corporation of nitrogen into lower mantle minerals under high pressure and high temperature.Goldschmidt Conference, 1p. AbstractMantlenitrogen

Abstract: Nitrogen occupies about 80% of the Earth 's atmosphere and had an impact on the climate in the early Earth. However, the behavior of nitrogen especially in the deep Earth is still unclear. Nitrogen is depleted compared to other volatile elements in deep mantle (Marty et al., 2012). "Missing" nitrogen is an important subject in earth science. In this study, we compared nitrogen incorporation into lower-mantle minerals (bridgmanite, periclase and stishovite) from high-temperature high-pressure experiment using multianvil apparatus installed at Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University under the conditions of 27 GPa and 1600°C-1900°C. In these experiments, we used Fe-FeO buffer in order to reproduce the redox state of the lower mantle. Two types of starting materials: a powder mixture of SiO2 and MgO and a powder mixture of SiO2, MgO, Al2O3 and Mg(OH)2 were used for starting materials. Nitrogen in recovered samples was analyzed using NanoSIMS installed at Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute. A series of experimental results revealed that stishovite and periclase can incorporate more nitrogen than bridgmanite. This suggests that periclase, the major mineral in the lower mantle, may be a nitrogen reservoir. Furthermore, the results suggest that stishovite, which is formed by the transition of the SiO2-rich oceanic crustal sedimentary rocks transported to the lower mantle via subducting slabs, can incorporate more nitrogen than bridgmanite (20 ppm nitrogen solubility reported by Yoshioka et al. (2018)). Our study suggests that nitrogen would continue to be supplied to the lower mantle via subducting slabs since approximate 4 billion years ago when the plate tectonics had begun, forming a "Hidden" nitrogen reservoir in the lower mantle.
DS1986-0844
1986
Fulde, P.Vonderlinden, H., Fulde, P., Bohnene, K.P.Efficient approach to the abinitio Hartree Rock problem ofsolids, with application to diamond and siliconPhys. Rev. B., Vol. 34, No. 2, July 15, pp. 1063-1070GlobalDiamond morphology
DS1983-0515
1983
Fulfaro, V.J.Petri, S., Fulfaro, V.J.Geologia Do BrasilT.a. Quieroz, Editor Ltda. Rua Joaquim Floriano, 733-4, 0453, 631P.BrazilRegional Geology, Kimberley
DS201501-0010
2003
FulgroFulgroHeliFALCONtm gravity gradiometer Gahcho Kue kimberlite pipes. ( Kennady Lake JV)fugro.com, 2p.Canada, Northwest TerritoriesDeposit - Gahcho Kue geophysics
DS1996-0742
1996
Fullagar, P.King, A., Fullagar, P., Lamontagne, Y.Borehole geophysics in exploration, development and productionProspectors and Developers Association of Canada (PDAC) Short Course, pp. 239-252CanadaGeophysics -borehole, drillhole, Short course -Exploration technology
DS1960-1104
1969
Fullagar, P.D.Fullagar, P.D., Bottino, M.L.Tertiary Felsic Intrusions in the Valley and Ridge Province, Virginia.Geological Society of America (GSA) Bulletin., Vol. 80, No. 9, PP. 1853-1858.United States, Appalachia, VirginiaGeology
DS1992-1043
1992
Fullagar, P.D.Meen, J.K., Rogers, J.J.W., Fullagar, P.D.Lead isotopic compositions of the Western Dharwar Craton, southern India:evidence for the distinct Middle Archean terranes in a Late Archean cratonGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 56, No. 6, June, pp. 2455-2470IndiaGeochronology, Craton
DS2003-0219
2003
Fullagar, P.D.Carrigan, C.W., Miller, C.F., Fullagar, P.D., Bream, B.R., Hatcher, R.D., CoathIon microprobe age and geochemistry of southern Appalachian basement, withPrecambrian Research, Vol. 120, 1-2, pp. 1-36.Appalachia, United StatesGeochronology
DS200412-0285
2003
Fullagar, P.D.Carrigan, C.W., Miller, C.F., Fullagar, P.D., Bream, B.R., Hatcher, R.D., Coath, C.D.Ion microprobe age and geochemistry of southern Appalachian basement, with implications for Proterozoic and Paleozoic reconstrucPrecambrian Research, Vol. 120, 1-2, pp. 1-36.United StatesGeochronology
DS1992-0496
1992
Fullagar, P.K.Fullagar, P.K., Reid, J.E.Conductivity - depth transformations of fixed loop TEM dataExploration Geophysics, Bulletin. Austalian Society of Exploration, Vol. 23, No. 3, September pp. 515-520AustraliaGeophysics, TEM.
DS1992-0497
1992
Fullagar, P.K.Fullagar, P.K., Reid, J.E.Conductivity -depth transformations of fixed loop TEM dataAustralian Society of Exploration Geophysics, Vol. September pp. 515-520GlobalGeophysics -TEM.
DS2003-0208
2003
Fullagar, P.K.Cao, J., He, Z., Zhu, J., Fullagar, P.K.Conductivity tomography at two frequenciesGeophysics, Vol. 68, 2, pp. 516-22.MantleGeophysics - seismics
DS200412-0269
2003
Fullagar, P.K.Cao, J., He, Z., Zhu, J., Fullagar, P.K.Conductivity tomography at two frequencies.Geophysics, Vol. 68, 2, pp. 516-22.MantleGeophysics - seismics
DS1986-0295
1986
Fullager, P.D.Goldberg, S.A., Butler, J.R., Fullager, P.D.The Bakersville dike swarm: geochronology and petrogenesis of late Proterozoic basaltic magmatism in the southern Appalachian Blue RidgeAmerican Journal of Science, Vol. 286, No. 5, May pp. 403-430AppalachiaDyke
DS200912-0581
2009
Fullea, J.Perez-Gussinye, M., Metois, M., Fernandez, M., Verges, J., Fullea, J., Lowry, A.R.Effective elastic thickness of Africa and its relationship to other proxies for lithospheric structure and surface tectonics.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 287, 1-2, pp. 152-167.AfricaTectonics
DS201112-0338
2011
Fullea, J.Fullea, J., Muller, M.R., Jones, A.G.Electrical conductivity of continental lithospheric mantle from integrated geophysical and petrological modeling: application to the Kaapvaal craton and RehobothJournal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 116, B10, B10202Africa, South AfricaGeophysics - Rehoboth Terrane
DS201112-0481
2011
Fullea, J.Jemenez-Munt, I., Fernandez, M., Verges, J., Garcia-Castellanos, D., Fullea, J., Perez-Gussinye, M., Afonso, J.C.Decoupled crust mantle accommodation of Africa-Eurasia convergence in the NW Moroccan margin.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 116, B08403, 12p.Africa, MoroccoGeophysics - density
DS201312-0009
2013
Fullea, J.Afonso, J.C., Fullea, J., Connolly, J., Rawlinson, N., Yang, Y., Jones, A.G.Multi observable thermochemical tomography: a new framework in integrated studies of the lithosphere.Goldschmidt 2013, AbstractMantleGeothermometry
DS201712-2697
2017
Fullea, J.Jones, A.G., Alfonso, J.C., Fullea, J.Geochemical and geophysical constrains on the dynamic topography of the southern African plateau.Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, Vol. 18, 10, pp. 3556-3575.Africa, South Africageodynamics

Abstract: The deep mantle African Superswell is considered to contribute to the topographic uplift of the Southern African Plateau, but dynamic support estimates vary wildly depending on the approach and data used. One reason for these large disparities is that the role of lithospheric structure, key in modulating deep dynamic contributions to elevation, is commonly ignored or oversimplified in convection studies. We use multiple high-quality geophysical data coupled with xenolith-based geochemical constraints to compute the isostatic lithospheric contribution to the elevation of the Plateau, facilitating isolation of the current dynamic component from the total observed elevation. We employ a multiobservable stochastic algorithm to invert geoid anomaly, surface-wave dispersion data, magnetotelluric data, and surface heat flow to predict elevation in a fully thermodynamically and internally-consistent manner. We find that a compositionally layered 230?±?7 km thick lithosphere is required to simultaneously fit all four data types, in agreement with abundant independent xenolith evidence. Our stochastic modeling indicates a lithospheric contribution to elevation of the order of 670 m, which implies dynamic support arising from the convecting sublithospheric mantle of ?650 m. Our results have important implications for the understanding of lithospheric-deep mantle feedback mechanisms and for calibrating dynamic topography estimates from global convection studies.
DS201802-0235
2017
Fullea, J.Fullea, J.On joint modelling of electrical conductivity and other geophysical and petrological observables to infer the structure of the lithosphere and underlying upper mantle.Surveys in Geophysics, Vol. 38, 5, pp. 963-1004.Mantlegeophysics

Abstract: This review paper focuses on joint modelling and interpretation of electromagnetic data and other geophysical and petrological observables. In particular, integrated geophysical-petrological modelling approaches, where the electrical conductivity and other physical properties of rocks are required to be linked by the common subsurface thermochemical conditions within a self-consistent thermodynamic framework, are reviewed. The paper gives an overview of the main geophysical electromagnetic techniques/data sets employed in lithospheric and mantle imaging including recent advances using satellite data, and an up-to-date summary of the most relevant laboratory experiments regarding the electrical conductivity of upper mantle minerals for various temperature-pressure-water conditions. The sensitivity of electrical conductivity and other geophysical parameters (density, seismic velocities) of mantle rocks to changes in temperature and composition are presented based on a Monte Carlo method parameter exploration. Finally, a case study in Central Tibet is presented where both seismological (long-period surface wave phase velocities) and electromagnetic (magnetotelluric) data—simultaneously including the constraints offered by topography, surface heat flow and mantle xenoliths—have been integrated. The modelling is based on a self-consistent petrological-geophysical thermodynamic framework where mantle properties are calculated as a function of temperature, pressure, and composition. The Tibetan case study offers an excellent opportunity to illustrate the different and complementary sensitivities of the various data sets used and to show how integrated thermochemical models of the lithosphere can help understand settings with a complex tectonic evolution.
DS201808-1783
2018
Fullea, J.Ravenna, M., Lebedev, S., Fullea, J., Adam, J.Shear wave velocity structure of Southern Africa's lithosphere: variations in the thickness and composition of cratons and their effect on topography.Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, Vol. 19, 5, pp. 1499-1518.Africa, South Africacraton

Abstract: Cratons, the ancient cores of continents, have an unusually thick lithosphere (the tectonic plate beneath them). At least ?200 km thick, it has a highly anomalous composition, making it less dense than the surrounding mantle. Cratonic lithosphere can thus be cooled to much lower temperatures than elsewhere. Variations in this delicate buoyancy balance probably give rise to variations in the surface elevation across the Earth's stable continents. Lithospheric thickness and composition are key parameters, but both are notoriously difficult to determine. Here we use very accurate measurements of seismic surface?wave velocities and determine deep structure beneath cratons in southern Africa. We discover an unexpectedly strong, gradual thickening of the lithosphere from the central Kaapvaal Craton to the neighboring Limpopo Belt (from 200 to 300 km thick). Curiously, surface elevation decreases monotonically with increasing lithospheric thickness. This demonstrates the effect of the deep lithosphere on topography and gives us new information on the composition of the deepest parts of lithosphere.
DS200912-0235
2009
Fullea, J.J.C.Fullea, J.J.C., Afonso, L.A.D., Connolly, M., et al.LitMod3D: an interactive 3-D software to model the thermal, compositional, density, seismological, and rheological structure of the lithosphere and sublithosGeochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems: G3, Vol. 10, QO8019TechnologyModels
DS1990-0499
1990
Fuller, H.K.Fuller, H.K., Gunnells, G.B, Buffa, E.A., Orndorff, R.C.Geologic map index of Virginia, revised and updatedUnited States Geological Survey (USGS), 16p. text 6 sheets -freeGlobalMap, Index of published maps
DS1991-0521
1991
Fuller, H.K.Fuller, H.K., Gunnells, G.B.GEOINDEX database on geologic maps accessible using GSSEARCH search and retrieval softwareUnited States Geological Survey (USGS) Open file, No. 91-0575 A, B, $ 3.25 and $ 84.00GlobalComputer, Program - GEOINDEX
DS1900-0662
1908
Fuller, J.T.Fuller, J.T.Diamond Mining in South Africa. #5Mines and MIN. (SCRANTON), Vol. 28, PP. 470-471.Africa, South AfricaMining Engineering
DS1900-0663
1908
Fuller, J.T.Fuller, J.T.Report on the Property of the Arkansas Diamond CompanyLittle Rocks: Central Publishing Co., PP. 9-29.United States, Gulf Coast, Arkansas, PennsylvaniaProspecting, Geology
DS1900-0750
1909
Fuller, J.T.Fuller, J.T.Diamond Mine in Pike County, ArkansasEngineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 87, PP. 152-155; PP. 616-617.United States, Gulf Coast, Arkansas, PennsylvaniaMining, History, Catalogue Of Diamond Occurrences
DS1910-0047
1910
Fuller, J.T.Fuller, J.T.The Arkansaw Diamond Field 1910Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 89, APRIL 9TH. PP. 767-768.United States, Gulf Coast, Arkansas, PennsylvaniaDiamond Occurrence
DS1910-0183
1911
Fuller, J.T.Fuller, J.T.The Arkansaw Diamond Field 1911Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 91, P. 6.United States, Gulf Coast, Arkansas, PennsylvaniaDiamond Occurrence News Item
DS1910-0278
1912
Fuller, J.T.Fuller, J.T.Dutoitspan MineSouth African Mining Journal, Vol. 22, PT. 1, P. 472.South AfricaMining Engineering
DS1910-0279
1912
Fuller, J.T.Fuller, J.T.Mining Methods at Kimberley (1912)Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 94, Nov. 9TH. PP. 887-891.; AND Nov. 16TH. PP. 943-948.South Africa, Griqualand West, Kimberley AreaMining Engineering
DS1910-0280
1912
Fuller, J.T.Fuller, J.T.The Arkansaw Diamond Field 1912Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 93, P. 6.United States, Gulf Coast, Arkansas, PennsylvaniaNews Item
DS1910-0349
1913
Fuller, J.T.Fuller, J.T.Diamond Mining in Arkansaw. #3Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 95, P. 75.United States, Gulf Coast, Arkansas, PennsylvaniaNews Item, Mining Methods, Current Activities
DS1910-0413
1914
Fuller, J.T.Fuller, J.T.Kimberley Diamonds and de BeersEngineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 98, SEPT. 26TH. P. 583.South Africa, Griqualand WestCurrent Activities
DS1910-0414
1914
Fuller, J.T.Fuller, J.T.The Arkansaw Diamond Field in 1913Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 97, Jan. 10TH. P. 52.United States, Gulf Coast, Arkansas, PennsylvaniaNews Item, Mining Methods
DS1991-0948
1991
Fuller, M.Laj, C., Mazaud, A., Weeks, R., Fuller, M., Herrero Bervera, E.Geomagnetic reversal pathsNature, Vol. 351, June 6, p. 447GlobalGeophysics, Geomagnetics, Paleomagnetics
DS1992-0498
1992
Fuller, M.Fuller, M., Weeks, R.Geomagnetism: superplumes and superchronsNature, Vol. 356, No. 6364, March 5, p. 16GlobalMantle, Superplumes
DS1992-0499
1992
Fuller, M.Fuller, M., Weeks, R.Superplumes and superchronsNature, Vol. 356, No. 6364, March 5, pp. 16-17MantleGeochronology, Superplumes
DS1910-0048
1910
Fuller, T.E.Fuller, T.E.The Right Honourable Cecil John Rhodes: a Monograph and a Reminiscence.London: Longmans Green And Co., 276P.South Africa, Cape Province, Kimberley AreaBiography, History, Kimberley
DS1970-0913
1974
Fullerton, D.G.Fullerton, D.G.The Birth of Mwadui- 100, 000, 000 Years B.cMwadui Eng. Association Journal, Vol. 2, PP. 1-13.Tanzania, East AfricaGeochronology, Geology
DS201906-1271
2019
Fullerton, K.Barry, P.H., de Moor, J.M., Giovannelli, D., Schrenk, M., Hummer, D.R., Lopez, T., Pratt, C.A., Alpizar Segua, Y., Battaglia, A., Beaudry, A., Bini, G., Cascante, M., d'Errico, G., di Carlo, M., Fattorini, D., Fullerton, K., H+Gazel, E., Gonzalez, G., HalForearc carbon sink reduces long term volatile recycling into the mantle.Nature , 588, 7753, p. 487.Mantlecarbon

