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SDLRC - Region: Botswana - Technical


The Sheahan Diamond Literature Reference Compilation - Technical Articles based on Major Region - Botswana
The Sheahan Diamond Literature Reference Compilation is compiled by Patricia Sheahan who publishes on a monthly basis a list of new scientific articles related to diamonds as well as media coverage and corporate announcements called the Sheahan Diamond Literature Service that is distributed as a free pdf to a list of followers. Pat has kindly agreed to allow her work to be made available as an online digital resource at Kaiser Research Online so that a broader community interested in diamonds and related geology can benefit. The references are for personal use information purposes only; when available a link is provided to an online location where the full article can be accessed or purchased directly. Reproduction of this compilation in part or in whole without permission from the Sheahan Diamond Literature Service is strictly prohibited. Return to Diamond Region Index
Sheahan Diamond Literature Reference Compilation - Scientific Articles by Author for all years
A-An Ao+ B-Bd Be-Bk Bl-Bq Br+ C-Cg Ch-Ck Cl+ D-Dd De-Dn Do+ E F-Fn Fo+ G-Gh Gi-Gq Gr+ H-Hd He-Hn Ho+ I J K-Kg Kh-Kn Ko-Kq Kr+ L-Lh
Li+ M-Maq Mar-Mc Md-Mn Mo+ N O P-Pd Pe-Pn Po+ Q R-Rh Ri-Rn Ro+ S-Sd Se-Sh Si-Sm Sn-Ss St+ T-Th Ti+ U V W-Wg Wh+ X Y Z
Sheahan Diamond Literature Reference Compilation - Media/Corporate References by Name for all years
A B C D-Diam Diamonds Diamr+ E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Each article reference in the SDLRC is tagged with one or more key words assigned by Pat Sheahan to highlight the main topics of the article. In addition most references have been tagged with one or more region words. In an effort to make it easier for users to track down articles related to a specific region, KRO has extracted these region words and developed a list of major region words presented in the Major Region Index to which individual region words used in the article reference have been assigned. Each individual Region Report contains in chronological order all the references with a region word associated with the Major Region word. Depending on the total for each reference type - technical, media and corporate - the references will be either in their own technical, media or corporate Region Report, or combined in a single report. Where there is a significant number of technical references there will be a technical report dedicated to the technical articles while the media and corporate references are combined in a separate region report. References that were added in the most recent monthly update are highlighted in yellow within the Region Report. The Major Region words have been defined by a scale system of "general", "continent", "country", "state or province" and "regional". Major Region words at the smaller scales have been created only when there are enough references to make isolating them worthwhile. References not tagged with a Region are excluded, and articles with a region word not matched with a Major Region show up in the "Unknown" report.
Kimberlite - diamondiferous Lamproite - diamondiferous Lamprophyre - diamondiferous Other - diamondiferous
Kimberlite - non diamondiferous Lamproite - non diamondiferous Lamprophyre - non diamondiferous Other - non diamondiferous
Kimberlite - unknown Lamproite - unknown Lamprophyre - unknown Other - unknown
Future Mine Current Mine Former Mine Click on icon for details about each occurrence. Works best with Google Chrome.
CITATION: Faure, S, 2010, World Kimberlites CONSOREM Database (Version 3), Consortium de Recherche en Exploration Minérale CONSOREM, Université du Québec à Montréal, Numerical Database on consorem.ca. NOTE: This publicly available database results of a compilation of other public databases, scientific and governmental publications and maps, and various data from exploration companies reports or Web sites, If you notice errors, have additional kimberlite localizations that should be included in this database, or have any comments and suggestions, please contact the author specifying the ID of the kimberlite: [email protected]
Botswana - Technical
Posted/
Published
AuthorTitleSourceRegionKeywords
DS1860-0463
1885
Farini, G.A.Die KalahariBerlin: Verh. Ges Erdk., Vol. 12, PP. 445-461.Africa, South Africa, BotswanaTravelogue
DS1860-0502
1886
Farini, G.A.Huit Mois Au KalahariTour Du Monde., Vol. 52, No. 1351, Nov. 27TH. PP. 321-352; No. 1352 Dec. 4THAfrica, BotswanaTravelogue
DS1860-0503
1886
Farini, G.A.A Recent Journey in the KalahariRoy. Geogr. Soc. (London) Proceedings, Vol. 86, PP. 437-453.Africa, South Africa, BotswanaTravelogue
DS1860-0504
1886
Farini, G.A.Through the Kalahari Desert. a Narrative of a Journey with Gun and Camera and Note-book, to Lake N'gami and Back.London: Sampson And Low, Reprinted Cape Town: Struik 1973., 475P.Africa, South Africa, BotswanaTravelogue, Geography
DS1860-0945
1896
Kunz, G.F.Precious Stones: Diamonds - Kunz 1895 Jagersfontein, Koffiefontein, Excelsior, ReitzMineral Resources of The United States For 1895: Part 2, Non, PP. 895-926.United States, Africa, South Africa, BotswanaDiamond mining
DS1860-0716
1891
Silver, S.W.and Co.Handbook of South Africa, Including the Cape Colony, the DiaLondon:, 793P. FOURTH EDITION.Africa, South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Central Africa RepublicGuidebook
DS1900-0267
1904
Passarge, S.Die Kalahari. Versuch Einer Physich-geographischen Darstellung der Sandfelder des Sued afrikanischen Beckens.Berlin:, TWO VOLUMES, 822P.; ALSO: CENTRALL GEOL. (LEIPZIG), Vol. 6Africa, BotswanaGeography, Geomorphology
DS1900-0451
1906
Schultze, L.Aus Namaland und KalahariJena: G. Fischer., 679P.Africa, Namibia, BotswanaGeography
DS1910-0014
1910
Anon.Searching for New Diamond Fields. Expedition Departs for The Interior of South Africa in Search of Precious Stones.Butte Montana News, Jan. 16TH.South Africa, BotswanaCurrent Activities, Travelogue, History
DS1910-0462
1915
Cornell, F.C.A Rip Van Winkle of the Kalahari and Other Tales of South West Africa.Cape Town: Maskew Miller., 320P.South Africa, Botswana, Southwest Africa, NamibiaDiamond, Fiction
DS1920-0231
1925
Gray, A.Sixty Years Ago: Wanderings of a Stonyhurst Boy in Many LandLondon: John Murray, 306P.South Africa, BotswanaKimberley, Travelogue
DS1930-0047
1931
Anon.The Minerals of BechuanalandMining Engineering Journal of South Africa, Vol. 42, PT. 2, Oct. 24TH. PP. 181-182.BotswanaMining Economics, Laws, Diamonds
DS1940-0167
1948
Baty, V.Contribution a l'etude des Formations du Karroo et du Kalahari au Kwango Meridional des Formation Diamantiferes.Annual SOC. GEOL. BELG., Vol. 71, PT. B, No. 1-4, PP. B23-B31.Democratic Republic of Congo, Botswana, Central AfricaGeology, Stratigraphy, Diamond Prospecting
DS1940-0176
1948
Green, L.C.To the River's End #1Cape Town: Howard Timmins, 208P.Southwest Africa, Namibia, South Africa, BotswanaTravelogue, True Adventure, Diamonds, Kimberley
DS1940-0224
1949
Wayland, E.J.Minerals in the Bechuana land ProtectorateGeological Survey Bechuanaland Protectorate, (UNPUBL.)BotswanaDiamonds
DS1950-0051
1951
Anon.Reports from the Geological Survey of BechuanalandColon. Geol. Min. Resour., Vol. 1, No. 2, PP. 166-168.BotswanaGeology, Diamonds, Prospecting
DS1950-0445
1959
Anon.Annual Report of the Geological Survey Department for the Year 1959.Geological Survey Bechuanaland Protectorate, PP. 6-7.BotswanaDiamond Prospecting
DS1950-0408
1958
Lamont, G.T.Report on the Prospecting of the Tuli Block, Bechuana land Protectorate.De Beers Prospecting (rhodesia) Ltd., (UNPUBL.)BotswanaDiamond Prospecting
DS1950-0485
1959
Lamont, G.T.Report on the Prospecting of the Gaberone Block, Bechuana land Protectorate.De Beers Prospecting (rhodesia) Ltd., (UNPUBL.)BotswanaDiamond Prospecting
DS1950-0492
1959
Mcconnell, R.B.Notes on the Geology and Geomorphology of the Bechuana land Protectorate.Asoc. De Serv. Geol. Afr. Xx Sess. Cong. Geol. International Cuida, PP. 175-186.BotswanaGeology, Geomorphology
DS1950-0420
1958
Post, L.V.D.The Lost World of the KalahariHogarth Press, 256P.BotswanaTravelogue, Ethnography, Philosophy
DS1950-0302
1956
Sinclair, W.E.Bechuanaland: a Potential Mineral FieldRhodesian Journal of Mining, Vol. 28, No. 335, P. 374. ALSO: MINING MAGAZINE, Vol. 95, NOBotswanaDiamond Prospecting
DS1960-0004
1960
Anon.Annual Report of the Geological Survey Department for the Year 1960.Geological Survey Bechuanaland Protectorate, P. 4.BotswanaDiamond Prospecting
DS1960-0206
1962
Anon.Annual Report for the Geological Survey Department for the Year 1962.Geological Survey Bechuanaland Protectorate, P. 7.BotswanaDiamond Prospecting
DS1960-0207
1962
Anon.Reports from the Geological Surveys - BechuanalandOverseas Geological Survey Min. Resour., Vol. 8, No. 4, PP. 440-441.BotswanaDiamond Prospecting
DS1960-0317
1963
Anon.Annual Report of the Geological Survey Department for the Year 1963.Geological Survey Bechuanaland Protectorate, P. 6.BotswanaDiamond Prospecting
DS1960-0415
1964
Anon.Annual Report for the Geological Survey Department for the Year 1964.Geological Survey Bechuanaland Protectorate, P. 6.BotswanaDiamond Prospecting
DS1960-0512
1965
Anon.Annual Report of the Geological Survey Department for the Year 1965.Geological Survey Bechuanaland Protectorate, P. 3.BotswanaDiamond Prospecting
DS1960-0624
1966
Anon.Annual Report of the Geological Survey Department for the Year 1966.Botswana Geological Survey, P. 3.BotswanaDiamond Prospecting
DS1960-0778
1967
Anon.Annual Report of the Geological Survey Department for the Year 1967.Botswana Geological Survey, PRIVATE SECTOR, P. 5, PP. 7-8.BotswanaKimberlite, Diamond Prospecting
DS1960-0905
1968
Anon.Annual Report of the Geological Survey Department for the Year 1968.Botswana Geological Survey, PRIVATE SECTOR P. 5, PP. 7-8.BotswanaKimberlite, Diamond Prospecting, Geol
DS1960-0906
1968
Anon.Major Diamond Discovery in Central BotswanaMining Engineering Journal of South Africa, Vol. 67, No. 2, Nov. 22, P. 1221.BotswanaOrapa, Diamond Prospecting
DS1960-1059
1969
Anon.De Beers Find New Diamond Mine, BotswanaLapidary Journal, Vol. 21, MAY, P. 312.BotswanaGeology, Orapa
DS1960-1060
1969
Anon.Botswana: Decouvertes de DiamantsIndustr. Travaux Outre Mer., No. 189.BotswanaOrapa, Kimberlite
DS1960-0125
1961
Boocock, C.Annual Report of the Geological Survey Department for the Year 1961.Geological Survey Bechuanaland Protectorate, 35P. DIAMONDS P. 7.BotswanaDiamond Prospecting