Abstract: Carbon and other volatiles in the form of gases, fluids or mineral phases are transported from Earth’s surface into the mantle at convergent margins, where the oceanic crust subducts beneath the continental crust. The efficiency of this transfer has profound implications for the nature and scale of geochemical heterogeneities in Earth’s deep mantle and shallow crustal reservoirs, as well as Earth’s oxidation state. However, the proportions of volatiles released from the forearc and backarc are not well constrained compared to fluxes from the volcanic arc front. Here we use helium and carbon isotope data from deeply sourced springs along two cross-arc transects to show that about 91 per cent of carbon released from the slab and mantle beneath the Costa Rican forearc is sequestered within the crust by calcite deposition. Around an additional three per cent is incorporated into the biomass through microbial chemolithoautotrophy, whereby microbes assimilate inorganic carbon into biomass. We estimate that between 1.2 × 108 and 1.3 × 1010 moles of carbon dioxide per year are released from the slab beneath the forearc, and thus up to about 19 per cent less carbon is being transferred into Earth’s deep mantle than previously estimated.
DS201503-0155
2015
Fullgraf, T.Kleinhanns, I.C., Fullgraf, T., Wilsky, F., Nolte, N., Fliegel, D., Klemd, R., Hansen, B.T.U-Pb zircon ages and (isotope) geochemical signatures of the Kamanjab In lier ( NW Namibia): constraints on Palaeoproterozoic crustal evolution along the southern Congo craton.Geological Society of London Special Publication: Continent formation through time., No. 389, pp. 165-195.Africa, NamibiaGeochemistry
DS2000-0443
2000
FullsackJamieson, R.A., Beaumont, Vanderhaeghe, FullsackHow does the lower crust get hot?Geological Association of Canada (GAC)/Mineralogical Association of Canada (MAC) 2000 Conference, 2p. abstract.MantleMagma - heat production
DS2000-0787
2000
Fullsack, P.Pysklywec, R.N., Beaumont, C., Fullsack, P.Modeling the behaviour of the continental mantle lithosphere during plate convergence.Geology, Vol. 28, No. 7, July, pp. 655-8.MantleSubduction, collision, modeling
DS2003-1409
2003
Fullsack, P.Van der Hagaeghe, O., Medvedev, S., Fullsack, P., Beaumont, C., Jamieson, R.A.Evolution of orogenic wedges and continental plateaux: insights from crustalGeophysical Journal International, Vol. 153, 1, pp. 27-51.MantleGeothermometry, Subduction
DS200412-2035
2003
Fullsack, P.Van der Hagaeghe, O., Medvedev, S., Fullsack, P., Beaumont, C., Jamieson, R.A.Evolution of orogenic wedges and continental plateaux: insights from crustal thermalmechanical models overlying subducting mantlGeophysical Journal International, Vol. 153,1, pp. 27-51.MantleGeothermometry Subduction
DS201212-0211
2012
Fulop, A.Fulop, A., Kurszlaukis, S., Winter, F.Factors controlling the internal facies architecture of kimberlite pipes.10th. International Kimberlite Conference Held Bangalore India Feb. 6-11, Poster abstractCanada, Ontario, AttawapiskatDeposit - Victor area
DS201312-0524
2013
Fulop, A.Kurszlaukis, S., Fulop, A.Factors controlling the internal facies architecture of maar-diatreme volcanoes. Bulletin of Volcanology, Vol. 75, pp. 761-TechnologyDiatreme
DS201508-0377
2015
Fulop, A.Tappert, M.C., Rivard, B., Fulop, A., Rogge, D., Feng, J., Tappert, R., Stalder, R.Characterizing kimberlite dilution by crustal rocks at the Snap Lake diamond mine ( Northwest Territories, Canada) using SWIR ( 1.90-2.36 um) and LWIR ( 8.1-11.1um) hypersprectal imagery collected from drill core.Economic Geology, Vol. 110, 6, Sept-Oct. pp. 1375-1387.Canada, Northwest TerritoriesDeposit - Snap Lake
DS201512-1918
2015
Fulop, A.Feng, J., Tappert, M.C., Rivard, B.A., Fulop, A., Rogge, D., Tappert, R.Acquiring crustal dilution dat a and kimberlite compositional information from drill core using SWIR hyper spectral imagery from the Tango extension kimberlite.43rd Annual Yellowknife Geoscience Forum Abstracts, abstract p. 39.Canada, Northwest TerritoriesDeposit - Tango

Abstract: Short-wave infrared (SWIR, 1.90-2.36 µm) hyperspectral imagery collected from 171 meters of drill core from the diamondiferous Tango Extension kimberlite using a high spatial resolution imaging system (pixel size: 1.43 x 1.43 µm) was analyzed to create compositional maps that show the distribution of different crustal (dilution) components and different kimberlite types along the drill core. Three types of crustal dilution components were identified in the compositional maps: carbonate, a carbonate-mudstone mixture, and mudstone. Five spectrally distinct types of kimberlite were identified, which differ mainly in their level of hydration and the amount of crustal micro-dilution they contain. Accompanying the compositional maps are depth profiles that provide quantitative abundance information for each compositional component (dilution and kimberlite). These profiles show the abundance of macro-dilution relative to kimberlite and the spatial distribution of the different kimberlite types. Using depth profiles, compositional boundaries along the length of the drill core were identified and compared to the unit boundaries from the visual lithological log. The boundaries identified using the hyperspectral imagery correlate well with the boundaries recorded during visual logging. This study demonstrates that hyperspectral imagery is well suited to the task of mapping the distribution of spectrally distinct kimberlite types, and quantifying kimberlite micro- and macro-dilution by crustal rocks.
DS201512-1952
2015
Fulop, A.Milligan, R., Fedortchouk, Y., Normandeau, P.X., Fulop, A.Comparative study of composition and occurrence of apatite in Snap Lake and Ekati kimberlites.43rd Annual Yellowknife Geoscience Forum Abstracts, abstract p. 69.Canada, Northwest TerritoriesDeposit - Snap Lake, Ekati

Abstract: Kimberlites are volcanic ultra-potassic rocks present mostly in cratonic settings and some are diamond bearing. Kimberlite magma is derived from the upper mantle, however, its primary composition is still unknown. Assimilation of mantle and crustal material, loss of volatiles during eruption and high degree of alteration all result in variable compositions of kimberlite magma reaching the surface. Studies have shown that kimberlitic fluid has a significant effect on the quality and preservation of diamonds carried to the surface. By better understanding the primary composition of kimberlites, and the processes that drive kimberlite eruption, we can attempt to gain some diagnostic knowledge of the economic viability of a particular kimberlite. Apatite is a common mineral in kimberlite, which composition is sensitive to volatiles and the presence of magmatic fluid. This study will look at the variation of apatite in kimberlites, how different geology indicates their different fluid histories, and the potential for using apatite as an indicator of fluid content and composition in kimberlite magma. The study uses polished sections from different kimberlite lithologies within the Snap Lake kimberlite and from six Ekati Mine kimberlites. Apatite grains were examined using scanning electron microscope (back scatter imaging) and composition was obtained with wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy mode of electron-microprobe analyzes. Snap Lake is a single dyke of coherent kimberlite facies. The dyke intruded in a near-horizontal orientation, and has an average vertical thickness of 2.5 m. There is significant incorporation of crustal material, and the kimberlite is highly altered, possibly a result of interaction with abundant xenoliths. The studied Ekati kimberlites include: two coherent kimberlites - Grizzly and Leslie, and four kimberlites with resedimented volcaniclastic kimberlite facies – Misery, Koala, Panda, and Beartooth. These kimberlites show significant variations in the apatite crystallizing from the melts. At Snap Lake apatite occurs late, interstitially in the groundmass. These anhedral apatites appear to have no zonation, and crystallize around microphenocrysts of olivine and phlogopite. There is also a late component of apatite, possibly associated with carbonate veins that fracture olivine macrocrysts. Sub- to euhedral apatite grains (max 50 µm) crystalize in a carbonate host within a fracture or crack in olivine macrocrysts. In the Ekati kimberlites, apatite is extremely rare to absent in Misery, Panda, and Beartooth kimberlites, but abundant in Grizzly, Koala, and Leslie. Leslie has plenty of euhedral zoned and unzoned apatite associated with monticellite set in carbonate matrix. Grizzly has abundant small (~10 µm) anhedral apatite. Koala contains both anhedral and euhedral apatite, some of which is zoned. The presentation will report the initial results of this study and possible applications for the behavior of volatiles in the studied kimberlite magmas and examine their relationship with the features of the diamond population.
DS201612-2300
2016
Fulop, A.Fulop, A., Kurszlaukis, S.Monogenetic v. polygenetic kimberlite volcanism: in-depth examination of the Tango extension super structure, Attawapiskat kimberlite field, Ontario, Canada.Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 446 on line availableCanada, Ontario, AttawapiskatDeposit - Tango

Abstract: Extensive drilling of the Tango Extension kimberlite pipe resulted in the construction of an emplacement model that revealed the complex architecture of two amalgamated pipes: an older pipe, the Tango Extension Deep, which is cut along its northern margin by the smaller Tango Extension pipe. The resulting volcano forms a complex pipe-in-pipe structure called the Tango Extension Super Structure. The emplacement of the Tango Extension Super Structure sequence indicates prolonged hiatuses, which, similar to other volcanoes classified as monogenetic, puts the classical monogenetic and polygenetic definitions of maar-diatreme volcanoes to the test. Although the Tango Extension and Tango Extension Deep volcanoes could be characterized individually as monogenetic volcanoes, the Tango Extension Super Structure shows evidence of the occurrence of the significant hiatuses typical of polygenetic volcanoes. We suggest that hiatuses that are long enough to consolidate earlier tephra unambiguously differentiate polygenetic from monogenetic maar-diatreme volcanoes.
DS201707-1324
2016
Fulop, A.Fulop, A., Kurszlaukis, S.Monogenetic v. polygenetic kimberlite volcanism: in-depth examination of Tango extension super structure, Attwapiskat kimberlite field, Ontario, Canada.Geological Society of London, Special Publication: Monogenetic volcanism, no. 446, pp. 205-224.Canada, Ontario, Attawapiskatdeposit - Tango

Abstract: Extensive drilling of the Tango Extension kimberlite pipe resulted in the construction of an emplacement model that revealed the complex architecture of two amalgamated pipes: an older pipe, the Tango Extension Deep, which is cut along its northern margin by the smaller Tango Extension pipe. The resulting volcano forms a complex pipe-in-pipe structure called the Tango Extension Super Structure. The emplacement of the Tango Extension Super Structure sequence indicates prolonged hiatuses, which, similar to other volcanoes classified as monogenetic, puts the classical monogenetic and polygenetic definitions of maar-diatreme volcanoes to the test. Although the Tango Extension and Tango Extension Deep volcanoes could be characterized individually as monogenetic volcanoes, the Tango Extension Super Structure shows evidence of the occurrence of the significant hiatuses typical of polygenetic volcanoes. We suggest that hiatuses that are long enough to consolidate earlier tephra unambiguously differentiate polygenetic from monogenetic maar-diatreme volcanoes.
DS201708-1640
2017
Fulop, A.Fulop, A.The emplacement of Voorspoed pipe, South Africa: a take of incremental pipe growth, tephra jets, mixing and a shallow crater.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, PosterAfrica, South Africadeposit - Voorspoed
DS201708-1641
2017
Fulop, A.Fulop, A.Geology of the Snap Lake kimberlite dykem Northwest territories, Canada and its metasomatic interaction with granite.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, PosterCanada, Northwest Territoriesdeposit - Snap Lake
DS201808-1763
2018
Fulop, A.Li, Z., Fedortchouk, Y., Fulop, A., Chinn, I.L., Forbes, N.Positively oriented trigons - a unique resorption feature of diamonds from Snap Lake kimberlite dyke, Canada.minsocam.org/ MSA/AMMin/ special-collections, doi.org/10.2138/am-2018-6496. 48p. Canada, Northwest Territoriesdeposit - Snap Lake
DS201811-2590
2018
Fulop, A.Li, Z., Fedortchouk, Y., Fulop, A., Chinn, I.L., Forbes, N.Positively oriented trigons on diamonds from the Snap Lake kimberlite dike, Canada: implications for fluids and kimberlite cooling rates.American Mineralogist, Vol. 103, pp. 1634-1648.Canada, Northwest Territoriesdeposit - Snap Lake

Abstract: The role of fluid(s) in the formation of different lithological facies of kimberlites is still poorly understood. The uncertainty in the composition of kimberlite melts hampers understanding the composition of volatiles, the depth of exsolution, and the effect on magma ascent and fragmentation. Recent estimates of H2O and CO2 solubility in kimberlite-like magmas suggest very shallow exsolution of fluid, while many features of kimberlites indicate the presence of significant fluid fraction at depth. Deep magmatic fluid produces negative trigonal etch pits on natural diamonds, the characteristics of which depend on the temperature and composition of the fluid. Positively oriented trigonal etch pits are very rare on natural diamonds and are likely a feature of resorption events unique to only some kimberlite magmas. Here we present the first systematic study of positively oriented trigonal etch pits on natural diamonds from Snap Lake kimberlite dike, Northwest Territories, Canada. The study used 91 micro-diamonds selected from a population of 251 diamonds representative of all six kimberlite litho-facies identified in the Snap Lake dike. We established that unlike the majority of diamonds from kimberlite pipes in the Northwest Territories, every studied Snap Lake diamond shows positively oriented trigons. These trigons cover the whole diamond surface starting from the {111} faces and continuing over the resorbed edges. They overprint negatively oriented trigons and modify them into hexagons. Atomic force microscopy obtained detailed geometry of 154 positive trigons on 14 diamonds. Three distinct trigon morphologies dependent on the type of the crystal lattice defect were recognized. The point-bottomed shape and positive correlation between the depth and diameter of the individual pits suggest a high CO2 content in the fluid. Comparison with the existing experimental data on positive trigons implies resorption at low-pressure conditions in the 800-1000 °C temperature range by trapped magmatic fluid after the dike emplacement. The intensity of this late resorption event (and the size of the positive trigons) increases from the dike contact with the country rock into the interior of the dike. Such a late resorption event is absent in the majority of kimberlites, which form pipes, and might be a specific feature of hypabyssal kimberlite bodies (dikes). The absence of positive trigons on diamonds from the majority of kimberlites suggests very quick magma cooling below ?800 °C after the pipe emplacement, precluding the development of any late resorption features. Our study shows that for kimberlitic magmas, for which mineral chemistry is unable to provide a robust record of magmatic fluid, morphological details of dissolution features on the surface of diamond and other mantle-derived minerals can serve as a fluid proxy. Better constraints of the pressure, temperature, and oxygen fugacity of the reversal in the trigon orientation on diamond may help to reconstruct the emplacement path of geologically diverse kimberlite bodies.
DS201901-0034
2018
Fulop, A.Fulop, A., Kopylova, M., Kurszlaukis, S., Hilchie, L., Ellemers, P., Squibb, C.Petrography of Snap Lake kimberlite dyke ( Northwest Territories, Canada) and its interaction with country rock granitoids.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 59, 12, pp. 2493-2518.Canada, Northwest Territoriesdeposit - Snap Lake

Abstract: Carbonate-rich intrusions in contact with felsic rocks theoretically should show the effects of interaction between the two rock types, due to their contrasting compositions. In reality, though, such interaction is rarely reported at kimberlite contacts. We present the first documented case of lithological and mineralogical zonation at the margin of a kimberlite, the Snap Lake dyke, in contact with the wall-rock granitoid. Our detailed petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical study shows that the fresh hypabyssal kimberlite consists of olivine macrocrysts and microcrysts, and phlogopite macrocrysts set in a groundmass of serpentinized monticellite, phlogopite, spinel, perovskite and apatite, with interstitial lizardite and calcite. This typical Group I kimberlite mineralogy does not match the bulk-rock composition, which resembles a Group II micaceous kimberlite. The mismatch between the chemical and mineralogical properties is ascribed to contamination by granitoid xenoliths and metasomatic reactions with the felsic country rocks, the Snap Lake kimberlite has extremely low bulk-Ca compared to other documented Group I kimberlites. Reaction with deuteric H2O and CO2 has led to Ca removal, serpentinization of olivine, replacement of calcite by dolomite, alteration of perovskite and decomposition of apatite. Adjacent to the contact with the host granitoid and in haloes around granitoid clasts, poikilitic phlogopite and lizardite are replaced by subsolidus phlogopite and a multiphase phyllosilicate composed of phlogopite+?lizardite+?chlorite+?talc. A modified isocon analysis accounts for felsic xenolith assimilation and isolates metasomatic changes. Enrichment of altered kimberlites in Si owes solely to xenolith incorporation. The metasomatic ingress of granitoid-derived Al for a limited distance inside the dyke was counteracted by a flux of Mg and Fe to the granitoid. Metasomatic changes in K and Ca tend to be positive in all lithologies of kimberlite and in the granitoids implying distal transport. The combination of xenolith digestion with metasomatic element transport is expected in hybrid zones where kimberlite magmas interact with felsic wall-rocks.
DS201902-0286
2018
Fulop, A.Kopylova, M.G., Fulop, A., Gaudet, M., Hilchie, L.Kimberlite skarns: more common and more complex.Goldschmidt Conference, 1p. AbstractMantlepetrology

Abstract: When carbonate-rich and silicate rocks are juxtaposed at high subsolidus temperature, their contrasting elemental chemical potentials trigger metasomatism. Kimberlites in contact with felsic-to-mafic rocks should theoretically develop skarn alteration, replacing both the wall rocks and magmatic rocks. Although some kimberlites are well exposed from mining, metasomatic effects in them are difficult to isolate because of the common presence of marginal country rock breccias and assimilated country rock xenoliths. The volatilerich nature of kimberlite melts and faulting prior to the emplacement results in country rock brecciation and incorporation of as much as 70% xenoliths in kimberlite. We discuss several examples of mineralogical, textural and chemical zonation at contacts between felsic-to-mafic xenoliths, in-situ country rocks and kimberlites (Renard, Gahcho Kue, Snap Lake and Orapa). The subsolidus skarn reactions are preceded by magmatic assimilation. It partially melts feldspars and forms diopside and phlogopite coronas on xenoliths. To distinguish between incorporation and assimilation of xenoliths and contact metasomatism, we employed an improved isocon analysis that enables estimation of metasomatic contributions to geochemical diversity. Skarn reactions replace the original kimberlite minerals with serpentine, phlogopite, hydrogarnet, while xenoliths are replaced by serpentine, clinopyroxene, carbonate, chlorite, and pectolite. If the mode of felsic-to-mafic xenoliths exceeds 30%, the textures and the mineralogy of the kimberlite altered by assimilation and skarn reactions may resemble those of the Kimberly-type pyroclastic kimberlite (KPK). The distinct mineralogy of the KPK interclast matrix, the correlation between xenolith modes and the kimberlite texture, the spatial distribution of KPK in Renard and Gahcho Kue kimberlites indicate the principal role of crustal xenoliths in the KPK formation. Our data suggest that metasomatic recrystallization of kimberlites is more widespread than previously recognized, but is complex and accompanied by xenolith assimilation.
DS201905-1031
2019
Fulop, A.Fulop, A., Kopylova, M., Kurszlaukis, S., Hilchie, L., Ellemers, P.A reply to the comment by Germon et al. on the Petrography of the Snap Lake kimberlite dyke ( Northwest Territories, Canada) and its interaction with country rock granitoids.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 60, 3, pp. 661-671.Canada, Northwest Territoriesdeposit - Snap Lake
DS1997-0363
1997
Fulton, R.J.Fulton, R.J., Sun, S., Blais, A.Southern Prairies NATMAP project: surficial geology of Virden map sheetGeological Survey of Canada Forum 1997 abstracts, p. 21. AbstractAlberta, Saskatchewan, ManitobaNATMAP, Till
DS1997-0364
1997
Fulton, R.J.Fulton, R.J., Thorleifson, L.H., Blais, A., Matile, S.S.Southern Prairies NATMAP project: a summary reportGeological Survey of Canada Forum 1997 abstracts, p. 6. AbstractGlobalSurficial geology
DS1987-0229
1987
Fults, M.E.Fults, M.E., Grace, J.D.Trace element geochemistry of the Lake Ellen kimberlite, Crystal Falls, MichiganGeological Society of America, Vol. 19, No. 4, March p. 199 (abstract)MichiganUSA, Geochemistry
DS2001-0346
2001
Fumagalli, P.Fumagalli, P., Stixrude, L., Snyder, D.The 10 algorithm phase: a high pressure expandable sheet silicate stable during subduction of hydrated ...Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 186, No. 2, March 30, pp. 125-42.MantleSubduction, Lithosphere
DS200712-0336
2007
Fumagalli, P.Fumagalli, P., Stixrude, L.The 10 A phase at high pressure by first principles calculations and implications for the petrology of subduction zones.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 260, 1-2, pp. 212-226.MantleSubduction
DS200712-0337
2007
Fumagalli, P.Fumagalli, P., Stixrude, L.The 10 A phase at high pressure by first principles calculations and implications for the petrology of subduction zones.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 260, 1-2, pp. 212-226.MantleSubduction
DS200912-0236
2009
Fumagalli, P.Fumagalli, P., Zanchetta, S., Pell, S.Alkali in phlogopite and amphibole and their effects on phase relations in metasomatized peridotites: a high pressure study.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 158, pp. 723-737.MantleMetasomatism. subduction
DS200912-0469
2009
Fumagalli, P.Malaspina, N., Poli, S., Fumagalli, P.The oxidation state of metasomatized mantle wedge: insights from COH-bearing garnet peridotite.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 50, 8, pp. 1533-1552.MantleMetasomatism
DS200912-0779
2009
Fumagalli, P.Tumiati, S., Fumagalli, P., Poli, S.Carbonate silicate equilibration temperatures in upper mantle peridotites saturated with C O H fluids.Goldschmidt Conference 2009, p. A1352 Abstract.MantleSubduction
DS201112-0293
2011
Fumagalli, P.Dvir, O., Pettke, T., Fumagalli, P., Kessel, R.Fluids in the peridotite water system up to 6GPa and 800 degreesC: new experimental constrains on dehydration reactions.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 161, 6, pp. 829-844.MantleWater
DS201212-0433
2012
Fumagalli, P.Malaspina, N., Langenhorst, F., Fumagalli, P., Tumiati, S., Poli, S.Fe 3+ distribution between garnet and pyroxenes in mantle wedge carbonate bearing garnet peridotites ( Sulu, China) and implications for their oxidation state.Lithos, Vol. 146-147, pp. 11-17.ChinaUHP
DS201212-0434
2012
Fumagalli, P.Malaspina, N., Langenhorst, F., Fumagalli, P., Tumiati, S., Poli, S.Fe 3 + distribution between garnet and pyroxenes in mantle wedge carbonate bearing garnet peridotites ( Sulu China) and implications for their oxidation state.Lithos, Vol. 146-147, pp. 11-17.ChinaUHP
DS201810-2298
2018
Fumagalli, P.Borghini, G., Fumagalli, P.Subsolidus phase relations in a mantle pyroxenite: an experimental study from 0.7 to 1.5 Gpa.European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 30, 2, pp. 333-348.Mantlepyroxenite