DS1960-0520
1965
Boocock, C.Mineral Resources of the Bechuana land ProtectorateSpecial Publication Reprinted From Overseas Geology And Mine, Vol. 9, No. 4, PP. 369-417.BotswanaKimberlite, Diamond Prospecting
DS1960-0220
1962
Boocock, C., Van straten, O.J.Notes on the Geology and the Hydrogeology of the Central Kalahari Region, Bechuana land Protectorate.Geological Society of South Africa Transactions, Vol. 65, PP. 125-171.BotswanaGeology
DS1960-0810
1967
Clement, A.J.The Kalahari and Its Lost CityLongmans ( Cape Town), 214P.Botswana, South AfricaGeography
DS1960-0531
1965
Cox, K.G., Jamieson, B.G.Progress Report on Karroo Volcanic StudiesLeeds University Research Institute of African Geology Annual Report, Vol. 3B, PP. 37-39.South Africa, BotswanaGeology
DS1960-0534
1965
Crockett, R.N., Jenningsm c.m.h.Geology of Part of the Okwa Valley, Western BechuanalandGeological Survey Bechuanaland Protectorate, 1961-1962, PP. 101-113.BotswanaGeology
DS1960-0048
1960
Gerrard, I.A Report on the Sampling of the Bed of the Upper Makloutsi River and of the Gravels in the Vicinity.Geological Survey Bechuanaland Protectorate, (UNPUBL.)BotswanaDiamond Prospecting
DS1960-0345
1963
Gerrard, I.The Geology of the Foley Area. an Explanation of Quarter Sheet 2127c. in the Report for the Year 1959-1960.Geological Survey Bechuanaland Protectorate, PP. 35-48.BotswanaDiamond Prospecting
DS1960-0552
1965
Green, D.Gemstones and Ornamental StonesGeological Survey Bechuanaland Protectorate, (UNPUBL.)BotswanaDiamond
DS1960-0674
1966
Green, D.The Karroo System in BechuanalandBotswana Geological Survey, Bulletin. No. 2, 74P.BotswanaStratigraphy
DS1960-0683
1966
Jennings, C.M.H.Report on a Geophysical Survey Carried Out in the Moroba Area, Kgatleng, in an Attempt to Delineate a Kimberlite Pipe.Botswana Geological Survey, (UNPUBL.)BotswanaGeophysics, Kimberlite
DS1960-0575
1965
Mason-Smith, D.Geophysical Surveys in Southern Bechuana land ProtectorateOverseas Geological Survey Min. Resour., REPORT No. 36.BotswanaGeophysics, Kimberlite, Diamond Prospecting
DS1960-1037
1968
Stratten, T.The Dwyka Glaciation and its Relationship to the Pre-karroo surface .Johannesburg: Ph.d. Thesis, University Witwatersrand., 296P.South Africa, BotswanaGeomorphology, Paleo Surfaces
DS1960-0307
1962
Van zyl, C.Mineralogical Report on Sand Samples Collected between Moshaneng and Kang, Bechuana land Protectorate.Cen. Metallurg. Lab., (UNPUBL.)BotswanaDiamond Prospecting
DS1960-0108
1960
Willis, J.H.A.Final Report on the Bechuana land InvestigationConsolidated African Selection Trust Ltd., (UNPUBL.)BotswanaDiamond Prospecting
DS1970-0862
1974
Anhaeusser, C.R., Button, A.A Review of Southern African Stratiform Ore Deposits- Their position in Time and Space.Economic Geology Research Unit., INF. Circular No. 85, 45P.South Africa, BotswanaDiamonds, Review, Regional Geology
DS1970-0009
1970
Anon.Annual Report of the Geological Survey Department for 1969-1970.Botswana Geological Survey, PRIVATE SECTOR PP. 6-8; PP. 12-15.BotswanaKimberlite, Diamond Prospecting
DS1970-0010
1970
Anon.Rapid Progress of Orapa MineMining Engineering Journal of South Africa, Vol. 81, No. 2, PP. 510-511.BotswanaKimberlite, Diamond Prospecting
DS1970-0221
1971
Anon.Diamond Mining in BotswanaGems And Gemology, SPRING, PP. 295-298.BotswanaDiamond Mining Recovery
DS1970-0222
1971
Anon.Annual Report of the Geological Survey Department for the Year 1972.Botswana Geological Survey, PRIVATE SECTOR PP. 6-16: Publishing REPORTS PP. 34-37.BotswanaKimberlite, Diamond Prospecting
DS1970-0223
1971
Anon.Note sur L'exploitation des Mines de BotswanaLettre Ambassade France Zambia., 1971, No. 4, PP. 1-3.BotswanaKimberlite, Orapa
DS1970-0224
1971
Anon.Botswana - de BeersEngineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 172, No. 10, P. 165.BotswanaKimberlite, Orapa
DS1970-0462
1972
Anon.The Orapa Diamond Mine in Botswana OpensGems And Gemology, WINTER, PP. 109-110.BotswanaDiamond Mining Recovery
DS1970-0463
1972
Anon.Diamonds Oust Beef as Botswana's Revenue-earnerGems And Gemology, Vol. 14, No. 4, PP. 109-110.BotswanaKimberlite, Orapa
DS1970-0464
1972
Anon.Annual Report of the Geological Survey Department for the Year 1972.Botswana Geological Survey, FOR 1972, PRIVATE SECTOR PP. 6-16: Publishing REPORTS PP. 34-37.BotswanaKimberlite, Orapa, Diamond Prospecting
DS1970-0465
1972
Anon.Industrie Miniere du BotswanaAmbassade France., 1972, No. 4, PP. 7-8.BotswanaOrapa, Kimberlite
DS1970-0620
1973
Anon.Dazzling Diamond PipeCoal, Gold And Base Metals of Southern Africa., Vol. 23, No. 8, PP. 13-19.BotswanaKimberlite, Orapa
DS1970-0621
1973
Anon.Annual Report of the Geological Survey Department for the Year 1973.Botswana Geological Survey, PRIVATE SECTOR PP. 17-22: Publishing REPORTS PP. 49-52.BotswanaKimberlite, Orapa, Diamond Prospecting
DS1970-0864
1974
Anon.Annual Report of the Geological Survey Department for the 1974.Botswana Geological Survey, PRIVATE SECTOR PP. 17-22; Publishing REPORTS PP. 49-52.BotswanaKimberlite, Diamond Prospecting, Orapa
DS1970-0873
1974
Baillieul, T.A.An Introduction to Gemstones and Ornamental Stones of Botswana.Botswana Notes And Records, No. 5, PP. 170-178.BotswanaDiamond Occurrences
DS1970-0473
1972
Baldock, J.W.Mercury Project Botswana 1972: a New Concept Applied to Exploration of the Kalahari Region. Phase 1.1. Preliminary Orientation Shows the Way Ahead.Botswana Geological Survey, JWB/2/72, 22P. (UNPUBL.)BotswanaGeochemistry, Prospecting
DS1970-0040
1970
Bruton, E.Diamonds; Chilton Press, 1970Chilton Press, 532P. PP. 79; 94-95; 158-163; 356.Botswana, Canada, QuebecBlank
DS1970-0888
1974
Carruthers, R.M., Reeves, C.V.Botswana Gravity Reference NetGeodesique Bulletin., Vol. 114, PP. 409-418.BotswanaGeophysics
DS1970-0896
1974
Coates, J.N.M.The Kalatraverse Geoelectric Sounding Survey, 1973Botswana Geological Survey, REPORT No. JNMC/3/74. (UNPUBL.).BotswanaGeophysics
DS1970-0897
1974
Cohen, G.Stoneage Artifacts from Orapa Diamond Mine, Central BotswanaBotswana Notes And Records, Vol. 6, PP. 1-4.BotswanaKimberlite, Archeology
DS1970-0266
1971
Crockett, R.N.Some Aspects of Post Transvaal System Tectonogenesis in South Eastern Botswana, with Particular Reference to the Lobatse and Ramotswa Areas.Geological Society of South Africa Transactions, Vol. 74, PP. 211-235.BotswanaRegional Tectonics
DS1970-0508
1972
Edwards, C.B.The Systematic Sampling of the Kimberlite Body 2125 A/k 1 At Orapa, Botswana.Anglo American South Africa Ltd. Final Report, Vol. 1, 4P. (UNPUBL.)BotswanaKimberlite, Diamond Prospecting
DS1970-0696
1973
Gough, D.I., De beer, J.H., Van zijl, J.S.V.A Magnetometer Array Study in Southern AfricaRoy. Astron. Soc. Geophys. Journal, Vol. 34, PP. 421-433.South Africa, BotswanaGeophysics
DS1970-0531
1972
Hepworth, J.V.Can Mineral Grains Be Used to Recognize the Basement in Thekalahari?Botswana Geological Survey, JVH/1/72, 3P. (UNPUBL.)BotswanaProspecting, Geochemistry
DS1970-0714
1973
Hepworth, J.V.Report on a Visit to Orapa Mine, February 1973Botswana Geological Survey, JVH/5/73, 7P. (UNPUBL.)BotswanaProspecting, Mining Engineering
DS1970-0935
1974
Hutton, L.G., Key, R.M., Hutton, S.M.Chemical Analyses of Rocks, Ores and Minerals of BotswanaBotswana Geological Survey, Bulletin. No. 3, 128P.BotswanaGeochemistry
DS1970-0105
1970
Jennings, C.M.H.The Discovery of Diamonds in BotswanaSouth African Journal of Science, Vol. 66, No. 8, PP. 233-234.BotswanaKimberlite, Orapa, History
DS1970-0729
1973
Jones, M.T.Brief Description of the Geology of Mochudi Area. Map Sheet2426a and 2426c.Botswana Geological Survey, (UNPUBL.)BotswanaKimberlite Occurrence, Morobe
DS1970-0942
1974
Key, R.M.Description of the New Definitive Stamps of BotswanaBotswana Geological Survey, RMK/16/74, 3P. (UNPUBL.) ALSO: IRW/8/74, 28P.BotswanaHistory
DS1970-0950
1974
Lancaster, I.N.Pans of the Southern KalahariBotswana Notes And Records, Vol. 6, PP. 157-169.BotswanaGeomorphology
DS1970-0756
1973
Mason, R.The Limpopo Mobile Belt, Southern AfricaRoyal Society of London PHIL. Transactions, Vol. 1273, PP. 463-485.South Africa, Botswana, LesothoRegional Geology, Tectonics
DS1970-0586
1972
Reeves, C.V.Rifting in the Kalahari?Nature., Vol. 237, MAY 12TH. PP. 95-96.BotswanaGeotectonics, Seismicity
DS1970-0821
1973
Sellschop, J.P.F., Verhagen, B.TH., Mazor, E., et al.Groundwater at Orapa, Botswana, Isotopic, Chemical and Hydrogeological Studies.Johannesburg: University Witwatersrand, Npru Report., 42P.BotswanaMining Engineering, Diamond Recovery, Kimberley
DS1970-0828
1973
Slettene, R.L., Wilcox, L.E., Blouse, R.S., Sanders, J.R.A Bouger Gravity Anomaly Map of AfricaDefense Mapping Agency Aerospace Centre Tech. Paper., No. 73-3Africa, South Africa, BotswanaGeophysics
DS1970-0830
1973
Stansfield, G.The Geology Around Dukwe and Tlalamabele, Central District Botswana.Botswana Geological Survey, DISTRICT MEMOIR, No. 1.BotswanaGeology
DS1970-0610
1972
Van eeden, O.R.The Geology of the Republic of South Africa- an Explanation of the 1: 1 Million Map.Geological Survey of South Africa, SPECIAL Publishing No. 18, 85P.South Africa, Lesotho, Botswana, Swaziland, Southern AfricaRegional Geology, Kimberley
DS1970-0843
1973
Walker, I.R.Stratigraphic Section through the Kalahari Beds at Jwaneng, ngwaketse District.Botswana Report., IRW/9/73, 1 FIGURE NO TEXT. (UNPUBL.).BotswanaProspecting
DS1970-1002
1974
Walker, I.R.Kimberlite and Post Karroo Dolerites. Diamonds: in Contribution to Kalatraverse Memoir.Botswana Geological Survey, BotswanaKimberlite, Orapa, Tectonics
DS1970-1003
1974
Walker, I.R.Kalatraverse I ContibutionBotswana Geological Survey, IRW/8/74, 28P. (UNPUBL.)BotswanaKimberlite, Prospecting, Tectonic
DS1970-0452
1971
Wilson, A.N.Botswana, a Geologist's HunchInternational DIAMOND ANNUAL, Vol. 1, PP. 64-65.BotswanaDiamond Prospecting, Gavin Lamont
DS1970-0613
1972
Wilson, A.N.Orapa Mine, Diamonds Make Desert Rivers FlowInternational DIAMOND ANNUAL, Vol. 2, PP. 26-29.BotswanaOrapa Mine Opening, Okaango Water Scheme
DS1975-0008
1975
Anon.Annual Report of the Geological Survey Department for the Year 1975.Botswana Geological Survey, PRIVATE SECTOR PP. 11-15; Publishing REPORTS PP. 35-37.BotswanaKimberlite, Diamond Prospecting
DS1975-0222
1976
Anon.Vast Expansion by Debswana DiamondsMining Engineering Journal of South Africa, Vol. 88, No. 4221, PP. 12-17.BotswanaDiamond Mining Recovery, Kimberlite Pipes
DS1975-0223
1976
Anon.Annual Report of the Geological Survey Department for the Year 1976.Botswana Geological Survey, PRIVATE SECTOR PP. 19-25.BotswanaKimberlite, Diamond Prospecting