Abstract: Pyroxenites are a diffuse heterogeneity in the upper mantle and represent key lithologies in melting processes and mantle deformation. Mantle peridotites exposed in ultramafic massifs are commonly veined by pyroxenites. The latter experienced the same metamorphic evolution as host peridotite and may develop substantially different phase assemblages in response to the different bulk composition. Although several experimental studies focused on melting relations in pyroxenites, subsolidus phase relations are still poorly known. We provide new experimental constraints on phase stability and mineral chemistry for a natural mantle pyroxenite. Piston-cylinder experiments were conducted from 0.7 to 1.5?GPa, 1100-1250?°C. Al-rich spinel, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and olivine are ubiquitous phases within the whole pressure range investigated. At 1100?°C, plagioclase is stable up to 0.9?GPa; anorthite content [An?=?Ca/(Ca?+?Na)] decreases as a function of pressure from 0.70 at 0.7?GPa to 0.61 at 0.9?GPa. Maximum plagioclase modal abundance of 14?wt% forms at 0.7?GPa; this amount is more than twice as experimentally determined at the same P-T conditions in fertile lherzolite (5-6?wt%). At intermediate pressure (1.0-1.4?GPa), modal spinel is almost constant (4-5?wt%). A pyrope-rich garnet is stable at 1.5?GPa and its modal abundance increases from 5 to 10 wt% when temperature decreases from 1230?°C to 1150?°C, from 1230?°C to 1150?°C. The Al content in pyroxenes varies significantly across the plagioclase-out and garnet-in transitions and is not pressure-dependent in the spinel-pyroxenite field. At 1100?°C, the plagioclase-out boundary occurs at comparable pressures in the pyroxenite and in fertile lherzolites. On the contrary, the garnet-in curve is located at significantly lower pressure than for mantle peridotites.
DS1984-0287
1984
Fumerton, S.L.Fumerton, S.L., Barry, A.P.Probable Archean nepheline syenite plutons in the Superior Province adjacent to the Labrador Trough.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 21, pp. 615-18.Quebec, LabradorNepheline Syenite, Alkaline Rocks
DS201212-0156
2012
Fumes, H.De Wit, M., Fumes, H.Earth's oldest preserved unconformity: prospect of a beginning in the tectono-sedimentary continental cycle?Gondwana Research, in pressEurope, GreenlandUnconformity
DS1985-0206
1985
Fumey, P.Fumey, P.The Argyle Pipe.(in French)Revue de Gemmologie, (in French), Vol. 82, pp.18-20AustraliaLamproite
DS1988-0231
1988
Fumey, P.Fumey, P.La production mondiale de diamant. (in French)Revue de Gemmologie a.f.g.(in French), No. 97, December pp. 7-9GlobalDiamond production
DS200512-1063
2005
FunakoshiSueda, Y., Irifune, T., Nishiyama, N., Rapp, Ferroir, Onozawa, Yagi, Merkel, Miyajima, FunakoshiA new high pressure form of K Al Si3 08 under lower mantle conditions.Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 31, 23, Dec. 16, DOI 10.1029/2004 GLO21156MantleUHP
DS201012-0312
2010
FunakoshiIrifune, T., Nishiyama, Tange, Kono, Shinmel, Kinoshita, Negishi, Kato, Higo, FunakoshiPhase transitions, densities and sound velocities of mantle and slab materials down to the upper part of the lower mantle.International Mineralogical Association meeting August Budapest, abstract p. 142.MantleSubduction
DS2001-0480
2001
Funakoshi, K.Hirose, K., Kombayashi, T., Murakami, M., Funakoshi, K.In situ measurements of the majorite akimotoite perovskite phase transition boundaries in MgSiO3.Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 28, No. 23, Dec. pp. 4351-4.MantlePerovskite
DS200412-0873
2004
Funakoshi, K.Irifune, T., Kuiro, A., Sakamoto, S., Inoue, T., Sumiya, H., Funakoshi, K.Formation of pure polycrystalline diamond by direct conversion of graphite at high pressure and high temperature.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 143-144, pp. 593-600.TechnologyUHP - mineralogy
DS200512-0645
2005
Funakoshi, K.Litasov, K., Ohtani, E., Sano, A., Suzuki, A., Funakoshi, K.In situ X-ray diffraction study of post spinel transformation in a peridotite mantle: implication for the 660 km discontinuity.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol.238, 3-4, pp. 311-328.MantleUHP, ringwoodite, perovskite
DS200512-0782
2005
Funakoshi, K.Nishihara, Y., Nakayama, K., Iguchi, T., Funakoshi, K.P V T equation of state of stishovite to the mantle transition zone conditions.Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, Vol. 31, 10, pp. 660-670.MantleMineralogy
DS200612-0601
2005
Funakoshi, K.Hosoya, T., Kubo, T., Ohtaini, E., Sano, A., Funakoshi, K.Water controls the fields of metastable olivine in cold subducting slabs.Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 32, 17, Sept. 16, pp.Li7305-06.MantleSubduction
DS200612-0625
2006
Funakoshi, K.Irifune, T., Higo, Y., Inoue, T., Funakoshi, K.Ultrasonic velocities of majorite garnet and mineralogy of the mantle transition region.International Mineralogical Association 19th. General Meeting, held Kobe, Japan July 23-28 2006, Abstract p. 108.MantleMTR - interferometry
DS200612-1221
2006
Funakoshi, K.Sano, A., Ohtani, E., Litasov, K., Kubo, T., Hosoya, T., Funakoshi, K., Kikegawa, T.In situ x-ray diffraction study of the effect of water on the garnet perovksite transformation in MORB and implications for the penetration of oceanic crust...Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 159, 1-2, pp. 118-126.MantleWater in lower mantle
DS200812-0503
2008
Funakoshi, K.Irifune, T., Higo, Y., Inoue, T., Kono, Y., Ohfuji, H., Funakoshi, K.Sound velocities of majorite garnet and the composition of the mantle transition zone.Nature, Vol. 451, 7180, pp. 814-817.MantleGeophysics - seismics
DS200812-0669
2008
Funakoshi, K.Litasov, K.D., Ohtani, Y., Nishihara, Y., Suzuki, A., Funakoshi, K.Thermal equation of state of Al and Fe bearing phase D.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, August 15, B08205MantleBoundary
DS201504-0194
2015
Funakoshi, K.Dymshits, A., Sharygin, I., Litasov, K., Shatskiy, A., Gavryushkin, P., Ohtani, E., Suzuki, A., Funakoshi, K.In situ observation of the pyroxene majorite transition in Na2MgSi5O12 using synchroton radiation and Raman spectroscopy of Na-majorite.American Mineralogist, Vol. 100, pp. 378-384.MantleMajorite
DS2001-0479
2001
Funakoshi, K.I.Hirose, K., Fei, Y., Funakoshi, K.I.In situ measurements of the phase transistion boundary ...Mg3Al2Si3O12: implications for nature seismic...Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 184, No.3-4, Jan.30, pp.567-74.MantleGeophysics - seismic, Discontinuities
DS201212-0717
2012
Funakoshi, K-I.Tange, Y., Kuwayma, Y., Irifune, T., Funakoshi, K-I., Ohishi, Y.P-V-T equation of state of MgSiO3 perovskite based on the MgO pressure scale: a comprehensive reference for mineralogy of the lower mantle.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 117, B6, B06201MantlePerovskite
DS2000-0306
2000
Funamori, N.Funamori, N., Jeanloz, R., Fujino, K.Mineral assemblages of basalt in the lower mantleJournal of Geophysical Research, Vol.105, No.11, Nov.10, pp.26037-MantleLithosphere - mineral chemistry
DS201312-0945
2013
Funamori, N.Wakabayashi, D., Funamori, N.Equation of state of silicate melts with densified intermediate range order at the pressure condition of the Earth's deep upper mantle.Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, Vol. 40, 4, pp.MantleMelting
DS1998-0456
1998
Funck, T.Funck, T., Louden, K.E.Wide angle seismic imaging of pristine Archean crust in the Nain Labrador.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 35, No. 6, June pp. 672-85.Quebec, Labrador, UngavaGeophysics - seismics, Archean - Ketilidian Mobile Belt, Makkovik
DS1999-0230
1999
Funck, T.Funck, T., Louden, K.E.Wide angle seismic transect across the Torngat Orogen: evidence for a Proterozoic crustal root.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 104, No. 4, Apr. 10, pp. 7463-80.Quebec, Labrador, UngavaGeophysics - seismics
DS2000-0307
2000
Funck, T.Funck, T., Louden, K.E., Muzzatti, A.M.Three dimensional structure of the Torngat Orogen ( northeast Canada) from activeseismic tomography.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 105, No.B 10, Oct.10, pp.23403-20.Quebec, Ungava, LabradorGeophysics - seismics, Tomography
DS2001-0347
2001
Funck, T.Funck, T., Louden, Hall, Wardle, Salisbury, ReidSynthesis of the Escoot 1996 refraction seismic studies in the Torngat Orogen.Geological Association of Canada (GAC) Annual Meeting Abstracts, Vol. 26, p.48, abstract.Quebec, Labrador, UngavaGeophysics - seismics, ESCOOT.
DS2001-0348
2001
Funck, T.Funck, T., Louden, K.E., Reid, I.D.Crustal structure of the Grenville Province in southeastern Labrador from refraction seismic data:Canadian Journal of Earth Science, Vol. 38, No. 10, Oct. pp. 1463-78.Quebec, LabradorCrustal wedge = high velocity lower, Tectonics
DS2001-0349
2001
Funck, T.Funck, T., Lowden, K.E., Hall, J.Wide angled reflectivity across Torngat Orogen northeast CanadaGeophysical Research Letters, Vol. 28, No. 18, Sept. 15, pp. 3541-44.Quebec, Ungava, LabradorGeophysics - seismics, Orogeny
DS2002-0635
2002
Funck, T.Hall, J., Louden, K.E., Funck, T., Deemer, S.Geophysical characteristics of the continental crust along the Lithoprobe Eastern Canadian Shield Onshore-Offshore Transect (ECSOOT): a review.Canadian Journal of Earth Science, Vol.39,5, May, pp.569-87.Quebec, Labrador, Baffin IslandGeophysics - ESCOOT, Tectonics
DS200912-0245
2009
Funck, T.Gerlings, J., Funck, T., Jackson, R.H., Louden, K.E., Klingelhofer, F.Seismic evidence for plume derived volcanism during formation of the continental margin in southern Davis Strait and northern Labrador Sea.Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 176, 3, pp. 980-994.CanadaPlume
DS201212-0212
2012
Funck, T.Funck, T., Gohl, K., Damm, V., Heyde, I.Tectonic evolution of southern Baffin Bay and Davis Strait: results from a seismic refraction transect between Canada and Greenland.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 117, B04107, 24p.Canada, Nunavut, Baffin Island, Europe, GreenlandGeophysics - seismics
DS201212-0711
2012
Funck, T.Suckro, S.K., Gohl, K., Funck, T., Heyde, I., Ehrardt, A., Schreckenberger, B., Gerlings, J., Damm, V., Jokat, W.The crustal structure of southern Baffin Bay: implications from a seismic refraction experiment.Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 190, 1, pp. 37-58.Canada, Nunavut, Baffin Island, Europe, GreenlandGeophysics - seismics
DS2003-0631
2003
Fung, A.Jacob, D.E., Fung, A., Jagoutz, E., Pearson, D.G.Petrology and geochemistry of eclogite xenoliths from the Ekati kimberlite area8ikc, Www.venuewest.com/8ikc/program.htm, Session 2, POSTER abstractNorthwest TerritoriesEclogites and Diamonds, Deposit - Ekati
DS2003-0940
2003
Fung, A.Menzies, A.H., Westerlund, K., Gurney, J.J., Carlson, J., Fung, A., Nowicki, T.Peridotite mantle xenoliths from kimberlites on the Ekati property, Northwest8 Ikc Www.venuewest.com/8ikc/program.htm, Session 4, AbstractNorthwest TerritoriesMantle geochemistry, Deposit - Ekati
DS200412-1298
2004
Fung, A.Menzies, A., Westerlund, K., Grutter, H., Gurney, J.J., Carlson, J., Fung, A., Nowicki, T.Peridotitic mantle xenoliths from kimberlites on the Ekati diamond mine property, NWT: major element compositions and implicatioLithos, Vol. 77, 1-4, Sept. pp. 395-412.Canada, Northwest TerritoriesSlave Craton, harzburgite, geothermometry, diamond grap
DS200412-1301
2003
Fung, A.Menzies, A.H., Westerlund, K., Gurney, J.J., Carlson, J., Fung, A., Nowicki, T.Peridotite mantle xenoliths from kimberlites on the Ekati property, Northwest Territories, Canada.8 IKC Program, Session 4, AbstractCanada, Northwest TerritoriesMantle geochemistry Deposit - Ekati
DS200712-0401
2006
Fung, A.Haggerty, S., Fung, A.Oribicular oxides in carbonatitic kimberlites.American Mineralogist, Vol. 91, no. 11-12, pp. 1461-1472.Africa, Namibia, Uganda, South AfricaExamples - Mukorob, Hatzium
DS1992-0500
1992
Fung, A.T.Fung, A.T., Haggerty, S.E.high pressure magmatic eclogites, Koidu, Sierra LeoneEos Transactions, Vol. 73, No. 14, April 7, supplement abstracts p.325Sierra LeoneEclogites, Kimberlite pipe 1
DS1993-0472
1993
Fung, A.T.Fung, A.T., Haggerty, S.E.Zoning, melting and apatite in mantle eclogites, Koidu, Sierra LeoneEos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Vol. 74, No. 16, April 20, supplement abstract p. 320Sierra LeonePetrography, Mineral chemistry
DS1993-0610
1993
Fung, A.T.Haggerty, S.E., Fung, A.T., Pyle, J.M.The mantle array and geochemistries of high pressure and high temperatureeclogites.Russian Geology and Geophysics, Vol. 34, No. 12, pp. 51-65.GlobalGeochemistry, Craton, Koidu, Jagersfontein, Eclogites
DS1994-0558
1994
Fung, A.T.Fung, A.T.The petrography and mineral compositions of eclogites from the Koidukimberlite complex, Sierra Leone.Msc. Thesis, University of Massachusetts, 232p.Sierra LeoneEclogite, Deposit -Koidu
DS1994-0695
1994
Fung, A.T.Haggerty, S.E., Fung, A.T.Orbicular oxide in mantle carbonates: high pressure autoliths or low pressure liquid immiscibility?Eos, Vol. 75, No. 16, April 19, p. 187.MantleCarbonates
DS1994-0696
1994
Fung, A.T.Haggerty, S.E., Fung, A.T., Burt, D.M.Apatite, phosphorous and titanium in eclogitic garnet from the uppermantle.Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 21, No. 16, Aug. 1, pp. 1699-1702.MantleEclogites
DS1995-0572
1995
Fung, A.T.Fung, A.T., Haggerty, S.E.Petrography and mineral compositions of eclogites from the Koidu kimberlitecomplex, Sierra Leone.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 100, No. 10, Oct, 10, pp. 451-474.Sierra LeonePetrography, Deposit -Koidu
DS1998-0457
1998
Fung, A.T.Fung, A.T.Petrochemistry of upper mantle eclogites from the Grizzly, Leslie, Pigeon and Sable kimberlites...Slave7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 230-232.Northwest TerritoriesMineral chemistry - eclogites, Garnet compositions
DS1998-0555
1998
Fung, A.T.Haggerty, S.E., Fung, A.T.Orbicular oxides in carbonatitic kimberlites: high pressure autoliths or low pressure liquid immiscibility?7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 293-5.South AfricaCarbonatite, Deposit - Mukurob, HatziuM.
DS200412-0592
2004
Funicello, F.Funicello, F., Faccenna, C., Giardini, D.Role of lateral mantle flow in the evolution of subduction systems: insights from laboratory experiments.Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 157, 3, pp. 1393-1406.MantleSubduction
DS200612-0419
2006
Funicello, F.Funicello, F., Moroni, M., Piromallo, C., Faccenna, C., Cenedese, A., Bui, H.A.Mapping mantle flow during retreating subduction: laboratory models analyzed by feature tracking.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 111, B3, B3402 10.1029/2005 JB003792MantleGeophysics - seismics
DS2003-0096
2003
Funiciello, F.Bellashen, N., Faccenna, C., Funiciello, F., Daniel, J.M., Jolivet, L.Why did Arabia separate from Africa? Insights from 3-D laboratory experimentsEarth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 216, 3, pp. 365-81.AfricaTectonics, rifting
DS2003-0430
2003
Funiciello, F.Funiciello, F., et al.Dynamics of retreating slabs. 1. and 2. Insights from two and three dimensionalJournal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 108, B4. 10.1029/2002JB00896, 898.MantleSubduction
DS200412-0131
2003
Funiciello, F.Bellashen, N., Faccenna, C., Funiciello, F., Daniel, J.M., Jolivet, L.Why did Arabia separate from Africa? Insights from 3-D laboratory experiments.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 216, 3, pp. 365-81.AfricaTectonics, rifting
DS200412-0593
2003
Funiciello, F.Funiciello, F., et al.Dynamics of retreating slabs. 1. and 2. Insights from two and three dimensional laboratory experiments.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 108, B4. 10.1029/2002 JB00896,898.MantleSubduction
DS200512-0075
2005
Funiciello, F.Bellahsen, N., Faccenna, C., Funiciello, F.Dynamics of subduction and plate motion laboratory experiments: insight into the plate tectonics behaviour of the Earth.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 110, B1, Jan. 6, B10401.MantleTectonics, subduction
DS200812-0373
2008
Funiciello, F.Funiciello, F., Faccenna, C., Heuret, A., Lallemand, S., Di Guiseppe, E., Becker, T.W.Trench migration, net rotation and slab mantle decoupling.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 271, 1-4, pp. 233-240.MantleSubduction
DS200812-0628
2008
Funiciello, F.Lallemand, S., Heuret, A., Faccenna, C., Funiciello, F.Subduction dynamics as revealed by trench migration.Tectonics, Vol. 27, TC3014MantleSubduction
DS201012-0190
2010
Funiciello, F.Faccenna, C., Becker, T.W., Lallemand, S., Lagabrielle, Y., Funiciello, F., Piromallo, C.Subduction triggered magmatic pulses: a new class of plumes?Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 299, 1-2, Oct. 15, pp. 54-68.MantleMagmatism
DS201012-0811
2010
Funiciello, F.Van Dinther, Y., Morra, G., Funiciello, F., Faccenna, C.Role of overriding plate in the subduction process: insights from numerical models.Tectonophysics, Vol. 484, pp. 74-86.MantleSubduction
DS201112-0087
2011
Funiciello, F.Bialas, R.W., Funiciello, F., Faccenna, C.Subduction and exhumation of continental crust: insights from laboratory models.Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 184, 1, pp. 43-64.MantleSubduction
DS201412-0003
2014
Funiciello, F.Agard, P., Zuo, X., Funiciello, F., Bellahsen, N., Faccenna, C., Savva, D.Obduction: why, how and where. Clues from analog models.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 393, pp. 132-145.MantleSubduction
DS201804-0708
2018
Funiciello, F.Kiraly, A., Holt, A.F., Funiciello, F., Faccenna, C., Capitanio, F.A.Modeling slab-slab interactions: dynamics of outward dipping double sided subduction systems.Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 22p. PdfMantleplate tectonics

Abstract: Slab?slab interaction is a characteristic feature of tectonically complex areas. Outward dipping double?sided subduction is one of these complex cases, which has several examples on Earth, most notably the Molucca Sea and Adriatic Sea. This study focuses on developing a framework for linking plate kinematics and slab interactions in an outward dipping subduction geometry. We used analog and numerical models to better understand the underlying subduction dynamics. Compared to a single subduction model, double?sided subduction exhibits more time?dependent and vigorous toroidal flow cells that are elongated (i.e., not circular). Because both the Molucca and Adriatic Sea exhibit an asymmetric subduction configuration, we also examine the role that asymmetry plays in the dynamics of outward dipping double?sided subduction. We introduce asymmetry in two ways; with variable initial depths for the two slabs (geometric asymmetry), and with variable buoyancy within the subducting plate (mechanical asymmetry). Relative to the symmetric case, we probe how asymmetry affects the overall slab kinematics, whether asymmetric behavior intensifies or equilibrates as subduction proceeds. While initial geometric asymmetry disappears once the slabs are anchored to the 660 km discontinuity, the mechanical asymmetry can cause more permanent differences between the two subduction zones. In the most extreme case, the partly continental slab stops subducting due to the unequal slab pull force. The results show that the slab?slab interaction is most effective when the two trenches are closer than 10-8 cm in the laboratory, which is 600-480 km when scaled to the Earth.
DS201810-2367
2018
Funiciello, F.Pitard, P., Replumaz, A., Funiciello, F., Husson, L., Faccenna, C.Mantle kinematics driving collisional subduction: insights from analogue modeling.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 502, pp. 96-103.Mantlesubduction

Abstract: Since several decades, the processes allowing for the subduction of the continental lithosphere less dense than the mantle in a collision context have been widely explored, but models that are based upon the premise that slab pull is the prominent driver of plate tectonics fail. The India-Asia collision, where several episodes of continental subduction have been documented, constitute a case study for alternative views. One of these episodes occurred in the early collision time within the Asian plate where continental lithosphere not attached to any oceanic lithosphere subducted southward in front of the Indian lithosphere during its northward subduction that followed the oceanic subduction of the Tethys ocean. This process, known as collisional subduction, has a counter-intuitive behavior since the subduction is not driven by slab pull. It has been speculated that the mantle circulation can play an important role in triggering collisional subduction but a detailed, qualitative analysis of it is not available, yet. In this work we explore the southward subduction dynamics of the Asian lithosphere below Tibet by means of analogue experiments with the aim to highlight how the mantle circulation induces or responds to collisional subduction. We found that during the northward oceanic subduction (analogue of Tethys subduction) attached to the indenter (Indian analogue), the main component of slab motion is driven vertically by its negative buoyancy, while the trench rolls back. In the mantle the convective pattern consists in a pair of wide convective cells on both sides of the slab. But when the indenter starts to bend and plunge in the mantle, trench motion reverses. Its advance transmits the far field forces to two upper plates (Asian analogues). The more viscous frontal plate thickens, and the less viscous hinterland plate, which is attached to the back wall of the box, subducts. During this transition, a pair of sub-lithospheric convective cells is observed on both sides of the Asian analogue slab, driven by the shortening of the frontal plate. It favors the initiation of the backwall plate subduction. Such subduction is maintained during the entire collision by a wide cell with a mostly horizontal mantle flow below Tibet, passively advecting the Asian analogue slab. Experimental results suggest that once the tectonic far-field force related to the forward horizontal motion becomes dominant upon the buoyancy forces, trench advancing and the transmission of the tectonic force to the upper and backwall plates are promoted. This peculiar condition triggers the subduction of the backwall plate, despite it is light and buoyant.
DS201908-1772
2019
Funk, C.Braukmuller, N., Wombacher, F., Funk, C., Munker, C.Earth's volatile element depletion pattern inherited from a carbonaceous chondrite-like source.Nature Geoscience, Vol. 12, 7, pp. 564-568.Mantlechondrite

Abstract: Earth’s volatile element abundances (for example, sulfur, zinc, indium and lead) provide constraints on fundamental processes, such as planetary accretion, differentiation and the delivery of volatile species, like water, which contributed to Earth becoming a habitable planet. The composition of the silicate Earth suggests a chemical affinity but isotopic disparity to carbonaceous chondrites—meteorites that record the early element fractionations in the protoplanetary disk. However, the volatile element depletion pattern of the silicate Earth is obscured by core formation. Another key problem is the overabundance of indium, which could not be reconciled with any known chondrite group. Here we complement recently published volatile element abundances for carbonaceous chondrites with high-precision sulfur, selenium and tellurium data. We show that both Earth and carbonaceous chondrites exhibit a unique hockey stick volatile element depletion pattern in which volatile elements with low condensation temperatures (750-500?K) are unfractionated from each other. This abundance plateau accounts for the apparent overabundance of indium in the silicate Earth without the need of exotic building materials or vaporization from precursors or during the Moon-forming impact and suggests the accretion of 10-15?wt% CI-like material before core formation ceased. Finally, more accurate estimates of volatile element abundances in the core and bulk Earth can now be provided.
DS201705-0826
2017
Funk, M.T.Funk, M.T.Diamond Heists.lithographie.org, No. 19, pp. 132-137.GlobalBook - theft
DS201112-0339
2011
Funk, S.P.Funk, S.P., Luth, R.W.An experimental study of minettes and associated mica-clinopyroxenite xenoliths from the Milk River area, southern Alberta Canada.Goldschmidt Conference 2011, abstract p.875.Canada, Alberta, United States, WyomingSimilarities to Madupitic lamproites Leucite Hills
DS201212-0213
2012
Funk, S.P.Funk, S.P., Luth, R.W.An experimental study of a minette from the Milk River area, southern Alberta, Canada.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 164, 6, pp. 999-1009.Canada, AlbertaMinette
DS201312-0284
2013
Funk, S.P.Funk, S.P., Luth, R.W.Melting phase relations of a mica-clinopyroxenite from the Milk River area, southern Alberta, Canada.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 166, 2, pp. 393-409.Canada, AlbertaMinette
DS200612-0894
2006
Funk, W.McKay, S., Funk, W., Rimbey, S., Butler, H.Computer simulation model for determining reclamation liability costs of the EKATI diamond mine in the Northwest Territories, Canada.Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 14, 12-13, pp. 1096-1100. Ingenta 1062062956Canada, Northwest TerritoriesMining, reclamation
DS200412-0231
2004
Funke, S.Bruneton, M., Pedersen, H.A., Vacher, P., Kukkonenen, I.T., Arndt, N.T., Funke, S., Friederich, W., Farra, V.Layered lithospheric mantle in the central Baltic Shield from surface waves and xenolith analysis.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 226, 1-2, pp. 41-52.Baltic Shield, Norway, Finland, RussiaGeophysics - seismics, xenoliths
DS1996-0477
1996
Furbish, D.J.Furbish, D.J.Fluid physics in geology.. an introduction to fluid motions on earth'ssurfaces and within its crustOxford University of Press, 496p. approx. 63.00GlobalBook - ad, Fluid physics
DS1930-0159
1934
Furcron, A.S.Furcron, A.S.Igneous Rocks of the Shenandoah National Park AreaJournal of GEOLOGY, Vol. 42, No. 4, PP. 400-410.United States, Appalachia, VirginiaRelated Rocks, Geology
DS201709-2034
2017
Furi, E.Mollex, G., France, L., Furi, E., Bonnet, R., Botcharnikov, R.E., Zimmermann, L., Wilke, S., Deloule, E., Chazot, G., Kazimoto. E.O., Marty, B., Burnard, P.The Oldoinyo Lengai volcano plumbing system architecture, and composition from source to surface.Goldschmidt Conference, abstract 1p.Africa, Tanzaniadeposit, Oldoinyo

Abstract: Cognate xenoliths that have been emitted during the last sub-plinian eruption in 2007-08 at Oldoinyo Lengai (OL) represent a unique opportunity to document the igneous processes occuring within the active magma chamber. Detailed petrographic descriptions coupled to a thermobarometric approach, and to the determination of volatile solubility models, allow us to identify the melt evolution at magma chamber conditions, and the storage parameters (P, T). Results indicate that a fresh phonolite melt (~1060°C) was injected into a crustal magma chamber at 11.5 ±3.5 km depth, in agreement with geophysical surveys performed during the eruption. The phonolite contains high volatile contents: 3.2 wt.% H2O and 1.4 wt.% CO2. The liquid line of descent highlights an evolution to nephelinite compositions by cooling down to 880°C. Our results support previous results related to this eruption, and are similar to the historical products emitted during the whole volcano history, allowing us to suggest that no major modification in the plumbing system has occured during the OL evolution. New noble gas results show that: i. fumaroles display constant He isotopic signature since 1988; ii. Cognate xenoliths documenting the active magma chamber and fumaroles display similar He isotopic values (6.58±0.46RA, and 7.31±0.40RA, respectively); iii. OL He isotopic composition is similar to that of other silicate volcanoes of the Arusha region, and comparable to the typical subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) range (5.2 to 7.0 RA); iv. Ne isotopic ratio of OL is following the MORB signature. Those results are interpreted as showing that 1/ no major modification in the hydrothermal system architecture has occured since 1988 despite major modification of the summit crater morphology, 2/ no contamination by either the atmospheric gases, or crustal material assimilation has occured between the magma chamber and the surface, and 3/ the source of OL and of the other silicate volcanoes in the Arusha region is a SCLM metasomatized by asthenospheric fluids.
DS201911-2548
2019
Furi, E.Mikhail, S., Furi, E.On the origin(s) and evolution of Earth's carbon.Elements, Vol. 15, pp. 307-312.Mantlecarbon

Abstract: The isotopic "flavor" of Earth’s major volatiles, including carbon, can be compared to the known reservoirs of volatiles in the solar system and so determine the source of Earth’s carbon. This requires knowing Earth’s bulk carbon isotope value, which is not straightforward to determine. During Earth’s differentiation, carbon was partitioned into the core, mantle, crust, and atmosphere. Therefore, although carbon is omnipresent within the Earth system, scientists have yet to determine its distribution and relative abundances. This article addresses what we know of the processes involved in the formation of Earth’s carbon reservoirs, and, by deduction, what we know about the possible origins of Earth’s carbon.
DS201712-2733
2017
Furlan, A.Ugalde, H., Furlan, A., Veglio, E., Milkereit, B., Mirza, A.M., Elliott, B.Airborne MAG/EM dat a integration of Slave Province kimberlites, Northwest Territories.45th. Annual Yellowknife Geoscience Forum, p. 82 abstractCanada, Northwest Territoriesgeophysics