DS1975-0224
1976
Anon.Botswana DiamondsIndiaqua., 1976/3. No. 14. P. 8.BotswanaOrapa, Lethalkane, Diamond Prospecting
DS1975-0225
1976
Anon.Diamonds - BotswanaU.s. Department Inter. Bureau of Mines Min. Trade Notes, Vol. 73, No. 8, P. 11.BotswanaOrapa, Letlhakane, Kimberlite
DS1975-0442
1977
Anon.Annual Report of the Geological Survey Department for the Year 1977.Botswana Geological Survey, PRIVATE SECTOR PP. 17-24; Publishing REPORTS PP. 42-46.BotswanaKimberlite, Diamond Prospecting
DS1975-0443
1977
Anon.De Beers Botswana MiningMining Activity Digest., Vol. 4, No. 1, P. 11.BotswanaLetlhakane
DS1975-0444
1977
Anon.De Beers Seeks More Diamond Pipes and Better RecoveriesEngineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 178, No. 6, PP. 221-229.Botswana, South AfricaKimberlite, Orapa
DS1975-0663
1978
Anon.De Beers and Botswana to Develop Jwaneng Diamond MineSkillings Mining Review., MAY 20TH. P. 23.BotswanaDiamond Prospecting
DS1975-0917
1979
Anon.Botswana: a Diamond Strike Worth 6 Million CaratsBusiness Week, APRIL 16TH. P. 43.BotswanaDiamond Prospecting
DS1975-0017
1975
Baillieul, T.A.A Reconnaissance Survey of the Cover Sands in the Republic Of Botswana.Journal of SED. PETROLOGY, Vol. 45, PP. 494-503.BotswanaGeomorphology
DS1975-0933
1979
Baillieul, T.A.Makgadikgadi Pans Complex of Central BotswanaGeological Society of America (GSA) Bulletin., Vol. 90, PP. 133-136.BotswanaGeomorphology
DS1975-0237
1976
Baldock, J.W., Hepworth, J.V., Marenga, B.S.I.Gold, Base Metals and Diamonds in BotswanaEconomic Geology, Vol. 71, No. 1, PP. 139-152;BotswanaKimberlite, Orapa
DS1975-0455
1977
Baldock, J.W., Hepworth, J.V., Marengwa, B.S.I.Resource Inventory of BotswanaBotswana Geological Survey, Vol. 4, 69P. PP. 49-57. (DIAMONDS).BotswanaKimberlite, Diamond Prospecting
DS1975-0020
1975
Bardet, M.G.Geologie der DiamantB.r.g.m., 621P. IN THREE VOLUMES. INDIA Vol. 3, PP. 133-140.Angola, Australia, Botswana, Brazil, China, Central African RepublicDiamond Occurrences
DS1975-0708
1978
Bruton, E.Prospecting in the KalahariChilton Press, SECOND EDITION, 532P. PP. 159-163.BotswanaDiamond Prospecting, Orapa Discovery, Lamont, Marx
DS1975-0717
1978
Coates, J.N.M., Davies, J., Gould, D., Hutchins, D.G., Jones, C.The Kalatraverse One ReportBotswana Geological Survey, Bulletin. No. 21, 421P.Botswana, South AfricaGeology, Regional Tectonics
DS1975-0257
1976
Coates, J.N.M., Key, R.M.Report on a Visit to the Jwaneng Diamond ProspectBotswana Geological Survey, JNMC/12/76, 4P. (UNPUBL.)BotswanaProspecting, Kimberlite
DS1975-0718
1978
Cole, M.M., Leroex, H.D.The Role of Geobotany, Biogeochemistry and Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration in Southwest Africa and Botswana. a Case History.Geological Society of South Africa Transactions, Vol. 81, No. 3, PP. 277-317.Southwest Africa, Namibia, BotswanaDiamond, Sampling
DS1975-0986
1979
Cornwell, J.D., Mallick, D.I.J.Reconnaissance Ground Geophysical Survey of the Xade Complex Central Botswana.Botswana Geological Survey, Bulletin. No. 22, PP. 247-272.BotswanaGeophysics, Tectonics
DS1975-0490
1977
Davis, G.L.The Ages and Uranium Contents of Zircons from Kimberlites And Associated Rocks.Carnegie Institute Yearbook, FOR 1976, PP. 631-635.South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Southwest Africa, Namibia, BrazilKimberley Mine, Geochronology
DS1975-0991
1979
De beer, J.H.The Tectonic Significance of Geomagnetic Induction Anomalies in Botswana and Southwest Africa.Botswana Geological Survey, Bulletin. No. 22, PP. 297-339.Botswana, Southwest Africa, Namibia, ZimbabweRegional Tectonics
DS1975-0064
1975
De beer, J.H., Gough, D.I., Van Zijl, J.S.V.An Electrical Conductivity Anomaly and Rifting in Southern Africa. #1Nature., Vol. 225, PP. 678-680.South Africa, BotswanaGeophysics, Tectonics
DS1975-0065
1975
De beer, J.H., Gough, D.I., Van Zyjl, J.S.V.An Electrical Conductivity Anomaly and Rifting in Southern Africa. #2Nature., Vol. 255, JUNE 26TH, PP. 678-680.BotswanaGeotectonics, Geophysics
DS1975-0268
1976
De beer, J.H., Van zijl, J.S.V., Huyssen, R.M.J., Hugo, P.L.V.A Magnetometer Array Study in Southwest Africa, Botswana And Rhodesia.Roy. Astron. Soc. Geophys. Journal, Vol. 45, PP. 1-17.Southwest Africa, Namibia, Botswana, ZimbabweGeophysics
DS1975-0736
1978
Ermanovics, I.F.The Geology of the Moijabana AreaBotswana Geological Survey, Bulletin. No. 8, 63P.BotswanaGeology
DS1975-0503
1977
Fairhead, J.D., Reeves, C.V.Teleseimic Delay Times, Bouguer Anomalies and Inferred Thickness of the African Lithosphere.Earth Plan. Sci. Letters, Vol. 36, No. 1, PP. 63-76.Botswana, South AfricaGeophysics
DS1975-1018
1979
Feuchtwanger, T., Longshaw, T.G.An Overview of Land sat Imagery Production and Some of its Possible Geologic Applications in Southern Africa.Botswana Geological Survey, Bulletin. No. 22, PP. 185-222.South Africa, BotswanaRemote Sensing, Tectonics
DS1975-0743
1978
France, J.The Areal Geology and Economic Geology of BotswanaGeol. Pruzkum., Vol. 20, No. 3, PP. 81-84.BotswanaBlank
DS1975-0084
1975
Girdler, R.W.The Great Negative Bouger Gravity Anomaly over AfricaEos, Vol. 56, No. 8, PP. 516-519.Africa, South Africa, BotswanaGeophysics
DS1975-1054
1979
Harris, J.W., Hawthorne, J.B., Oosterveld, M.M.Regional and Local Variations in the Characteristics of Diamonds from Some Southern African Kimberlites.Proceedings of Second International Kimberlite Conference, Vol. 1, PP. 27-41.Botswana, South AfricaKimberlite, Crystallography, Genesis
DS1975-0101
1975
Hawthorne, J.B.Model of a Kimberlite PipePhysics and Chemistry of the Earth., Vol. 9, PP. 1-15.South Africa, BotswanaKimberley, Orapa, Kimberlite Genesis
DS1975-1078
1979
Hutchins, D.G.Ground Geophysical Surveys Applied to Geological Mapping Of the Kalahari.Botswana Geological Survey, Bulletin. No. 22, PP. 223-246.BotswanaGeophysics, Regional Tectonics
DS1975-0766
1978
Hutton, S.M.An Interpretation of Land sat Imagery of Southeast Botswana and a Review of the Practical Uses, Merits and Disadvantages of the Imagery.Milton Keynes: M.phil. Thesis, Open University, 166P.BotswanaRemote Sensing, Regional Tectonics
DS1975-0299
1976
Jessie, B.A Study of Kolo (lesotho) Kimberlites, Their Relation to Mantle Xenoliths and Orapa (botswana) Framesite Diamond Aggregates.Leeds University Research Institute of African Geology Annual Report, Vol. 20, 51P.Botswana, LesothoKimberlite Genesis, Peridotite, Chemical Analyses, Geochemistr
DS1975-1090
1979
Jones, C.R.The Reconnaissance Airborne Magnetic Survey of Botswana. Background and Follow-up.Botswana Geological Survey, Bulletin. No. 22, PP. 1-30.BotswanaGeophysics, Regional
DS1975-1144
1979
Mcewen, G.The Proceedings of a Seminar on Geophysics and the Exploration of the Kalahari.Botswana Geological Survey, Bulletin. No. 22, 423P.Botswana, South AfricaGeophysics, Tectonics
DS1975-0573
1977
Meynell, C.Southern Africa: 3 Countries at the CrossroadsMetal Bulletin. Monthly (London), No. 79, PP. 21-32.Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Botswana, Central AfricaKimberlite, Diamond Prospecting
DS1975-1154
1979
Minter, W.E.L., Brewer, T.H.Report on the Kalahari Gravel Deposits Overlying JwanengAnglo American South Africa Ltd. Geol. Records Department, South Africa, BotswanaGeomorphology
DS1975-1177
1979
Paterson, N.R., Reford, M.S., Reeves, C.V.The Reconnaissance Aeromagnetic Survey of Botswana. Some Novel Techniques of Survey Execution, Dat a Compilation and Interpretation.Botswana Geological Survey, Bulletin. No. 22, PP. 31-66.BotswanaGeophysics, Tectonics
DS1975-0835
1978
Pretorius, D.A.The Contribution of the Aeromagnetic Interpretation to an Assessment of the Mineral Potential of Botswana.In: Reeves, C.v., Reconnaissance Aeromagnetic Survey of Bots, PP. A1-A63.BotswanaRegional Tectonics
DS1975-1185
1979
Pretorius, D.A.The Aeromagnetic Delineation of the Distribution Patterns Of Karroo Volcanic in Botswana and Consequent Implications For the Tectonics of the Sub Continent.Botswana Geological Survey, Bulletin. No. 22, PP. 93-140.BotswanaGeophysics, Tectonics
DS1975-1186
1979
Pretorius, D.A.Seminar on Geophysics and its Role in the Geologic Exploration of the Kalahari in Southern Africa. Resume and Review.Botswana Geological Survey, Bulletin. No. 22, PP. 413-418.Botswana, South AfricaRegional Tectonics
DS1975-0166
1975
Reeves, C.V.The Kalahari, Central Southern Africa: a Case History of Regional and Magnetic Exploration.Unknown, P. 450. (abstract.).BotswanaGeophysics, Prospecting
DS1975-0389
1976
Reeves, C.V.Gravity Studies in Botswana and Their Contribution to Regional Geophysics in Southern Africa.Leeds: Ph.d. Thesis, University Leeds, 143P.BotswanaRegional Tectonics, Kimberley
DS1975-0602
1977
Reeves, C.V.The Delineation of Crustal Provinces in Southern Africa From a Compilation of Gravity Data.Leeds University Research Institute of African Geology Annual Report, No. 20, PP. 36-41.BotswanaGeophysics, Regional Tectonics
DS1975-0847
1978
Reeves, C.V.The Gravity Survey of Ngami land 1970 to 1971Botswana Geological Survey, Bulletin. No. 11. 84P. MAP 1: 500, 000BotswanaGeophysics
DS1975-0848
1978
Reeves, C.V.Interpretation of the Reconnaissance Aeromagnetic Survey Ofbotswana.Botswana Geological Survey, REPORT, 199P.BotswanaGeophysics, Tectonics
DS1975-0849
1978
Reeves, C.V.Reconnaissance Aeromagnetic Survey of Botswana 1975-1977. Final Interpretation Report.Botswana Geological Survey, PP. 1-199.BotswanaRegional Tectonics, Geophysics
DS1975-0850
1978
Reeves, C.V.A Failed Gondwana Spreading Axis in Southern AfricaNature., Vol. 273, No. 5657 MAY 4TH. , PP. 222-223.South Africa, BotswanaGeotectonics
DS1975-1197
1979
Reeves, C.V.The Reconnaissance Aeromagnetic Survey of Botswana. Ii. Its contribution to the Geology of the Kalahari.Botswana Geological Survey, Bulletin. No. 22, PP. 67-92.BotswanaRegional Tectonics, Geophysics
DS1975-0167
1975
Reeves, C.V., Hutchins, D.G.Crustal Structures in Central Southern AfricaNature., Vol. 254, No. 5498 MARCH 27TH. , PP. 408-410.South Africa, BotswanaGeophysics, Gravity, Geotectonics
DS1975-0390
1976
Reeves, C.V., Hutchins, D.G.The National Gravity Survey of Botswana 1972-1973Botswana Geological Survey Bulletin., No. 5, 44P. MAP 1:2, 000, 000.BotswanaGeophysics, Regional Tectonics
DS1975-0603
1977
Reford, M.S., Reeves, C.V.Reconnaissance Aeromagnetic Survey of BotswanaTerra Surveys Contract Report., (UNPUBL.)BotswanaGeophysics, Tectonics
DS1975-1204
1979
Robinson, D.N.Diamond and Graphite in Eclogite Xenolths from KimberliteProceedings of Second International Kimberlite Conference, Vol. 2, PP. 50-58.South Africa, BotswanaDiamond Genesis, Morphology, Orapa, Roberts Victor, Jagersfontein
DS1975-0403
1976
Scholz, C.H., Koczynski, T.A., Hutchins, D.G.Evidence for Incipient Rifting in Southern AfricaGeophys. Journal of Roy. Astron. Soc., Vol. 44, PP. 135-144.BotswanaSesimicity, Geotectonics, Geophysics
DS1975-0865
1978
Shee, S.R.The Mineral Chemistry of Xenoliths from the Orapa Kimberlite Pipe, Botswana.Cape Town: Msc. Thesis, University Cape Town., BotswanaKimberlite, Xenoliths
DS1975-1217
1979
Shee, S.R., Gurney, J.J.The Mineralogy of Xenoliths from Orapa, BotswanaProceedings of Second International Kimberlite Conference, Vol. 2, PP. 37-49.BotswanaBlank
DS1975-1244
1979
Tollo, K.P., Haggerty, S.E.Composition and Textural Relations of Discrete Ilmenite And rutile Nodules from the Orapa Ak 1 Kimberlite Pipe, Botswana.Eos, Vol. 60, No. 18, PP. 418-419. (abstract.).BotswanaPetrography
DS1980-0022
1980
Anon.Botswana Economy Strengthened through Growing Mineral WealthMining Engineering, Vol. 32, No. 12, PP. 29-32.BotswanaDiamonds
DS1980-0075
1980
Bristow, J.W.The Geochronology and Geochemistry of Karoo Volcanics in The Lebombo and Adjacent Areas.Ph.d. Thesis, University Cape Town., South Africa, Botswana, Swaziland, LesothoBasaltic Rocks
DS1980-0093
1980
Coward, M.P.Shear Zones in the Precambrian Crust of Southern AfricaJournal of STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY, Vol. 2, No. 1/2, PP. 19-27.Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Southwest Africa, NamibiaGeotectonics
DS1980-0104
1980
De beer, J.H., Gough, D.I.Conductive Structures in Southern Most Africa. a Magnetometer Array Study.Roy. Astron. Soc. Geophys. Journal, Vol. 63, No. 2, PP. 479-495.South Africa, BotswanaTectonics, Geophysics
DS1980-0122
1980
Ermanovics, I.F.The Geology of the Mokgware Hills AreaBotswana Geological Survey, Bulletin. No. 13, 86P.BotswanaGeology
DS1980-0123
1980
Ermanovics, I.F., Skinner, A.C.The Geology of the Palapye Map AreaBotswana Geological Survey, Bulletin. No. 16, 55P.BotswanaGeology
DS1980-0147
1980
Green, D., Crockett, R.N., Jones, M.T.Tectonic Control of Karroo Sedimentation in Mid-eastern Botswana.Geological Society of South Africa Transactions, Vol. 83, PP. 213-219.BotswanaRegional Tectonics
DS1980-0177
1980
Hoppe, R.Diamonds from the KalahariEngineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 181 No. 5, PP. 64-69.South Africa, BotswanaDiamond Mining Recovery, Kimberlite Pipes
DS1980-0179
1980
Hutchins, D.G., Reeves, C.V.Reginal Geophysical Exploration of the Kalahari in BotswanaTectonophysics, Vol. 69, PP. 201-220.BotswanaGeophysics, Airborne Magnetics, Gravity
DS1981-0004
1981
Allen, H.E.K.Development of Orapa and Lethlakane Diamond Mines BotswanaInstitute of Mining and Metallurgy. Transactions, Vol. 90, SECT. A, PP. A177-A191.BotswanaKimberlite
DS1981-0027
1981
Anon.Botswana: Diamond Earnings IncreaseAfrican Economic Digest., JULY 3RD., P. 24.BotswanaOrapa
DS1981-0096
1981
Boyd, F.R., Nixon, P.H., Boctor, N.Z.Quenched Rocks of Mantle Origin from the Mzongwana Kimberlite Dike, Transkei, Southern Africa.Carnegie Institute Yearbook, FOR 1980, PP. 328-336.South Africa, BotswanaXenoliths, Petrography
DS1981-0174
1981
Garvie, O.G.The Surface Textures on Pyrope, Picroilmenite and Chrome Diopside from Kimberlite.Msc. Thesis, University Cape Town., 132P.BotswanaJwaneng, Mineral Chemistry, Microprobe, Kelyphite
DS1981-0188
1981
Green, T.The World of Diamonds #2Weidenfeld And Nicolson., 261P.China, South Africa, Namibia, Southwest Africa, Botswana, RussiaDiamond Industry, Marketing
DS1981-0224
1981
Johnson, C.J.Minerals Objectives, Policies and Strategies in Botswana-analysis and Lessons.Nat. Res. Forum, Vol. 5, PP. 347-367.BotswanaKimberlite, Politics, Diamond Mining
DS1981-0226
1981
Jones, M.Q.W.Heat Flow and Heat Production Studies in the Namaqua Mobile belt and the Kaapvaal Craton.Ph.d. Thesis, University of The Witwatersrand., 319P.South Africa, BotswanaGeothermometry, Regional Studies
DS1981-0273
1981
Luard, N.The Last WildernessSimon And Shuster., 222P.BotswanaTravelogue, Ethnography
DS1981-0280
1981
Mallick, D.I.J., Habgood, F., Skinner, A.C.A Geological Interpretation of Land sat Imagery and Air Photography of Botswana.Overseas Geol. Min. Resour., No. 56, 39P.BotswanaTectonic, Structure, Kimberlite, Remote Sensing, Tectonics
DS1981-0289
1981
Mccallister, R.H., Gordon, L.N.Subcalcic Diopsides from Kimberlites: Chemistry, Exsolutionmicrostructures, and Thermal History.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 78, PP. 118-125.South Africa, Botswana, Tanzania, East Africa, LesothoMicroprobe Analyses, Genesis, Kimberlite
DS1981-0291
1981
Mccallister, R.H., Nord, G.L.JR.Subcalcic Diopsides Fromm Kimberlites: Chemistry, Exsolution Microstructures and Thermal History.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 78, PP. 118-125.Lesotho, South Africa, Botswana, Tanzania, East AfricaGenesis
DS1981-0351
1981
Robey, J.A.Kimberlites of the Central Cape Province, R.s.aPh.d. Thesis, University Cape Town., 261P.South Africa, BotswanaXenoliths, Petrography
DS1981-0408
1981
Tollo, R.P., Haggerty, S.E., Mcmahon, B.M.Ilmenite Rutile Intergrowths in Kimberlites: Mineral Chemistry, Phase Relations and Possible Implications.Eos, Vol. 62, No. 17, P. 414. (abstract.).South Africa, BotswanaJagersfontein, Orapa
DS1982-0041
1982
Anon.Jwaneng: Another Milestone in the Story of Diamonds in Botswana.Botswana Daily News, No. 162, AUGUST 24TH. P. 3.BotswanaDiamond Mining
DS1982-0042
1982
Anon.Botswana Was Able to Maintain Mineral ProductionEngineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 183, No. 8, P. 117.BotswanaDiamond Production
DS1982-0043
1982
Anon.Botswana Diamond Mine Opens in Spite of DepressionMining Engineering, Vol. 34, Oct. P. 1414.BotswanaDiamond Prospecting, Jwaneng
DS1982-0044
1982
Anon.New Botswana Diamond MineCalifornia Mining Journal, Vol. 52, No. 4, P. 31. (DECEMBER).BotswanaJwaneng
DS1982-0045
1982
Anon.De Beers' Third Botswana Diamond Mine OpenedEngineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 183, No. 9, P. 13.BotswanaJwaneng, Kimberlite
DS1982-0046
1982
Anon.Botswana, 1982Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 183, No. 8, P. 117.BotswanaKimberlite, Diamond Prospecting
DS1982-0047
1982
Anon.A Third Diamond Mine Is OpenedIndustrial Minerals, No. 181, OCTOBER, P. 9.BotswanaKimberlite, Jwaneng
DS1982-0048
1982
Anon.Debswana: Orapa and Lethalkane MinesInstitute of Mining and Metallurgy. BROCHURE, MINE GUIDEBOOK FOR VISIT, APRIL 28, 17P.BotswanaMining Engineering
DS1982-0049
1982
Anon.Jwaneng- New Sparkle in Debswana PartnershipSth. Afr. Min. World., Vol. 1, No. 8, SEPTEMBER PP. 62-63.BotswanaMining Methods
DS1982-0138
1982
Chadwick, J.Huge New Kimberlite Diamond Mine Opened in BotswanaWorld Mining Newsletter., OCTOBER.BotswanaJwaneng, Diamond Prospecting
DS1982-0142
1982
Coates, J.N.M.The Karroo Sequence in BotswanaBotswana Geological Survey, Bulletin., No. IN PRESS.BotswanaGeology, Stratigraphy
DS1982-0176
1982
Dillon, S.Diamonds: Gem News on Australia, Botswana, South Africa, U.s.a.,ghana, India, Israel, Lesotho, Namibia.Gems And Gemology, Vol. 30, No. 2, PP. 120- 121.South Africa, Southwest Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Australia, GhanaReview Of Current Activities
DS1982-0230
1982
Gurney, J.J., Boyd, F.R.Mineral Intergrowths with Polycrystalline Diamonds from The Orapa Mine, Botswana.Carnegie Institute Yearbook, FOR 1981, PP. 267-273.BotswanaMineralogy
DS1982-0233
1982
Gurney, J.J., Harris, J.W., Richard, R.S.Silicate and Oxide Inclusions in Diamonds from Orapa Mine, Botswana.Proceedings of Third International Kimberlite Conference, TERRA COGNITA, ABSTRACT VOLUME., Vol. 2, No. 3, P. 201, (abstract.).BotswanaKimberlite, Garnet, Eclogite, Websterite
DS1982-0407
1982
Masire, Q.K.J.As Rare as Rain in the Kgalagadi... Botswana's ThirdIndiaqua., No. 33, PP. 11-17.BotswanaMining Methods, Production
DS1982-0516
1982
Reeves, C.V., Hutchins, D.G.A Progress Report on the Geophysical Exploration of the Kalahari in Botswana.Tectonophysics, Vol. 20, No. 2-3, PP. 209-224.BotswanaKimberlite, Geophysics, Tectonics
DS1982-0522
1982
Robinson, D.N., Shee, S.R., Gurney, J.J.Diamond and Graphite Eclogite from OrapaProceedings of Third International Kimberlite Conference, TERRA COGNITA, ABSTRACT VOLUME., Vol. 2, No. 3, P. 202, (abstract.).BotswanaKimberlite, Mineralogy, Xenoliths
DS1982-0602
1982
Tollo, R.P.Petrography and Mineral Chemistry of Ultramafic and Related inclusions from the Orapa A/k 1 Kimberlite Pipe, Botswana.Amherst: Ph.d. Thesis, University Massachusetts, Published As Uni, 203P.BotswanaXenoliths, Petrology, Mineralogy
DS1983-0039
1983
Anon.Botswana Gains in Diamond MiningJewellers Circular Keystone, Vol. 149, No. 12, P. 44.BotswanaInvestment, Production
DS1983-0088
1983
Anon.Gemstones... DiamondsMining Annual Review., PP. 119-121; PP. 396-397.South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Southwest Africa, Lesotho, ZaireReview Of Activities, Prospecting, Production, Cdm
DS1983-0152
1983
Bristow, J.W., Saggerson, E.P.A General Account of Karoo Vulcanicity in Southern AfricaGeologische Rundschau, Vol. 72, No. 3, PP. 1015-1060.South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Mozambique, ZimbabweRegional Geology
DS1983-0274
1983
Haggerty, S.E., Raber, E., Naeser, C.W.Fissure Track Dating of Kimberlitic ZirconsEarth Plan. Sci. Letters, Vol. 63, No. 1, PP. 41-50.South Africa, Botswana, Angola, Tanzania, Wyoming, State LineGeochronology, Kimberley Pool, Orapa, Val Do Queve, Koffiefontein
DS1983-0469
1983
Mortimer, J.Doc Lamont: the Man Who Found OrapaJohannesburg Star., JULY 19TH. P. 21.BotswanaHistory
DS1983-0619
1983
Vollers, M.Diamonds Can't Buy Botswana RainUsa Today, Oct. 20TH. P. 9 A.BotswanaHistory, Politics, Climate, Geomorphology
DS1984-0008
1984
Allen, H.E.K.Introduction of Management Objectives at Orapa and Letlhakane Diamond Mines, Botswana: the Transition from Project to Operation.Royal School of Mines, 19P. REVISED Nov. 26TH.BotswanaBlank
DS1984-0050
1984
Anon.Botswana Has Outdistanced South Africa as a Diamond ProducerEngineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 185, No. 9, SEPTEMBER P. 198N.BotswanaDiamond Production Figures
DS1984-0051
1984
Anon.Diamonds in BotswanaMining Annual Review., FOR 1983, JUNE P. 379.BotswanaBlank
DS1984-0052
1984
Anon.Botswana May Export to AfricaWorld Mining Equipment., Vol. 8, No. 2, FEBRUARY P. 8.Botswana, South AfricaDiamonds
DS1984-0082
1984