Abstract: As part of the Slave Province Geophysical, Surficial Materials and Permafrost Study, the Northwest Territories Geological Survey (NTGS) commissioned high resolution geophysical surveys in the Slave Geological Province (SGP). The high resolution aeromagnetic survey was flown from February to April 2017 and comprise 87,600 line-km of data flown at 100 m line spacing and nominal aircraft terrain clearance was 60 m with drape flying over the Central Slave craton block. The horizontal gradient magnetic and frequency domain EM (FDEM) survey was flown from February to March 2017 acquired at 75 m line spacing over 6 other blocks with nominal terrain clearance of 60 m to maintain bird height of 25 m, covering 4,580 line-km (Munn Lake, Margaret Lake, Zyena Lake, Lac de Gras West, Big Blue and Mackay Lake). The objective of this work is to develop multi-parameter models to help mineral exploration and mining companies better understand the range of geophysical signatures associated with kimberlites in the SGP. A regular geophysical-based approach for kimberlite exploration usually involves inverting geophysical data with limited geological input. In this contribution we present different ways of looking at the geophysical data and try to obtain a more thorough geological understanding out of it. The workflow starts with a complete GIS compilation of all the ancillary data available in the area: previous industry reports, geology, remote sensing, topographic layers. Secondly, we compute a number of interpretation sub-products from the total magnetic intensity data (tilt derivatives, analytic signal, and other edge detection routines). The next stage involves the computation of a susceptibility distribution from the FDEM data (Tschirhart et al, 2015). With this we are able to generate a magnetic model of the near surface susceptibility distributions, which are then subtracted from the observed data. The resultant map shows anomalous sources that could be associated to either remanent magnetization and/or deeper sources. Following the work of Sterritt (2006), post-emplacement alteration is ubiquitous in kimberlite pipes. Alteration results in production of secondary oxide minerals and alteration of primary oxide minerals to phases with different magnetic susceptibilities (e.g. non-magnetic iron oxides). This can lead to a dramatic increase of magnetic susceptibility due to serpentinization (Clark, 1997). On the other hand, remanent magnetization can change the polarity of the observed magnetic anomalies or even completely remove the expected signature due to an equal but opposite combination of remanent and induced magnetic components. Therefore, a thorough compilation of petrophysical and mineralogical data over kimberlites and altered rocks in the vicinity of known occurrences is critical for the geological understanding of the existing geophysical data. This contribution will show some preliminary processing and compilation work completed over the Slave province kimberlites using the newly acquired geophysical data.
DS201505-0233
2015
Furlani, S.Furlani, S., Ninfo, A.Is the present the key to the future?Earth Science Reviews, Vol. 142, pp. 38-46.GlobalGeomorphology
DS1986-0258
1986
Furlong, K.P.Furlong, K.P., Fountain, D.M.Continental crustal underplating-thermal considerations and seismicpetrologic consequencesJournal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 91, no, 8, July 10, pp. 8285-8294GlobalCrustal genesis, Geophysics
DS1988-0190
1988
Furlong, K.P.Eggler, D.H., Meen, J.K., Welt, F., Dudas, F.O., Furlong, K.P.Tectonomagmatism of the Wyoming ProvinceColorado School of Mines Quarterly, Vol. 83, No. 2, Summer pp. 25-40Wyoming, MontanaMetasomatism, xenoliths, lithosphere, Missouri Breaks, kimberlites
DS1989-0103
1989
Furlong, K.P.Ben Yan, Graham, E.K., Furlong, K.P.Lateral variations in upper mantle thermal structure inferred from three dimensional seismic inversion modelsGeophysical Research Letters, Vol. 16, No. 5, May pp. 449-452GlobalMantle, Seismics -Geophysics
DS1989-0396
1989
Furlong, K.P.Eggler, D.H., Furlong, K.P.Destruction of Wyoming province lithosphere: thermal modeling with kimberlite xenolithsEos, Vol. 70, No. 15, April 11, p. 511. (abstract.)WyomingHeat flow
DS1990-0500
1990
Furlong, K.P.Furlong, K.P.Thermal aspects of the evolution of the middle and lower continentalcrust: a modeling perspectiveGeological Society of America (GSA) Abstracts with programs, Northeastern, Vol. 22, No. 2, p. 18GlobalMantle, Model
DS1991-0426
1991
Furlong, K.P.Eggler, D.H., Furlong, K.P.Petrochemical and geophysical evidence for old mantle lithosphere beneathMontanaGuidebook of the Central Montana Alkalic Province, ed. Baker, D.W., Berg. R., No. 100, pp. 87-92MontanaMantle, Mineral chemistry, geophysics
DS1991-0427
1991
Furlong, K.P.Eggler, D.H., Furlong, K.P.Destruction of subcratonic mantle keel: the Wyoming provinceProceedings of Fifth International Kimberlite Conference held Araxa June 1991, Servico Geologico do Brasil (CPRM) Special, pp. 85-87Wyoming, ColoradoMantle, Heat-flow, tectonics, Geophysics -seismics
DS1996-0066
1996
Furlong, K.P.Bahlburg, H., Furlong, K.P.Lithospheric modeling of the Ordovician foreland basin in the Puna of northwestArgentina: arc loading formationsTectonophysics, Vol. 259, No. 1-3, June 30, pp. 245-ArgentinaTectonics
DS2001-1190
2001
Furlong, K.P.Van Wijk, J.W., Givers, R., Furlong, K.P.Three dimensional thermal modeling of the California upper mantle: a slab window vs. stalled slab.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 186, No. 2, March 30, pp. 175-86.CaliforniaSubduction, Geothermometry
DS200612-0552
2006
Furlong, K.P.Hayes, G.P., Johnson, C.B., Furlong, K.P.Evidence for melt injection in the crust of northern California?Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 248, 3-4, Aug. 30, pp. 638-649.United States, CaliforniaMelting
DS201212-0214
2013
Furlong, K.P.Furlong, K.P., Chapman, D.S.Heat flow, heat generation, and the thermal state of the lithosphere.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol. 41,MantleGeothermometry
DS201312-0285
2013
Furlong, K.P.Furlong, K.P., Chapman, D.S.Heat flow, heat generation, and the thermal state of the lithosphere.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol. 41, pp. 385-410.MantleGeothermometry
DS1992-0501
1992
Furman, T.Furman, T.Alkalic lavas from the Rungwe Volcanic Province, Tanzania: trace element signature of the mantle sourceEos Transactions, Vol. 73, No. 14, April 7, supplement abstracts p.328-9TanzaniaAlkaline rocks, Mantle
DS1995-0573
1995
Furman, T.Furman, T.Melting of metasomatized subcontinental lithosphere undersaturated mafic lavas from Bungwe, Tanzania.Contrib. Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 122, No. 1/2, pp. 97-115.TanzaniaMetasomatism
DS1999-0231
1999
Furman, T.Furman, T., Graham, D.Erosion of lithospheric mantle beneath the East African Rift system:geochemical evidence from Kivu volcanicsLithos, Vol. 48, No. 1-4, Sept. pp. 237-62.East Africa, KenyaGeochemistry, Lithosphere
DS200712-0338
2007
Furman, T.Furman, T., Van Keken, P.E., Bryce, J., Lin, S-C.Thermochemical coupling in deep mantle plumes: a case study of Turkana Northern Kenya.Plates, Plumes, and Paradigms, 1p. abstract p. A300.Africa, KenyaAlkaline rocks, picrites
DS201212-0516
2012
Furman, T.Nelson, W.R., Furman, T., Van Keken, P.E., Shirey, S.B., Hanan, B.B.Os Hf isotopic insight into mantle plume dynamics beneath the East African Rift system.Chemical Geology, Vol. 320-321 pp. 66-79.Africa, KenyaPicrite
DS201412-0753
2014
Furman, T.Rooney, T.O., Nelson, W.R., Dosso, L., Furman, T., Hanan, B.The role of continental lithosphere metasomes in the production of HIMU-like magmatism on the northeast African and Arabian plates, East African Rift zone.Geology, Vol. 42, pp. 419-422.AfricaMagmatism
DS201510-1791
2015
Furman, T.Nelson, W.R., Furman, T., Pitcavage, E.M.Exploring the link between metasomatized lithosphere and continental rifting: a case study of the East African Rift.GSA Annual Meeting, Paper 131-2, 1p. Abstract onlyAfricaSCLM

Abstract: The subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) is foundational to understanding the construction, destruction, and division of tectonic plates. Tectonic processes, in turn, both directly and indirectly influence the lithosphere’s thermal, physical and mineralogical properties. Mantle melting and melt/fluid percolation cause fundamental changes to the lithosphere that affect its composition and stability. Specifically, metasomatism by silicate melts and hydrous/carbonated fluids can create lithologies (i.e. pyroxenites) that are denser, more fusible, and less viscous than adjacent peridotite. The resulting density instabilities may lead to lithospheric erosion, topographic uplift and even continental rifting. We explore the link between metasomatized SCLM, mafic volcanism and associated continental rifting in the Ugandan portion of the Western Rift of the East African Rift System using Re-Os isotopes from both alkaline mafic lavas and pyroxenite mantle xenoliths. The lavas record age-corrected 187Os/188Os that range from 0.1421 to 0.2105, which is more radiogenic than primitive mantle (0.1296; Meisel et al., 2001). These data demonstrate that many of the lavas were derived from a metasomatized mantle source though a few have experienced crustal contamination. The mantle xenoliths also record a wide range of 187Os abundances. One peridotite xenolith has a mildly radiogenic signature (187Os/188Os = 0.1342) whereas the pyroxenites span a wide range of 187Os/188Os ratios (0.1401-0.5052). One pyroxenite recorded a mildly unradiogenic 187Os/188Os value (0.127) and has 0.96 ppb of Os. Based on these data, we conclude that the lavas were derived from metasomatized SCLM. Some of the SCLM was sampled by mantle xenoliths but, as a whole, the SCLM is more heterogeneous than the lavas suggest. The widespread, metasomatized SCLM readily contributed to melt generation both in situ as well as during foundering via lithospheric drip (Furman et al., in review). The SCLM-derived volcanism occurred prior to and during Western Rift extension, suggesting that the metasomatized SCLM played a vital role in rift development.
DS201606-1087
2016
Furman, T.Furman, T., Nelson, W.R., Elkins-Tanton, L.T.Evolution of the East African rift: drip magmatism, lithospheric thinning and mafic volcanism.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, in press availableAfrica, EthiopiaMetasomatism - picrites

Abstract: The origin of the Ethiopian-Yemeni Oligocene flood basalt province is widely interpreted as representing mafic volcanism associated with the Afar mantle plume head, with minor contributions from the lithospheric mantle. We reinterpret the geochemical compositions of primitive Oligocene basalts and picrites as requiring a far more significant contribution from the metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle than has been recognized previously. This region displays the fingerprints of mantle plume and lithospheric drip magmatism as predicted from numerical models. Metasomatized mantle lithosphere is not dynamically stable, and heating above the upwelling Afar plume caused metasomatized lithosphere with a significant pyroxenite component to drip into the asthenosphere and melt. This process generated the HT2 lavas observed today in restricted portions of Ethiopia and Yemen now separated by the Red Sea, suggesting a fundamental link between drip magmatism and the onset of rifting. Coeval HT1 and LT lavas, in contrast, were not generated by drip melting but instead originated from shallower, dominantly anhydrous peridotite. Looking more broadly across the East African Rift System in time and space, geochemical data support small volume volcanic events in Turkana (N. Kenya), Chyulu Hills (S. Kenya) and the Virunga province (Western Rift) to be derived ultimately from drip melting. The removal of the gravitationally unstable, metasomatized portion of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle via dripping is correlated in each case with periods of rapid uplift. The combined influence of thermo-mechanically thinned lithosphere and the Afar plume together thus controlled the locus of continental rift initiation between Africa and Arabia and provide dynamic support for the Ethiopian plateau.
DS1987-0230
1987
Furnes, H.Furnes, H., Pedersen, R.B., Maaloe, S.Petrology and geochemistry of spinel peridotite nodules and host basalt, VestspitsbergenNorsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, Vol. 66, pp. 53-68NorwayMineral Chemistry
DS1991-0009
1991
Furnes, H.Albrektsen, B.A., Furnes, H., Pedersen, R.B.Formation of dunites in mantle tectonites, Leka ophiolite complex, SOURCE[ Journal of GeodynamicsJournal of Geodynamics, Vol. 13, No. 2-4, pp. 205-220NorwayOphiolite, Dunites
DS1991-0010
1991
Furnes, H.Albrektsen, B.A., Furnes, H., Pedersen, R.B.Formation of dunites in mantle tectonites, Leka ophiolite complex NorwayJournal of Geodynamics, Vol. 13, No. 2-4, pp. 205-220NorwayTectonics, Mantle -dunites
DS1991-1321
1991
Furnes, H.Pedersen, R.B., Furnes, H.Geology, magmatic affinity and geotectonic environment of some Caledonian ophiolites in NorwayJournal of Geodynamics, Vol. 13, No. 2-4, pp. 183-203NorwayOphiolites, Tectonics
DS201604-0601
2016
Furnes, H.De Wit, M.J., Furnes, H.3.5 Ga hydrothermal fields and diamictites in the Barberton greenstone belt - Paleoarchean crust in cold environments.Science Advance AEON and Earth Stewardship Science Research Institute, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Univerisity, 13p.TechnologyGlacial remnants, exosphere, silica pipes