Anon.Gemstones; Mining Annual Review, 1984Mining Annual Review., FOR 1983 PP. 121-123.South Africa, Botswana, Southwest Africa, Namibia, Zaire, AngolaProduction
DS1984-0226
1984
Deines, P.Evidence for a Systematic Depletion in 13 C in Parts of The mantle Underlying the Orapa Botswana Kimberlite.Geological Society of America (GSA), Vol. 16, No. 6, P. 485. (abstract.)BotswanaIsotope
DS1984-0293
1984
Garvie, O.G., Robinson, D.N.The Formation of Kelyphite and Associated Sub-kelyphitic And Sculptured Surfaces on Pyrope from Kimberlite.Proceedings of Third International Kimberlite Conference., Vol. 1, PP. 371-382.South Africa, BotswanaMineral Chemistry, Garnet, Analyses
DS1984-0328
1984
Gurney, J.J., Harris, J.W., Rickard, R.S.Silicate and Oxide Inclusions in Diamonds from the Orapa Mine, Botswana.Proceedings of Third International Kimberlite Conference., Vol. 2, PP. 3-9.BotswanaAnalyses, Geothermometry, Geobarometry, Mineral Chemistry
DS1984-0352
1984
Helstaedt, H., Gurney, J.J.Kimberlites of Southern Africa- are they Related to Subduction Processes? #2Proceedings of Third International Kimberlite Conference., Vol. 1, PP. 425-434.South Africa, Botswana, LesothoDistribution, Kimberlite, Genesis, Xenolith
DS1984-0386
1984
Jones, R.Geochemical Evidence Bearing on the Origin of Southern African Kimberlitic Megacrysts and the Nature of Their Source Region.Geological Society of London NEWSLETTER., Vol. 13, No. 6, NOVEMBER (abstract.).South Africa, BotswanaGeochemistry
DS1984-0514
1984
Merritt, P.C.De Beers Botswana Mining Company Ltd. Flow Sheet Design Fororapa.In: Book of Flowsheets, Engineering And Mining Journal Special Publishing, PP. 204-206.BotswanaMining Recovery, Diamonds
DS1984-0598
1984
Pretorius, D.A.The Kalahari Foreland, its Marginal Troughs and Over thrust Belts, and the Regional Structure of Botswana.Economic Geology Research Unit., INF. Circular No. 169, 24P.Botswana, South Africa, Southwest Africa, NamibiaRegional Geology, Geotectonics
DS1984-0610
1984
Robinson, D.N., Gurney, J.J., Shee, S.R.Diamond Eclogite and Graphite Eclogite Xenoliths from Orapa, Botswana.Proceedings of Third International Kimberlite Conference., Vol. 2, PP. 10-24.BotswanaChemical Analyses, Inclusions
DS1984-0664
1984
Shuttleworth, G.De Beers Prospects. the Untalkative in Pursuit of the Unsaleable.Business Week, Nov. 15-21. PP. 497-499.BotswanaCurrent Activities
DS1985-0091
1985
Bruno, S.A.Pan Genesis in the Southern KalahariProceedings of a seminar on the mineral exploration of the Kalahari, Geol., Vol. 29, pp. 261-277BotswanaGeomorphology
DS1985-0121
1985
Clark, G.C.Mineral Exploration of the Kalahari, Background and IntroductionProceedings of a seminar on the mineral exploration of the Kalahari, Geol., Vol. 29, pp. 1-5BotswanaHistory, Overview
DS1985-0180
1985
Falls, R.E.R.Diamonds: Gradual Industry RecoveryEngineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 186, No. 3, MARCH PP. 129-130.South Africa, Southwest Africa, Namibia, Lesotho, BotswanaProduction
DS1985-0241
1985
Gould, D.I., Rathbone, P.A.The Geological Structure of the Molopo Farms Project AreaProceedings of a seminar on the mineral exploration of the Kalahari, Geol., Vol. 29, pp. 160-186BotswanaStructure, Tectonics
DS1985-0399
1985
Lorenz, V.On the Phreatomagmatic Origin of Botswana and South African maars and Diatremes.Terra Cognita., Vol. 5, No. 2-3, SPRING-SUMMER P. 316. (abstract.). ABSTRACT VOBotswana, South AfricaModel, Genesis
DS1985-0543
1985
Pretorius, D.A.The Structural Setting of Pipe and Alluvial Diamond Fields In Southern Africa.6th. International Conference Basement Tectonics, Held Sante Fe, Septem, P. 31. (abstract.).South Africa, Botswana, ZimbabweGeotectonics
DS1985-0544
1985
Pretorius, D.A.The Influence of the Regional Structure of the Rhodesian Craton on the Distribution of Kimberlites in Botswana and Zimbabwe.Fourth International Kimberlite Conference., 2P. (abstract.) SUBMITTED.Southern Africa, Botswana, ZimbabweGeotectonics, Geophysics
DS1985-0629
1985
Smith, R.A., Phofuetsile, P.The geology of the Foley area ( an explanation of Quarter degree Sheet2127C)Botswana Geological Survey, Bulletin. No. 31, 107p. mapBotswanaMotloutse River Area, Alluvials
DS1986-0341
1986
Harris, J.W., Hawthorne, J.B., Oosterveld, M.M.A comparison of characteristics of diamonds from Orapa and Jwaneng kimberlite pipes in BotswanaProceedings of the Fourth International Kimberlite Conference, Held Perth, Australia, No. 16, pp. 395-397BotswanaDiamond morphology
DS1986-0342
1986
Harris, J.W., Spear, P.M.Systematic studies of nitrogen in diamonds from known sourcesProceedings of the Fourth International Kimberlite Conference, Held Perth, Australia, No. 16, pp. 398-400South Africa, Botswana, AustraliaDiamond morphology
DS1986-0441
1986
Kingston, M.J.Spectral reflectance feactures of kimberlites and carbonatites; the key to remote sensing for explorationProceedings of the Fourth International Kimberlite Conference, Held Perth, Australia, No. 16, pp. 472-474South Africa, Botswana, Montana, California, QuebecDiamond exploration, Remote sensing
DS1986-0442
1986
Kinny, P.D., Williams, I.S., Compston, W., Bristow, J.Archean zircon xenocrysts from the Jwaneng kimberlite pipe, BotswanaProceedings of the Fourth International Kimberlite Conference, Held Perth, Australia, No. 16, pp. 267-269BotswanaBlank
DS1986-0470
1986
Kurz, M.D., Gurney, J.J.Helium isotopic heterogeneity within single diamonds from the Orapa kimberlite pipeProceedings of the Fourth International Kimberlite Conference, Held Perth, Australia, No. 16, pp. 401-402BotswanaDiamond morphology
DS1986-0641
1986
Phillips, D., Onstott, T.C.Application of Argon 36/Argon 40 versus Argon 39/Argon 40correlation To the Argon 40/Argon 39 spectra of phlogopites from Southern African kimberlitesGeophysical Research Letters, Vol. 13, No. 7, July pp. 689-692BotswanaGeochronology
DS1986-0751
1986
Smith, C.B., Allsopp, H.L., Kramers, J.D., Gurney, J.J., JagoutzIsotopic and geochemical studies of kimberlitic and included xenolithsProceedings of the Fourth International Kimberlite Conference, Held Perth, Australia, No. 16, pp. 329-331South Africa, BotswanaBlank
DS1987-0145
1987
Deines, P., Harris, J.W.C13 and O18 and nitrogen content studies of graphite and diamond Eclogites and Orapa ,BotswanaGeological Society of America, Vol. 19, No. 7 annual meeting abstracts, p.639. abstracBotswanaOrapa, Isotope
DS1987-0356
1987
Koivula, J.I.De Beers-Botswana- and diamonds. Acquires DebswanaGems and Gemology, Vol. 23, No. 3, Fall p. 172-173BotswanaNews item, Debswana
DS1987-0390
1987
Kurtz, M.D., Gurney, J.J., Jenkins, M.J., Lott, D.E.Helium isotopic variability within single diamonds from the Orapa kimberlite pipeEarth Planet. Sci. Letters, Vol. 86, No. 1, November pp. 57-68BotswanaBlank
DS1987-0742
1987
Tollo, R.P., Haggerty, S.E.Niobium, chromium rutile in the Orapa kimberlite BotswanaCanadian Mineralogist, Vol. 25, pp. 251-264BotswanaMineralogy, Nodules
DS1988-0331
1988
Johnson, C.J., Clark, A.L.Mineral exploration in developing countries, Botswana and Papua New Guinea case studiesIn: World Mineral Exploration, trends economic issues, Publishing Resources for, pp. 145-178BotswanaHistory -diamonds
DS1988-0765
1988
Wright, J.A., Hall, J.Anomalous crustal structure from deep seismic profiling in theKarooBasin, BotswanaEuropean Association of Exploration Geophysicists, abstract volume, 50th, p. 140. abstract onlyBotswanaBlank
DS1989-0309
1989
Crockett, R.N., Key, R.M.Early Precambrian basement uplift and block faulting along the western margin of the Bushveld Complex,southeastern BotswanaJournal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 127-130BotswanaBushveld Complex, Tectonics
DS1989-0346
1989
Deines, P.Oxygen isotope fractionation between coexisting garnets and clinopyroxenes in mantle eclogitesEos, Vol. 70, No. 43, October 24, p. 1411. AbstractBotswanaOrapa, Eclogites
DS1989-0563
1989
Gurney, J.J., McCandless, T.E., Kirkley, M.B., Robinson, D.N.Some initial observations on polycrystalline diamonds mainly from Orapa:abstractDiamond Workshop, International Geological Congress, July 15-16th. editors, BotswanaAnalyses, Diamond morphology
DS1989-0593
1989
Harris, J.W.Variations in the physical and chemical properties of natural diamondDiamond Workshop, International Geological Congress, July 15-16th. editors, pp. 29-31South Africa, BotswanaDiamond morphology, Natural diamond
DS1989-0782
1989
Kinny, P.D., Compston, W., Bristow, J.W., Williams, I.S.Archean mantle xenocrysts in a Permian kimberlite: two generations Of kimberlitic zircon in Jwaneng DK2,southern BotswanaGeological Society of Australia Inc. Blackwell Scientific Publishing, Special, No. 14, Vol. 2, pp. 833-842BotswanaMantle xenoliths, Geochronology
DS1989-0785
1989
Kirkley, M.B., Smith, H.S., Gurney, J.J.Kimberlite carbonates - a carbon and oxygen stable isotope studyGeological Society of Australia Inc. Blackwell Scientific Publishing, Special, No. 14, Vol. 1, pp. 264-281South Africa, BotswanaGeochronology, Stable isotopes
DS1989-0811
1989
Koivula, J.I., Kammerling, R.C.Increased diamond output in BotswanaGems and Gemology - Gem News, Vol. 25, No. 4, Winter p. 244BotswanaNews item, Diamond production
DS1989-0909
1989
Lynam, A.P.Annotated bibliography and index of geology of Botswana, 1977-1985Geological Survey Department Republic of Botswana, 135pBotswanaIndex and bibliography
DS1989-0973
1989
McCandless, T.E., Kirkley, M.B., Robinson, D.N., Gurney, J.J.Some initial observations on polycrystalline diamonds mainly from Orapa:Diamond Workshop, International Geological Congress, July 15-16th. editors, pp. 47-51BotswanaDiamond morphology, Diamond aggregates
DS1989-1307
1989
Roux, J.Diamond mining update. Brief commentary on Argyle, Gem, AshtonIndiaqua, No. 54, 1989/III, p. 55, 57Australia, Botswana, Brazil, Guinea, United StatesNews item, Argyle, Gem, Aredor, Crystal
DS1989-1575
1989
Walker, R.J., Carlson, R.W., Shirey, S.B., Boyd, F.R.Osmimum, Strontium, neodymium and lead isotope systematics of Southern african peridotite xenoliths: implications for the chemical evolution of subcontinental mantleGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 53, pp. 1583-1595South Africa, BotswanaXenoliths, Mineral chemistry
DS1989-1591
1989
Welbourn, C.M., Rooney, M.L.T., Evans, D.J.E.A study of diamonds of cube and cube related shape from the Jwaneng mineJournal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 94, No. 1, January pp. 229-252BotswanaDiamond morphology, Diamond crystallography
DS1990-0532
1990