Abstract: Estimates of ocean temperatures on Earth 3.5 billion years ago (Ga) range between 26° and 85°C. We present new data from 3.47- to 3.43-Ga volcanic rocks and cherts in South Africa suggesting that these temperatures reflect mixing of hot hydrothermal fluids with cold marine and terrestrial waters. We describe fossil hydrothermal pipes that formed at ~200°C on the sea floor >2 km below sea level. This ocean floor was uplifted tectonically to sea level where a subaerial hydrothermal system was active at 30° to 270°C. We also describe shallow-water glacial diamictites and diagenetic sulfate mineral growth in abyssal muds. These new observations reveal that both hydrothermal systems operated in relatively cold environments and that Earth’s surface temperatures in the early Archean were similar to those in more recent times.
DS1987-0231
1987
Furness, H.Furness, H., Stillman, C.J.The geochemistry and petrology of an alkaline lamprophyre sheet intrusionJournal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 144, No. 2, March pp.227-242GlobalGeochemistry, Lamprophyre
DS1994-0559
1994
Furnis, H.Furnis, H., et al.Geochemical evidence for progressive, rift related early Paleozoic volcanism in the western United StatesJournal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 151, pat. 1, January pp. 91-110Cordillera, Basin and Range, NevadaTectonics, Geochemistry
DS1900-0406
1906
Furniss, H.W.Furniss, H.W.Diamonds and Carbons in BrasilPopular Science Monthly, Vol. 6, pp. 272-80.South America, BrazilDiamond Occurrences
DS1930-0188
1935
Furon, R.Furon, R.Les Relations Geologiques de l'afrique et de l'amerique du Sud.Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (paris), 6th. Session., Vol. 12, PP. 211-215.South Africa, South AmericaGeology, Tectonics
DS1986-0622
1986
Furono, K.Onodera, A., Furono, K., Yazu, S.Synthetic diamond as a pressure generatorScience, Vol. 232, June 13, pp. 1419-1420GlobalDiamond morphology
DS2001-0028
2001
FuroshoAndo, J., Shibata, Okajima, Kanagawa, Furosho, TomiolaStriped iron zoning of olivine induced discloaction creep in deformed peridotitesNature, No. 6866, Dec. 20, pp. 893-4.MantlePeridotites
DS2001-0400
2001
FursenkoGoryainov, S.V., Belitski, I.A., Likhacheva, FursenkoRaman spectroscopy of high pressure phase transition in analcime and leuciteRussian Geology and Geophysics, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 673-81.GlobalSpectroscopy
DS1984-0410
1984
Fursenko, B.A.Kirkinskiy, V.A., Fursenko, B.A.Calculating Stability Fields for Heterovalent Solid Solutions at High Pressures in the Systems Magnesium Sio3, Aluminium 2o3, and Iron sio 3 Al2o3Geochemistry International (Geokhimiya), Vol. 21, No. 3, PP. 60-67.RussiaYakutia, Kimberlite
DS2001-0350
2001
Fursenko, B.A.Fursenko, B.A., Goryainov, S.V., Sobolev, N.V.high pressure coesite inclusions in diamond: Raman spectroscopyDoklady Academy of Sciences, Vol. 379A, No. 6, July-August pp. 749-51.GlobalCoesite, Diamond - inclusions
DS201908-1768
2019
Fursich, F.T.Alberti, M., Arabas, A., Fursich, F.T., Andersen, N., Ziolkowski, P.The Middle to Upper Jurassic stable isotope record of Madagascar: linking temperature changes with plate tectonics during the break-up of Gondwana.Gondwana Research, Vol. 73, pp. 1-15.Africa, Madagascargeochemistry

Abstract: Stable isotope (?18O, ?13C) analyses were performed on well preserved belemnites, oysters, and rhynchonellid brachiopods from the Middle to Upper Jurassic of the Morondava Basin in southern Madagascar. Both brachiopods and oysters indicate similar average temperatures of 18.7 to 19.3?°C in the Early Callovian, followed by a temperature decrease towards the Middle Oxfordian (13.9?°C) and a minimum in the Early Kimmeridgian (12.3?°C). In contrast, belemnites from the Oxfordian show lower average temperatures of 10.0?°C, which is likely caused by specific conditions for these organisms (e.g., different fractionation or life habits). Additionally, three oysters from the Upper Oxfordian and Lower Kimmeridgian were used for high-resolution stable isotope analyses. The data show seasonal fluctuations of >6?°C around averages between 14.4 and 14.7?°C. Latitudinal temperature gradients for the Callovian and Kimmeridgian are similar to today at the examined low latitudes of the southern hemisphere. The observed cooling of around 5?°C from the Callovian to the Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian can be attributed to a concurrent southward drift of Madagascar during the break-up of Gondwana. Thus, the study underlines the importance of considering palaeogeography in interpreting stable isotope data as well as the potential of detecting and timing palaeogeographic events by using stable isotope analyses.
DS200912-0237
2009
Furukawa, Y.Furukawa, Y., Sekine, T., Oba, M., Kakegawa, T., Nakazawa, H.Biomolecule formation by oceanic impacts on early Earth. ( subducting .. conversion to graphite or diamond....)Nature Geoscience, Vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 62-66.MantleSubduction
DS200812-0554
2008
Furumura, T.Kennett, B.L., Furumura, T.Stochastic wavelength in the lithosphere: Indonesian subduction zone to Australian craton.Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 172, 1, pp. 363-382.AustraliaSubduction
DS1992-0502
1992
Furutani, T.T.Furutani, T.T.Manganese mobility and electron spin resonance spectroscopy:a potential method for dating carbonatitesGeological Society of America (GSA) Abstract Volume, Vol. 24, No. 5, May p.25. abstract onlyGlobalCarbonatite, Spectroscopy
DS1994-0990
1994
Fusari, C.Lavandaio, E., Fusari, C.Nuevas areas con oro diseminado en el distrito polimetalico Mendoza NorteActas del Encuentro International de Mineria, Vol. 1, pp. 52-58ArgentinaPrecordillera de Mendoza, Metallogeny
DS201501-0011
2015
Fusciardi, L.Fusciardi, L.De Beers Canada - technology and innovation across the diamond value chain.PDAC 2015, 1/4p. AbstractCanadaDe Beers
DS201312-0542
2013
Fuss, C.Lisemann, J-E., Fuss, C., Jarvis, W., Russell, H.A.J., Kjarsgaard, B.A.K., Sharpe, D.R.As assessment of the structure, content and the usability of the kimberlite indicator and diamond database ( KIDD).2013 Yellowknife Geoscience Forum Abstracts, p. 39-40.CanadaDatabase - KIDD
DS201811-2602
2018
Fusswinkel, T.Ranta, E., Stockmann, G., Wagner, T., Fusswinkel, T., Sturkell, E., Tollefsen, E., Skelton, A.Fluid-rock reactions in the 1.3 Ga siderite carbonatite of the Gronnedal-Ika alkaline complex, southwest Greenland.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 173, 26p. Doi.org/10.1007/s00410-018-1505-yEurope, Greenlandcarbonatite

Abstract: Petrogenetic studies of carbonatites are challenging, because carbonatite mineral assemblages and mineral chemistry typically reflect both variable pressure-temperature conditions during crystallization and fluid-rock interaction caused by magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. However, this complexity results in recognizable alteration textures and trace-element signatures in the mineral archive that can be used to reconstruct the magmatic evolution and fluid-rock interaction history of carbonatites. We present new LA-ICP-MS trace-element data for magnetite, calcite, siderite, and ankerite-dolomite-kutnohorite from the iron-rich carbonatites of the 1.3 Ga Grønnedal-Íka alkaline complex, Southwest Greenland. We use these data, in combination with detailed cathodoluminescence imaging, to identify magmatic and secondary geochemical fingerprints preserved in these minerals. The chemical and textural gradients show that a 55 m-thick basaltic dike that crosscuts the carbonatite intrusion has acted as the pathway for hydrothermal fluids enriched in F and CO2, which have caused mobilization of the LREEs, Nb, Ta, Ba, Sr, Mn, and P. These fluids reacted with and altered the composition of the surrounding carbonatites up to a distance of 40 m from the dike contact and caused formation of magnetite through oxidation of siderite. Our results can be used for discrimination between primary magmatic minerals and later alteration-related assemblages in carbonatites in general, which can lead to a better understanding of how these rare rocks are formed. Our data provide evidence that siderite-bearing ferrocarbonatites can form during late stages of calciocarbonatitic magma evolution.
DS202105-0795
2021
Fusswinkel, T.Tang, Li., Wagner, T.,Fusswinkel, T., Zhang, S-T., Xi, B., Jia, L-H., Hu, X-K. Magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of an unusual Mo-rich carbonatite: a case study using LA-ICP-MS fluid inclusion microanalysis and He-Ar isotopes from the Huangshuian deposit, Qinling, China.Mineralium Deposita, 10.1007/s00126 -021-01055-2 18p. PdfChinacarbonatites

Abstract: The Huangshui'an deposit located in East Qinling (China) is an unusual case of a Si-rich carbonatite hosting economic Mo and minor Pb and REE mineralization. The role of mantle-sourced carbonatite melts and fluids in the formation of the Mo mineralization remains poorly understood. Our integrated study based on field geology, petrography, microthermometry, and LA-ICP-MS analysis of single fluid inclusions, and noble gas isotopes of pyrite permits to reconstruct the source characteristics, the magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of the carbonatitic fluids, and their controls on Mo mineralization. Fluid inclusions hosted in calcite in the carbonatite dikes have the highest concentrations of Mo (9.9-62 ppm), Ce (820-9700 ppm), Pb (1800-19500 ppm), and Zn (570-5800 ppm) and represent the least modified hydrothermal fluid derived from the carbonatite melt. Fluid inclusions hosted in calcite (Cal) and quartz (Qz2 and Qz3) of the stage I carbonatite dikes have different metal concentrations, suggesting that they formed from two distinct end member fluids. The FIA in calcite represent fluid A evolved from carbonatite melt with relatively high-ore metal concentrations, and those in quartz characterize fluid B having a crustal signature due to metasomatic reactions with the wall rocks. The FIA in quartz (Qz1) within the altered wall rock have overlapping elemental concentrations with those of massive quartz (Qz2) and vuggy quartz (Qz3) in carbonatite. This suggests that the volumetrically significant quartz in the Huangshui'an carbonatite has been formed by the introduction of Si by fluid B. The positive correlations between Rb, B, Al, Cl, and Sr in stage II fluid inclusions in late fluorite + quartz + calcite veins indicate that this late mineralization formed from the mixing of primary hydrothermal fluid B with meteoric water. The He-Ar isotope data, in combination with available C-O-Sr-Nd-Pb isotope data, constrain the carbonatite source as an enriched mantle source modified by contributions from crustal material which was probably the fertile lower crust in the region. This distinct source facilitated the enrichment in Mo, REE, and Pb in the primary carbonatite magma. The carbonatite magmatism and Mo mineralization at 209.5-207 Ma occurred in the regional-scale extensional setting at the postcollision stage of the Qinling Orogenic Belt.
DS202108-1310
2021
Fusswinkel, T.Tang, L., Wagner, T., Fusswinkel, T., Zhang, S-T., Xu, B., Jia, L-H.Magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of an unusual Mo-rich carbonatite: a case study using LA-ICP-MS fluid inclusion microanalysis and He-Ar isotopes from the Huanshuiian deposit, Qinling, China.Mineralium Deposita, 18p. PdfChinadeposit - Huanshuian

Abstract: The Huangshui'an deposit located in East Qinling (China) is an unusual case of a Si-rich carbonatite hosting economic Mo and minor Pb and REE mineralization. The role of mantle-sourced carbonatite melts and fluids in the formation of the Mo mineralization remains poorly understood. Our integrated study based on field geology, petrography, microthermometry, and LA-ICP-MS analysis of single fluid inclusions, and noble gas isotopes of pyrite permits to reconstruct the source characteristics, the magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of the carbonatitic fluids, and their controls on Mo mineralization. Fluid inclusions hosted in calcite in the carbonatite dikes have the highest concentrations of Mo (9.9-62 ppm), Ce (820-9700 ppm), Pb (1800-19500 ppm), and Zn (570-5800 ppm) and represent the least modified hydrothermal fluid derived from the carbonatite melt. Fluid inclusions hosted in calcite (Cal) and quartz (Qz2 and Qz3) of the stage I carbonatite dikes have different metal concentrations, suggesting that they formed from two distinct end member fluids. The FIA in calcite represent fluid A evolved from carbonatite melt with relatively high-ore metal concentrations, and those in quartz characterize fluid B having a crustal signature due to metasomatic reactions with the wall rocks. The FIA in quartz (Qz1) within the altered wall rock have overlapping elemental concentrations with those of massive quartz (Qz2) and vuggy quartz (Qz3) in carbonatite. This suggests that the volumetrically significant quartz in the Huangshui'an carbonatite has been formed by the introduction of Si by fluid B. The positive correlations between Rb, B, Al, Cl, and Sr in stage II fluid inclusions in late fluorite + quartz + calcite veins indicate that this late mineralization formed from the mixing of primary hydrothermal fluid B with meteoric water. The He-Ar isotope data, in combination with available C-O-Sr-Nd-Pb isotope data, constrain the carbonatite source as an enriched mantle source modified by contributions from crustal material which was probably the fertile lower crust in the region. This distinct source facilitated the enrichment in Mo, REE, and Pb in the primary carbonatite magma. The carbonatite magmatism and Mo mineralization at 209.5-207 Ma occurred in the regional-scale extensional setting at the postcollision stage of the Qinling Orogenic Belt.
DS202105-0764
2021
Fuston, S.Fuston, S., Wu, J.Raising the Resurrection plate from an unfolded-slab plate tectonic reconstruction of northwestern North America since early Cenozoic time.Geological Society of America Bulletin, Vol. 133, pp. 1128-1140.United Statestectonics