Gems & GemologyBotswana bears targetGems and Gemology, Gem news, Vol. 26, No. 2, Summer, p. 159BotswanaNews item, Diamond production
DS1990-0533
1990
Gems & GemologyProspecting in BotswanaGems and Gemology, Gem news, Vol. 26, No. 2, Summer, p. 160BotswanaNews item, Molopo Australia
DS1990-0784
1990
Jourdan, P., Carlsson, J.The minerals industry of Botswana. Diamonds pp. 8-10Institute of Mining Research, University of of Zimbabwe, Report No. 106, May, 17p. p. 8-10. diamondsBotswanaEconomics, Diamonds
DS1990-0867
1990
Koketso, H., McDowall, G.Geophysical response of some kimberlite pipes in the Jwaneng area, southernBotswana52nd. Meeting Of The European Association Of Exploration Geophysicists, Vol. 52, pp. 195-196BotswanaGeophysics -magnetics, Jwaneng
DS1990-0887
1990
Kreimeyer, R.Industrial minerals of BotswanaErzmetall, Vol. 43, No. 6, June pp. 248-256BotswanaIndustrial minerals, Diamonds
DS1990-1036
1990
Metals Economics Group Strategic ReportDiamond opportunities, exploration agreements and capital expendituresMetals Economics Group Strategic Report, Vol. 3, No. 6, November/December pp. 3-11Australia, Botswana, Brazil, Indonesia, Russia, Canada, GuyanaChina, Namibia, Brief review of project, capital expenditures
DS1990-1225
1990
Richardson, S.H., Erlank, A.J., Harris, J.W., Hart, S.R.Eclogitic diamonds of Proterozoic age from Cretaceous kimberlitesNature, Vol. 346, No. 6279, July 5, pp. 54-56South Africa, BotswanaGeochronology, Eclogitic diamonds
DS1990-1267
1990
Roux, J.Bushman pits project. Gem ResourcesIndiaqua, No. 55 1990/1, p. 50BotswanaNews item, Gem Resources-Bushman pit
DS1990-1319
1990
Schulze, D.J.Eclogite abundance in the upper mantle conflicting evidence from xenolith and xenocryst suitesEos, Vol. 71, No. 17, April 24, p. 524 Poster Abstract onlySouth Africa, BotswanaMantle eclogites, Xenoliths
DS1990-1585
1990
Wright, J.A., Hall, J.Deep seismic profiling in the Nosop Basin, Botswana:cratons, mobile belts and sedimentary basinsTectonophysics, Vol. 174, No. 1/2, March 1, pp. 333-344BotswanaGeophysics -seismics, Nosop Basin
DS1991-0011
1991
Aldiss, D.T.The Motloutse Complex and the Zimbabwe Craton/Limpopo Belt transition inBotswanaPrecambrian Research, Vol. 50, No. 1-2, April pp. 89-110BotswanaCraton
DS1991-0153
1991
Botswana geological surveyAnnual report for the year 1990.. brief mention of diamond explorationactivitiesBotswana Geological Survey Dept, Annual Report for 1990, p. 7, 8, 9, 22BotswanaNews item, Diamond exploration activities -very brief
DS1991-0336
1991
Daniels, L.R.M., Jennings, C.M.H., Lee, F.E., Blaine, J.L.The geology of the M1 kimberlite, southern BotswanaProceedings of Fifth International Kimberlite Conference held Araxa June 1991, Servico Geologico do Brasil (CPRM) Special, pp. 58-59BotswanaExploration, Kimberlite
DS1991-0364
1991
Deines, P., Harris, J.W., Robinson, D.N., Gurney, J.J., Shee, S.R.Carbon and isotope oxygen variations in diamond and graphite eclogites fromOrapa, Botswana and the nitrogen content of their diamondsGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 55, No. 2, February pp. 515-524BotswanaEclogites, Geochronology, isotopes
DS1991-0440
1991
Emerman, S.H.Correlation of a dyke swarm in southeastern Botswana with the Pilansberg dyke swarm, South AfricaJournal of African Earth Scienecs, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 525-531BotswanaDyke
DS1991-0616
1991
Grisafe, D.A.Non-energy resources -brief overview -activities in 1990.Brief mention ofdiamondsGeotimes, Vol. 36, No. 2, February, 18-19Russia, Botswana, Malaysia, AustraliaNews item, Diamonds mentioned
DS1991-0637
1991
Gurney, J.J., Moore, R.O., Otter, M.L., Kirkley, M.B., Hops, J.J.Southern African kimberlites and their xenolithsMagmatism in Extensional structural settings, Springer pp. 495-536.South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, SwazilandKimberlites, Review
DS1991-0769
1991
Irvine, T.N.Igneous and metamorphic petrology -field studiesCarnegie Institute Annual Report of the Director Geophysical Laboratory, No. 2250, pp. 3-11Hawaii, Antarctica, Botswana, Peru, VietnamGlobal convection system, Mantle convection
DS1991-0873
1991
Kinny, P.D.High resolution ion probe analyses of rare earth elements in kimberliticzirconsProceedings of Fifth International Kimberlite Conference held Araxa June 1991, Servico Geologico do Brasil (CPRM) Special, pp. 222-223BotswanaJwaneng, SHRIMP, Microscopy, rare earth elements (REE).
DS1991-0880
1991
Kirkley, M.B., Gurney, J.J., Rickard, R.S.Jwaneng framesites -inclusions and carbon isotopesProceedings of Fifth International Kimberlite Conference held Araxa June 1991, Servico Geologico do Brasil (CPRM) Special, pp. 225-227BotswanaJwaneng, framesites, Geochronology
DS1991-1103
1991
McDowall, G., Koketso, H.Radon emanometry over some kimberlites and lamproites in southern and western BotswanaEuropean Journal of Exploration Geophysics, Abstract No. D009 p. 332BotswanaGeophysics -Radon, Lamproites
DS1991-1179
1991
MolopoDiamond exploration in Botswana.poor reproduction from poor origin al in a database of company activities... brief reviewMolopo Farms Complex, 1pBotswanaNews item, Brief overview of prospect
DS1991-1218
1991
Navon, O.Radial variation in the composition of micro-inclusions and the chemical evolution of fluids trapped in diamondsProceedings of Fifth International Kimberlite Conference held Araxa June 1991, Servico Geologico do Brasil (CPRM) Special, pp. 307-309BotswanaDiamond morphology, Diamond inclusions, Jwaneng, analyses
DS1991-1242
1991
Novgorodov, P.G.Primary melt inclusions in eclogite diamonds and their geneticimplicationProceedings of Fifth International Kimberlite Conference held Araxa June 1991, Servico Geologico do Brasil (CPRM) Special, pp. 537-538Russia, South Africa, Colorado, Wyoming, Zaire, BotswanaDiamond inclusions, Mantle ecologites
DS1991-1401
1991
Rayner, R.J., Waters, S.B., McKay, I.J., Dobss, P.N., Shaw, A.L.The mid-Cretaceous paleoenvironment of central Southern Africa ( Orapa, Botswana)Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, Vol. 88, pp. 147-156BotswanaPaleoenvironment, Orapa
DS1991-1467
1991
Roux, J.Botswana: brief notes on prospecting activitiesIndiaqua, Industrial Diamond ANNUAL, 1991 p. 66BotswanaNews item, De Beers, Falconbridge, Molopo, Kodie, Challenger, Corona
DS1991-1525
1991
Schulze, D.J., Valley, J.W., Viljoen, K.S., Spicuzza, M.Carbon isotope composition of graphite in mantle eclogitesProceedings of Fifth International Kimberlite Conference held Araxa June 1991, Servico Geologico do Brasil (CPRM) Special, pp. 353-355South Africa, BotswanaXenoliths, Bellsbank, Jagersfontein, Orapa, Letlhakane, eclogites
DS1991-1922
1991
Zeil, P., Volk, P., Saradeth, S.Geophysical methods for lineament studies in groundwater exploration: acase history from southeast BotswanaGeoexploration, Vol. 27, No. 1-2, February pp. 165-178BotswanaGeophysics, Lineaments
DS1992-0353
1992
Deines, P.Carbon isotope studies of diamonds and their implications for the geodynamic cycle of carbon: dat a from the Orapa kimberlite, BotswanaV.m. Goldschmidt Conference Program And Abstracts, Held May 8-10th. Reston, p. A 27. abstractBotswanaGeochronology, Orapa
DS1992-0521
1992
Gems & GemologyExpansion at JwanengGems and Gemology Gem News section, Vol. 28, Fall, p. 198BotswanaNews item, Production expansion
DS1992-1301
1992
Roux, J.Diamond prospecting update: BotswanaIndiaqua, Annual 1992/3, p. 55.BotswanaNews item, De Beers, Molopo
DS1993-0078
1993
Barclays Economic ReviewBotswana, 1993; Barclays Economic ReviewBarclays Botswana Economic Review, 8p.BotswanaCountry profile, Economics
DS1993-0189
1993
Burgess, R.Noble gas and halogen measurements of volatile-rich fluids in diamondsAmerican Geophysical Union, EOS, supplement Abstract Volume, October, Vol. 74, No. 43, October 26, abstract p. 636.BotswanaGeochronology, Deposit -Jwaneng, Orapa
DS1993-0337
1993
Deines, P., Harris, J.W., Gurney, J.J.Depth related carbon isotope and nitrogen concentration variability in The mantle below the Orapa kimberlite, Botswana, AfricaGeochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 57, No. 12, June pp. 2781-2796BotswanaMantle, Deposit -Orapa
DS1993-0900
1993
Lee, J.Kimberlitic garnet and ilmenite chemistry at Kakong, Botswana: an exploration case historyProspectors and Developers Diamond Workshop, held March 27th, Toronto, BotswanaGeochemistry, Garnet, ilmenite
DS1993-0980
1993
Mathez, E.A., Blacic, J.D., Maggiore, C., Mitchell, T.E., Fogel, R.A.The determination of the O content of diamond by microactivationAmerican Mineralogist, Vol. 78, No. 7-8, July-August pp. 753-761.South Africa, Botswana, ZaireKimberlites, Deposit -Monastery, Finsch, Orapa, Muji Mayi
DS1993-1132
1993
Niemann, M.Diamonds are a states best friend- Botswana's foreign policy in southernAfrica.Africa Today, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 27-47.BotswanaEconomics, Legal
DS1993-1535
1993
Stiefenhofer, J.The petrography, mineral chemistry, isotope geochemistry of a mantle xenolith suite from Lethakane DK1 and DK2.Rhodes University, Ph.d. thesisBotswanaKimberlites, Thesis
DS1994-0014
1994
African Conference Mining InvestmentBOTSWANA, 1994; African Conference Mining InvestmentAfrican Conference Mining Investment, June 8-9, 20p.BotswanaCountry profile, Diamond production
DS1994-0135
1994
Behr, S.H.Exploration targets in BotswanaPreprint, 5p.BotswanaDiamond exploration -very brief
DS1994-0371
1994
Daniels, L.R.M., Jennings, C.M.H., Lee, J.E., Blaine, J.L., Billington, F.R.The geology of crater volcanics and sediments associated with the M1kimberlite, southwest Botswana.Proceedings of Fifth International Kimberlite Conference, Vol. 1, pp. 129-139.BotswanaKimberlite, Deposit -M1
DS1994-0571
1994
Gaolathe, B.Lessons from Botswana mining experienceRaw Materials Report, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 2-14.BotswanaMining, Development, legal, laws
DS1994-0682
1994
Gurney, J.J., Moore, R.O.Geochemical correlations between kimberlitic indicator minerals And diamonds on the Kalahari craton.Russian Geology and Geophysics, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 9-18.South Africa, BotswanaGeochemistry, Kimberlitic indicator minerals
DS1994-0915
1994
Kirkley, M.B., Gurney, J.J., Rickard, R.S.Jwaneng framesite: carbon isotopes and inclusion compositionsProceedings of Fifth International Kimberlite Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 127-135.BotswanaMineral chemistry, Deposit -Jwaneng
DS1994-1021
1994
Lee, ZaunscherbDiamond exploration and production..Lee, Zaunscherb Mineral Resource INdustry Research, 3p.Colorado, Northwest Territories, Botswana, ZimbabweNews item -research report, Redaurum
DS1994-1247
1994
MPHDiamond prospecting licences map and project overviewMph Handout Prospectors And Developers Association Of Canada (pdac)., 3p.BotswanaNews item, Molopo, Lekgodu, Kokong, Gope, Middlepits, Gemsbok, Bokspits
DS1994-1280
1994
Nixon, P.Mantle xenoliths and their role in diamond explorationInternational Symposium Upper Mantle, Aug. 14-19, 1994, pp. 1-32.South Africa, Botswana, Wyoming, RussiaMantle xenoliths, Review -exploration
DS1994-1547
1994
Schrauder, M., Koeberl, C.Trace element analyses of fluid bearing fibrous diamonds from Jwaneng by neutron activation analysis.Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 58A, pp. 811-812. AbstractBotswanaGeochemistry, Deposit -Jwaneng
DS1994-1548
1994
Schrauder, M., Navon, O.Hydrous and carbonatitic mantle fluids in fibrous diamonds from Jwaneng, Botswana.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 58, No. 2, January pp. 761-771.BotswanaDiamond genesis, Diamond morphology
DS1994-1709
1994
Street, G.J., Bulletinock, S.J., Kones, R.K.Airborne geophysics in diamond and gemstone explorationPreprint from Snowden Mining Forum held May 18, Perth, 8p. 6 figuresLesotho, Russia, Siberia, Northwest Territories, BotswanaGeophysics -aeromagnetics, Case histories -Australia
DS1994-1857
1994
Viljoen, K.S.Eclogite xenoliths from kimberlites, South Africa and BotswanaUniversity of Witwatersrand, Ph.d. thesisSouth Africa, BotswanaXenoliths, Thesis
DS1995-0159
1995
Blenkinsop, T., et al.The north Limpopo Thrust Zone: the northern boundary of the Limpopo Belt in Zimbabwe and Botswana.Centennial Geocongress (1995) Extended abstracts, Vol. 1, p. 174-177. abstractZimbabwe, BotswanaCraton, Limpopo Thrust Zone
DS1995-0160
1995
Blenkinsop, T.G., Tromp, P.L.Sub-Saharan economic geologyBalkema Publishing, Geological Society Zimbabwe, Spec. Publishing No. 3, 320pSouthern Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana, TanzaniaUltramafics, geophysics, diamonds, gold, Table of contents
DS1995-0200
1995
Brandl, G.Reactivation of certain faults in the Limpopo Belt during the QuaternaryCentennial Geocongress (1995) Extended abstracts, Vol. 1, p. 442-444. abstractZimbabwe, BotswanaCraton, Tectonics -structure
DS1995-0537
1995
Field, M., Gibson, J.G., Wilkes, T.A., Gababotse, KhujweThe geology of the Orapa A/K1 kimberlite, Botswana: further insight into the emplacement of kimb. pipes.Proceedings of the Sixth International Kimberlite Conference Extended Abstracts, p. 155-57.BotswanaKimberlite genesis, Deposit -Orapa A/K1
DS1995-0560
1995
Franey, N.J.Regional mapping of geology by classification of multispectral data: a testcase over the Tuli block.Exploration and Mining Geology, Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 86.BotswanaRemote sensing
DS1995-0597
1995
Gems & GemologyBotswana backs renewals with the CSO. extract from Mazal U'BrachaGems and Gemology, Vol. 31, Winter pp. 291.BotswanaNews item, CSO
DS1995-0703
1995
Gurney, J.J., Harris, J.W., Otter, M.L., Rickard, R.S.Jwaneng diamond inclusionsProceedings of the Sixth International Kimberlite Conference Extended Abstracts, p. 208-10.BotswanaDiamond inclusions, Deposit -Jwaneng
DS1995-0754
1995
Harris, C.The oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Karoo and Etendeka volcanic field of southern Africa.South. African Journal of Geology, Vol. 98, No. 2, June pp. 126-139.South Africa, BotswanaGeochemistry -volcanics, Karoo - not specific to diamonds
DS1995-0755
1995
Harris, C.The oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Karroo and Etendeka volcanic provinces of southern AfricaSouth African Journal of Geology, Vol. 98, No. 2, June pp. 126-139South Africa, BotswanaGeochemistry, Volcanics
DS1995-0822
1995
Horwood, S.J.Redox conditions in the southern African mantle with reference to diamondpreservation.Msc. Thesis, University Of Cape Town, South Africa, BotswanaGeochemistry, mineral chemistry, Mantle, diamond morphology
DS1995-0829
1995
Huang, Y.-M., Van Calsteren, P., Hawkesworth, C.J.The evolution of the lithosphere in southern Africa: a perspective on basic granulite xenoliths - kimberlitesGeochim. Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 59, No. 23, Dec. 1, pp. 4905-4920.South Africa, BotswanaXenoliths, Kimberlites
DS1995-0869
1995
Jakubec, J., Milton, A., Siwawa, C.Z., Struik, M.J.P.M.Improvement in blasting techniques at Orapa and Letlhakane diamond Mines -a holistic approach.African Mining 95, Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (IMM) Publishing, pp. 285-304.BotswanaMining, Deposit -Orapa and Letlhakane
DS1995-0873
1995
Janse, B.A history of diamond sources in Africa: Part 1Gems and Gemology, Vol. 31, Winter pp. 228-255.Africa, South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Zaire, AngolaHistory, Diamond exploration
DS1995-0896
1995
Jourdan, P.P.The mining sector in southern AfricaSapes Book, 120pSouth Africa, Zimbabwe, BotswanaBook -table of contents, Mining -Southern Africa
DS1995-1208
1995
McDonald, I., De Wit, M.J., Smith, C.B., Bizzi, L.A. etc.The geochemistry of platinum group elements in Brazilian and Southern african kimberlites.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 59, No. 14, July pp. 2883-2904.Brazil, South Africa, BotswanaGeochemistry -platinum group elements (PGE), Kimberlites
DS1995-1706
1995
Serokurov, Yu.N., Kalmykov, V.D., Smirnova, L.S.Botswana diamond potential (according to satellite surveys)Russian Geology and Geophysics, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 54-61.BotswanaRemote Sensing
DS1995-1744
1995
Siamisang, T.L.Kimberlites in BotswanaGeological Society Africa 10th. Conference Oct. Nairobi, p. 63-4. AbstractBotswanaKimberlites, Brief overview
DS1995-1775
1995
Smith, C.B., Barton, E.S.The timing of kimberlite emplacement in southern AfricaCentennial Geocongress (1995) Extended abstracts, Vol. 1, p. 107-110. abstractSouth Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Swaziland, Angola, NamibiaGeochronology, Kimberlite magmatism
DS1995-1965
1995
Van Heerden, L.A., Gurney, J.J., Deines, P.The carbon isotopic composition of harzburgite, lherzolite, websterite, eclogite paragenetic diamondsSouth. African Journal of Geology, Vol. 98, No. 2, June pp. 119-125.South Africa, BotswanaGeochronology -diamonds, Models -genetic
DS1995-1995
1995
Viljoen, K.S.Diamond genesis in the eclogitic environment... Star, Lace, Mir, Doornkloof, Orapa, Finsch, Argyle...Centennial Geocongress (1995) Extended abstracts, Vol. 1, p. 940-943. abstractSouth Africa, Russia, BotswanaEclogites, Diamond genesis
DS1995-1998
1995
Vinnick, L.P., Green, R.W.E., Nicolaysen, L.O.Recent deformation of the deep continental root beneath southern AfricaNature, Vol. 375, No. 6526, May 4, pp. 50-52.South Africa, BotswanaMantle, tectonics, Craton, root
DS1996-0045
1996
Arregros, M.Selected bibliography on diamonds in AfricaAfrica Geoscience Review, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 331-342.Africa, South Africa, Angola, Algeria, Botswana, Sierra LeoneBibliography, CAR, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali
DS1996-0637
1996
Hoffe, B.H.Deep seismic evidence of late Middle Proteraoic rifting beneath theKalahari, western Botswana.Memorial University of, MSc.BotswanaGeophysics - seismics, Tectonics
DS1996-0638
1996
Hoffe, B.H.Deep seismic evidence of late Middle Proterozoic rifting beneath theKalahari, western Botswana.Memorial University of, MSc.BotswanaGeophysics - seismics, Tectonics
DS1996-1261
1996
Schrauder, M., Koeberl, C., Navon, O.Trace element analyses of fluid bearing diamonds from Jwaneng, BotswanaGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 60, No. 23, Dec. 1, pp. 4711-24.BotswanaGeochemistry - diamonds, Deposit - Jwaneng
DS1996-1264
1996
Schulze, D.J.Chromite macrocrysts from southern African kimberlites: mantle xenolith sources -post diamond re-equilibrationAfrica Geoscience Review, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 203-216.South Africa, BotswanaGeochemistry, Deposit - Finsch, Bultfontein, Roberts Victor, Orapa
DS1996-1480
1996
Viljoen, K.S., Smith, C.B., Sharp, Z.D.Stable and radiogenic isotope study of eclogite xenoliths from the Orapakimberlite, Botswana.Chemical Geology, Vol 131, No. 1-4, Sept. 30, pp. 235-BotswanaGeochronology, eclogite xenoliths, Deposit - Orapa
DS1997-0212
1997
Cook, F.A.Applications of geophysics in gemstone explorationGems and Gemology, Vol. 33, Spring, pp. 4-23.South Africa, BotswanaDiamonds, Geophysics - gravity, magnetics, seismics, georadar
DS1997-0264
1997
Deines, P., Harris, J.W., Gurney, J.J.Carbon isotope ratios, nitrogen content and aggregation state, and inclusion chemistry of diamonds from JwanengGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 61, No. 18, Sept. pp. 3993-4006.BotswanaMineralogy - diamond inclusions, Deposit - Jwaneng
DS1997-0445
1997
Griffin, W.L., Moore, R.O., Ryan, Gurney, WinGeochemistry of magnesian ilmenite megacrysts from Southern african kimberlites #2Russian Geology and Geophysics, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 421-443.South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, LesothoGeochemistry, Megacrysts
DS1997-0570
1997
Kampunzu, A.B.International Geological Correlation Programme (IGCP)project outline Evolution of the Kibaran belt system in southwest Africa and comparison with equatorial..Unesco-international Geological Correlation Programme (igcp), Africa, Botswana, ZimbabweKibaran Orogeny, Metallogeny
DS1997-0691
1997
Locate Africa NewsletterBotswana mining industry poised for growthLoacte Africa Newsletter, March-April pp. 7-9.BotswanaNews item - brief country profile
DS1997-0714
1997
Magang, D.N.Presentation by the Minister of Mineral resources and Water Affairs of the Republic of BotswanaMiga Conference Held Denver June 3-5, 10pBotswanaMining
DS1997-0715
1997
Magang, D.N., Tomable, A.R., Ntsimanyana, M.Mining potential of BotswanaMiga Conference Held Denver June 3-5, 37pBotswanaMining, Overview
DS1997-0716
1997
Magang, D.N., Tomable, A.R., Ntsimanyana, M.Mining potential of BotswanaMiga Conference Held Denver June 3-5, 37p.BotswanaMining, Overview
DS1997-0752
1997
McCarthy, T.S., Barry, M., Sternberg, H.The gradient of the Okavango fan, Botswana, and its sedimentological and tectonic implications.Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 24, No. 1-2, Jan. pp. 65-78.BotswanaSedimentology, Alluvial - fan
DS1997-1010
1997