Abstract: The configuration of mid-ocean ridges subducted below North America prior to Oligocene time is unconstrained by seafloor isochrons and has been primarily inferred from upper-plate geology, including near-trench magmatism. However, many tectonic models are permitted from these constraints. We present a fully kinematic, plate tectonic reconstruction of the NW Cordillera since 60 Ma built by structurally unfolding subducted slabs, imaged by mantle tomography, back to Earth’s surface. We map in three-dimensions the attached Alaska and Cascadia slabs, and a detached slab below western Yukon (Canada) at 400-600 km depth that we call the “Yukon Slab.” Our restoration of these lower plates within a global plate model indicates the Alaska slab accounts for Pacific-Kula subduction since ca. 60 Ma below the Aleutian Islands whereas the Cascadia slab accounts for Farallon subduction since at least ca. 75 Ma below southern California, USA. However, intermediate areas show two reconstruction gaps that persist until 40 Ma. We show that these reconstruction gaps correlate spatiotemporally to published NW Cordillera near-trench magmatism, even considering possible terrane translation. We attribute these gaps to thermal erosion related to ridge subduction and model mid-ocean ridges within these reconstruction gap mid-points. Our reconstructions show two coeval ridge-trench intersections that bound an additional “Resurrection”-like plate along the NW Cordillera prior to 40 Ma. In this model, the Yukon slab represents a thermally eroded remnant of the Resurrection plate. Our reconstructions support a “northern option” Farallon ridge geometry and allow up to ?1200 km Chugach terrane translation since Paleocene time, providing a new “tomographic piercing point” for the Baja-British Columbia debate.
DS1985-0028
1985
Futa, K.Armbrustmacher, T.J., Futa, K.Petrology of Alkaline Rocks in the Carbonatite Complex at Iron Hill, Powderhorn District, Gunnison County, Colorado - New Geochemical and isotopic Data.Geological Society of America (GSA), Vol. 17, No. 3, FEBRUARY P. 149. (abstract.).United States, Colorado, Rocky MountainsAnalyses, Isotope
DS1985-0207
1985
Futa, K.Futa, K., Armbrustmacher, T.J.Combined Rubidium-strontium and Samarium-neodymium (sm-nd) Systems Study on Three Alkaline Intrusive Complexes in Northwestern Montana.Geological Society of America (GSA), Vol. 17, No. 3, P. 159. (abstract.).United States, Montana, Rocky MountainsIsotope, Geochronology, Rainy Creek, Haines Point, Skalkaho
DS1985-0645
1985
Futa, K.Stern, C., Futa, K., et al.Evolution of the subcontinental mantle lithosphere below southernmost SouthAmericaExpanded abstracts Final Symposium International Geological Correlation Programme (IGCP) 120, Vol. 355, pp. 227-231, South AmericaGenesis
DS1986-0783
1986
Futa, K.Stern, C.R., Futa, K., Saul, S., Skewes, M.A.Nature and evolution of the subcontinental mantle lithosphere below southern South America And implications for Andean magma genesisRevista Geologica de Chile, No. 27, pp. 41-53South AmericaPali-Aike basalts, lherzolites, peridotite xenoliths, Lithosphere cross section
DS1986-0784
1986
Futa, K.Stern, C.R., Futa, K., Saul, S., Skewes, M.A.Ultramafic xenoliths from the Palo-Aike basalts: Implications for the nature and evolution of the subcontinental lithosphere below southern SouthAmericaProceedings of the Fourth International Kimberlite Conference, Held Perth, Australia, No. 16, pp. 343-345South America, PatagoniaBlank
DS1989-1454
1989
Futa, K.Stern, C.R., Saul, S., Skewes, M.A., Futa, K.Garnet peridotite xenoliths from the Pali-Aike basalts of southernmost South AmericaGeological Society of Australia Inc. Blackwell Scientific Publishing, Special, No. 14, Vol. 2, pp. 735-744South America, Argentina, ChilePetrochemistry, Pali-Aike
DS1990-1150
1990
Futa, K.Paces, J.B., Zartman, R.E., Taylor, L.A., Futa, K., Kwak, L.M.lead isotopic evidence for multiple episodes of lower crustal growth and modification in granulite nodules from the Superior Province, MichiganGeological Society of America (GSA) Annual Meeting, Abstracts, Vol. 22, No. 7, p. A119Michigan, MidcontinentGeochronology, Granulite nodules
DS1991-1921
1991
Futa, K.Zartman, R.E., Futa, K., Peng, Z.C.A comparison of Sr-Neodymium-Palladium isotopes in young and old continental lithosphericmantle: Patagonia and eastern ChinaAustralian Journal of Earth Science, Vol. 38, pp. 545-557China, South AmericaMantle, Geochronology
DS201312-1005
2013
Futa, K.Zartman, R.E., Kempton, P.D., Kempton, J.B., Paces, H.D., Williams, I.S., Dobosi, G.,Futa, K.Lower crustal xenoliths from Jurassic kimberlite diatremes, Upper Michigan USA: evidence for Proterozoic orogenesis and plume magmatism in the lower crust of the southern Superior Province.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 54, 3, pp. 575-608.United States, MichiganDeposit - Lake Ellen, S69, S10
DS1900-0751
1909
Futrelle, J.Futrelle, J.The Diamond MastersIndianapolis: Bobbs-merrill, 212P.GlobalKimberley, Fiction, Synthetic
DS1960-0241
1962
Fyfe, C.Fyfe, C.A History of Sierra LeoneLondon:, Sierra Leone, West AfricaKimberley, Janlib, History
DS1910-0184
1911
Fyfe, H.H.Fyfe, H.H.South Africa Today.. With an Account of Modern RhodesiaLondon: Eveleigh Nash., 298P.South AfricaHistory, Kimberley
DS1910-0281
1912
Fyfe, H.H.Fyfe, H.H.Aux Pays de L'or et des DiamantsParis: P. Roger Et Cie., 268P. 2ND. EDITION.South AfricaTravelogue, Kimberley
DS201512-1941
2015
Fyfe, R.Mather, A.E., Mills, S., Stokes, M., Fyfe, R.Ten years on: Google Earth offer the geoscience community?Geology Today, Vol. 31, 6, pp. 216-221.TechnologyGoogle Earth

Abstract: Google Earth has been part of most geoscientists' computer (and mobile) desktops for a decade, and this year Google Earth Professional has become freely available to all with a universal license key. Many users are still, however, not aware of the full potential that it can offer across a range of teaching and research areas in the geosciences. Here a pragmatic look is taken at some of the current key uses in terms of resources and applications and how they can help in research and training educational roles in the geosciences.
DS1960-0543
1965
Fyfe, W.S.Essene, E.J., Fyfe, W.S., Turner, F.J.Petrogenesis of Franciscan Glaucophane Schists and Associated Metamorphic Rocks, California.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 11, PP. 695-704.United States, California, West CoastEclogite, Kimberlite
DS1960-0824
1967
Fyfe, W.S.Essene, E.J., Fyfe, W.S.Omphacite in California Metamorphic RocksContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 15, PP. 1-23.United States, California, West CoastEclogite
DS1989-0452
1989
Fyfe, W.S.Frost, B.R., Fyfe, W.S., Tazaki, K., Chan, T.Grain boundary graphite in rocks and implications for high electrical conductivity in the lower crustNature, Vol. 340, No. 6229, July 13, pp. 134-6.Database #18044Wyoming, MinnesotaAnorthosite, Geophysics -Graphite
DS1989-0456
1989
Fyfe, W.S.Fyfe, W.S.Soil and global changeEpisodes, Vol. 12, No. 4, December pp. 249-254GlobalOverview, Soil
DS1990-0501
1990
Fyfe, W.S.Fyfe, W.S.Global resource utilization and the global environment: the need for holistic approachAmerican Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME) Preprint, No. 90-58, 5pGlobalResources, Environment
DS1992-0092
1992
Fyfe, W.S.Barriga, F.J.A.S., Fyfe, W.S., Landefeld, L.A., Munha, J., RibeiroMantle eduction: tectonic fluidisation at depthEarth Science Reviews, Vol. 32, pp. 123-129MantleTectonic fluidization, Seismics
DS1992-0503
1992
Fyfe, W.S.Fyfe, W.S.Magma underplating of continental crustJournal of Volcanology and geothermal research, Vol. 50, No. 1/2, April 15, pp. 33-40MantleCrust, Magma
DS1992-0993
1992
Fyfe, W.S.Maraschal, M., Fyfe, W.S., Percival, J., Chan, T.Grain-boundary graphite in Kapuskasing gneisses and implications for lower-crustal conductivityNature, Vol. 357, No. 6380, June 25, pp. 674-676OntarioGeophysics, Kapuskasing uplift
DS1992-0996
1992
Fyfe, W.S.Mareschal, M., Fyfe, W.S., Percival, J., Chan, T.Grain boundary graphite in Kapuskasing gneisses and implications for lower-crustal conductivityNature, Vol. 357, No. 6380, June 25, pp. 674-676OntarioRifting, Geophysics -conductivity
DS1993-0473
1993
Fyfe, W.S.Fyfe, W.S.Hot spots, magma underplating and modification of continental crustCanadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 30, pp. 908-12.MantleMelting, Magma
DS1993-0474
1993
Fyfe, W.S.Fyfe, W.S., Powell, M.A., Hart, B.R., Ratanasthien, B.A global crisis: energy in the futureNonrenewable Resources, Vol. 2, No. 3, Fall pp. 187-196GlobalEnergy crisis
DS1997-0365
1997
Fyfe, W.S.Fyfe, W.S.Deep fluids and volatile recycling: crust to mantleTectonophysics, Vol. 275, No. 1-3, July 10, pp. 243-252MantleFluids, Geochemistry
DS1997-0914
1997
Fyfe, W.S.Pinho, F.E.C., Fyfe, W.S., Pinho, M.A.S.B.Early Proterozoic evolution of the Alto Jauru greenstone belt, southern Amazonian craton, BrasilInternational Geology Review, Vol. 39, No. 3, March pp. 220-229BrazilProterozoic, greenstone, Amazonian Craton
DS1998-0458
1998
Fyfe, W.S.Fyfe, W.S.Energy flow and geosphere interactions Archean to the present: the foundation of the global resource basePrecambrian Research, Vol. 91, pp. 5-13GlobalBiosphere, enery flow, Hot spots
DS2002-0622
2002
Fyfe, W.S.Gupta, A.K., Chattopadhyay, B., Fyfe, W.S., Powell, M.Experimental studies on three potassium rich ultramafic rocks from Damodar Valley, East India.Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 74, 2-4, pp. 343-60.India, eastAlkaline rocks
DS2003-0431
2003
Fyfe, W.S.Fyfe, W.S., Gupta, A.K.Leucite rocks, igneous geochemistry, petrologyAne Books, New Delhi, India, 370p. GSC QE 462.A4 G86 2003GlobalBook - leucite rocks
DS2003-0657
2003
Fyfe, W.S.Jia, Y., Kerrich, R., Gupta, A.K., Fyfe, W.S.15 N enriched Gondwana lamproites, eastern India: crustal N in the mantle sourceEarth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 215, 1-2, pp. 43-56.IndiaLamproites
DS200412-0594
2003
Fyfe, W.S.Fyfe, W.S., Gupta, A.K.Leucite rocks, igneous geochemistry, petrology.ANE Books, New Delhi, India, 370p. GSC QE 462.A4 G86 2003TechnologyBook - leucite rocks
DS200412-0916
2003
Fyfe, W.S.Jia, Y., Kerrich, R., Gupta, A.K., Fyfe, W.S.15 N enriched Gondwana lamproites, eastern India: crustal N in the mantle source.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 215, 1-2, pp. 43-56.IndiaLamproite
DS1991-1781
1991
Fyffe, L.R.Van Staal, C.R., Fyffe, L.R.Dunnage and Gander zones, New Brunswick: Canadian Appalachian regionNew Brunswick Mineral Resources, Publishing No. GR91-2, 39p. $ 5.00New BrunswickTectonics, Dunnage Zone
DS1989-0177
1989
Fyon, J.A.Brodaric, B., Fyon, J.A.Ontario Geological Survey (OGS) Fieldlog: a microcomputer based methodology to store, process and display map-related dataOntario Geological Survey Open File, No. 5709, 70pOntarioComputer, Program -Ontario Geological Survey (OGS) FIELDLOG
DS1994-0817
1994
Fyon, J.A.Jackson, S.L., Fyon, J.A., Corfu, F.Review of Archean supracrustal assemblages of the southern Abitibi Greenstone belt in Ontario, Canada: products of microplate interaction within alarge scale platePrecambrian Research, Vol. 65, No. 1-4, January pp. 183-206OntarioAbitibi greenstone belt, Tectonics
DS2003-0432
2003
Fyon, J.A.Fyon, J.A., Churchill, I.I.Building relationships and improving communications with First Nation communities - anOntario Geological Survey Open File, No. 6120, pp. 4 1-10.OntarioLegal - First Nations
DS200412-0595
2003
Fyon, J.A.Fyon, J.A., Churchill, I.I.Building relationships and improving communications with First Nation communities - an operational approach.Ontario Geological Survey Open File, No. 6120, pp. 4 1-10.Canada, OntarioLegal - First Nations
DS1990-0502
1990
Fyson, W.K.Fyson, W.K.Structural development of angular volcanic belts in the Archean SlaveProvinceCanadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 27, No. 3, March pp. 403-413Northwest TerritoriesArchean, Volcanics
DS1994-0560
1994
Fyson, W.K.Fyson, W.K., Padgham, W.A.Geology of the Slave Structural Province; a tectonically oriented geological map of the Slave Craton drafted in autocad.Northwest Territories, EGS 1993-08, 1:1 million scale $ 15.00Northwest TerritoriesMap, Structure
DS1997-0366
1997
Fyson, W.K.Fyson, W.K.Chronological charts and Archean stratigraphy of the Slave Provincenorthwest Territories Geology Division, EGS 1997-13, 18p.Northwest TerritoriesChronology, Stratigraphy
DS1990-0503
1990
Fytas, K.Fytas, K., Chaouai, N-E., Lavigne, M.Gold deposits estimation using indicator kriging.Sub-heading ..indicator kriging ideal for estimating the reserves of irregular mineralizations ie.diamondsThe Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin (CIM Bulletin), Vol. 83, No. 934, February pp. 77-83GlobalGeostatistics, Application general for p
DS1991-0258
1991
Fytas, K.Chaouai, N-E., Fytas, K.A sensitivity analysis of search distance and number of samples in indicator krigingThe Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin (CIM Bulletin), Vol. 84, No. 948, April pp. 37-43GlobalGeostatistics, Kriging
Author Index
A-An Ao+ B-Bd Be-Bk Bl-Bq Br+ C-Cg Ch-Ck Cl+ D-Dd De-Dn Do+ E F-Fn Fo+ G-Gh Gi-Gq Gr+ H-Hd He-Hn Ho+ I J K-Kg Kh-Kn Ko-Kq Kr+ L-Lh
Li+ M-Maq Mar-Mc Md-Mn Mo+ N O P-Pd Pe-Pn Po+ Q R-Rh Ri-Rn Ro+ S-Sd Se-Sh Si-Sm Sn-Ss St+ T-Th Ti+ U V W-Wg Wh+ X Y Z
 
 

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