Schulze, D.J., Valley, J.W., Viljoen, K.S., StiefenhoferCarbon isotope composition of graphite in mantle ecologitesJournal of Geology, Vol. 105, No. 3, May pp. 379-386.South Africa, Wyoming, BotswanaEclogites, geochronology, Jagersfontein, Deposit - Schaffer, Letlhakane, Orapa, Bellsbank, Blaau
DS1997-1018
1997
Selfe, G.New applications of borehole geophysical logging in mining and mineralexploration.Exploration Geophysics, Vol. 28, pp. 127-129.Namibia, BotswanaGeophysics - density, neutron, natural gamma probes, Deposit - Oranjemund
DS1997-1108
1997
Stiefenhofer, J., Viljoen, K.S., Marsh, J.S.Petrology and geochemistry of the Eldor carbonatite complex LabradorTrough, Quebec.Contrib. Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 127, No. 1-2, pp. 147-158.BotswanaGeochemistry, Deposit - Letlhkane
DS1998-0221
1998
Cartigny, P., Harris, J.W., Javoy, M.Eclogitic, peridotitic, metamorphic diamonds and the problems of carbonrecycling.7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 141-143.BotswanaDiamond genesis, carbon, Deposit - Orapa
DS1998-0222
1998
Cartigny, P., Harris, J.W., Javoy, M.Eclogitic diamond formation at Jwaneng: no room for a recycled componentScience, Vol. 280, No. 5368, BotswanaEclogite - subduction, Deposit - Jwaneng
DS1998-0223
1998
Cartigny, P., Harris, J.W., Javoy, M.Subduction related diamonds? the evidence for a mantle derived origin from coupled delta 13C -15N determin...Chemical Geology, Vol. 147, No. 1-2, May 15, pp. 147-160.Mantle, BotswanaDiamond genesis - subduction, Deposit - Jwaneng, Orapa
DS1998-0336
1998
Deines, P.Intra and inter mineral oxygen isoptope variations in kimberlitic zircons7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 187-9.BotswanaKimberlite - zircons, Deposit - Orapa
DS1998-0425
1998
Feybesse, J.L., Ndong, E.J.The West Central African belt: a model of 2.5 - 2.0 Ga accretion and two phase orogenic evolutionPrecambrian Research, Vol. 87, No. 3-4, Feb. 1, pp. 161-216BotswanaTectonics, Orogeny
DS1998-0519
1998
Goldberg, A.S.The Botswana dyke swarm and its relationship to the break up of GondwanaJournal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 27, 1A, p. 89. AbstractBotswanaGondwana, Magmatism
DS1998-0522
1998
Gonzaga, G.M., Gaspar, J.C., Araujo, D.P.Helium and Berylium isotopes as a diamond exploration tool: some thoughts based on literature data.7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 256-8.Australia, Botswana, South AfricaCosmogenic, helium, noble gases, geochronology, Deposit - Ellendale, Orapa, Premier
DS1998-0701
1998
Johnson, L.H., Burgess, R., Turner, MilledgeNoble gas and halogen systematics of fluids with diamond coats from Canada and Africa.7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 383-5.Northwest Territories, Botswana, ZaireDiamond inclusions, Diamond morphology - coated stones
DS1998-0912
1998
Mabuza, M., Viljoen, K.S., Majola, S.New diamond bearing xenoliths from the Orapa mine, Botswana7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 521-23.BotswanaXenoliths, Deposit - Orapa
DS1998-1032
1998
Moore, A.E., Dingle, R.V.Evidence for fluvial sediment transport of Kalahari sands in centralBotswana.South African Journal of Geology, Vol. 101, No. 2, June pp. 143-154.BotswanaGeomorphology
DS1998-1159
1998
Phillips, D., Kiviets, Barton, Smith, Viljoen, Fourie40 Ar39 dating of kimberlites and related rocks: problems and solutions7th. Kimberlite Conference abstract, pp. 690-2.South Africa, Botswana, ZimbabweGeochronology, Deposit - Venetia, Oaks, Colorssus, Lace, Rex, Pniel
DS1998-1186
1998
Pretorius, C.C., Blume, J., Lutjen, TrofimczykResults of geophysical trials to profile the kimberlite/host rock contacts at Venetia and BK-9 pipe.7th. Kimberlite Conference abstract, pp. 708-9.South Africa, BotswanaGeophysics - resistivity imaging, Deposit - Venetia, BK-9
DS1998-1234
1998
Richardson, S.H., Chinn, I.L., Harris, J.W.Age and origin of eclogitic diamonds from the Jwaneng kimberlite, Botswana.7th. Kimberlite Conference abstract, pp. 734-6.BotswanaGeochronology, geochemistry, Deposit - Jwaneng
DS1998-1243
1998
Roberts, C.Botswana: Africa's secret success storyAfrican Access Magazine, 3rd. Quarter pp. 29-37.BotswanaEconomics, Diamonds
DS1998-1311
1998
Selfe, G.R., Trofimczyk, K.K.Recent developments in the application of borehole geophysical logging techniques in diamond mining -7th. Kimberlite Conference abstract, pp. 781-2.BotswanaGeophysics - borehole, Exploration technology
DS1998-1385
1998
Southern African Development CommunityDiamonds in the SADC regionMineral Res. Surv. Prog., No. 3, 36p. 16p. appendicesSouth Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Angola, Botswana, LesothoAlluvial, marine diamond, kimberlite, paleoplacers, Diamond production, potential
DS1998-1509
1998
Van Achterbergh, E., Griffin, W.L., Steifenhofer, J.Xenoliths from the Letlhakane kimberlite: geochemistry and implications for mantle processes.7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 937-9.BotswanaHarzburgite, lherzolite, Metasomatism, Deposit - Latlhakane
DS1998-1653
1998
Zweistra, P., Jarvis, W., McGeorge, I.B.The geology of micaceous kimberlite intrusives, Khutse Botswana7th International Kimberlite Conference Abstract, pp. 1037-8.BotswanaMineral chemistry, petrography, Deposit - 173N, S, KO, 211
DS1999-0334
1999
Jarvis, W., McGeorge, I.B., Siamiasang, T.L.The mineral potential of BotswanaProspectors and Developers Association of Canada (PDAC) abstract volume, p. 8.BotswanaOverview
DS1999-0337
1999
Jennings, C.The little company that could and did.... Southern Era Resources IncProspectors and Developers Association of Canada (PDAC) abstract volume, p. 9.South Africa, Northwest Territories, Brazil, BotswanaOverview
DS1999-0556
1999
Picton, J.African diamond production in the 21st. CenturyGemological Institute of America (GIA) International Gem. Symposium June 21-24, 16p. slide reprod. 2p. text under slidesAngola, Namibia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Botswana, South AfricaEconomics, Diamond production, Petra Diamonds
DS1999-0569
1999
Priestly, K.Velocity structure of the continental upper mantle: evidence from southernAfrica.Lithos, Vol. 48, No. 1-4, Sept. pp. 45-56.South Africa, southern Africa, BotswanaGeophysics - seismics, Tectonics
DS1999-0597
1999
Richardson, S.H., Chinn, I.L., Harris, J.W.Age and origin of eclogitic diamonds from the Jwaneng kimberlite, Botswana7th International Kimberlite Conference Nixon, Vol. 2, pp. 709-13.BotswanaGenesis, Deposit - Jwaneng
DS1999-0832
1999
Zhao, M., Langston, C.A., Owens, T.J.Upper mantle velocity structure beneath southern Africa from modeling regional seismic data.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 104, No.3, Mar. 10, pp. 4783-94.South Africa, Botswana, TanzaniaGeophysics - seismics, Structure
DS2000-0107
2000
Brett, J.S., Mason, R., Smith, P.H.Geophysical exploration of the Kalahari Suture ZoneJournal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 30, No.3, pp. 489-97.BotswanaTectonics, Geophysics
DS2000-0266
2000
Elburg, M., Goldberg, A.Age and geochemistry of Karoo dolerite dikes from northeast BotswanaJournal of African Earth Sci., Vol. 31, No. 3-4, pp. 539-54.BotswanaGeochronology, geochemistry, Dyke swarm
DS2000-0270
2000
Elworthy, T., Eglinton, B.M., Armstrong, R.A., Moyes, A.Rubidium-Strontium isotope constraints on timing of late to post-Archean tectonometamorphism- Kaapvaal Craton.Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 30, No.3, pp. 641-50.South Africa, BotswanaGeochronology - metamorphism, Craton - Kaapvaal
DS2000-0386
2000
Hanson, R.E.Overview of the Neoproterozoic tectonic evolution of southern AfricaGeological Society of America (GSA) Abstracts, Vol. 32, No. 7, p.A-247.Southern Africa, Tanzania, BotswanaOrogeny - Pan African, Craton - Congo, Kalahari
DS2000-0475
2000
Kazmin, V.G., Byakov, A.F.Magmatism and crustal accretion in continental riftsJournal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 30, No.3, pp. 555-68.BotswanaMagmatism, Tectonics - rifting
DS2000-0490
2000
Key, R.M., Ayres, N.1998 edition of the national geological map of BotswanaJournal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 30, No.3, pp. 427-51.BotswanaMap - geological
DS2000-0675
2000
Modisi, M.P., Atekwana, E.A., Kampunzu, NgwisanyiRift kinematics during the incipient stages of continental extension: evidence from nascent OkavangoGeology, Vol. 28, No. 10, Oct. pp. 939-42.BotswanaTectonics - Rift basin
DS2000-0695
2000
Murray, R.Botswana, 2000Mining Annual Review 2000, 7p.BotswanaOverview - brief, Diamonds mentioned
DS2000-0807
2000
Reeves, C.The geophysical mapping of Mesozoic dike swarms in southern Africa and their origin in disruption GondwanaJournal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 30, No.3, pp. 499-513.BotswanaDike swarms - Gondwana, Geophysics
DS2001-0126
2001
Botswana GovernmentStatement by the government - regarding diamonds.... Diamonds in Botswana are development diamonds.Botswana government., May 16, 1p.BotswanaNews item - press release
DS2001-0127
2001
Botswana GovernmentBotswana's 'prosperity diamonds' support Nation's healthcare, schools and economy.Botswana government., Feb. 14, 1p.BotswanaNews item, Prosperity diamonds
DS2001-0526
2001
James, D., Boyd, Bell, Schutt, CarlsonXenolith constraints on seismic velocities in the upper mantle beneath southern Africa.Slave-Kaapvaal Workshop, Sept. Ottawa, 2p. abstractSouth Africa, BotswanaGeophysics - seismics, Tomography - Kaapvaal Craton
DS2001-0527
2001
James, D., Rokosky, Nguuri, Gore, Niu, WebbCrustal formation in the Archean: constraints from the southern Africa seismic experiment.Slave-Kaapvaal Workshop, Sept. Ottawa, 2p. abstractSouth Africa, BotswanaGeophysics - seismics, Brief review of crustal structure studies
DS2001-0720
2001
Majaule, T., Hanson, Key, Singletary, Martin, BowringThe Magondi belt in northeast Botswana: regional relations and new geochronological dat a from Sua PanJournal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 257-67.BotswanaOrogeny, Geochronology - mentions diamond area
DS2001-0796
2001
Moore, A.E., Lock, N.P.The origin of mantle derived megacrysts and sheared peridotites - evidence from kimberlites in northern ..African Journal of Earth Science, Vol. 104, No. 1, pp. 23-38.Lesotho, Orange Free State, South Africa, BotswanaPetrology - megacrysts, mineral chemistry, Genesis
DS2001-0818
2001
Murray, R.Botswana, 2001Mining Annual Review 2001, 7p.BotswanaCountry - overview, economics, mining, Overview - brief
DS2001-1179
2001
Van Achterbergh, A.E., Griffin, W.L., Stiefenhofer, J.Metasomatism in mantle xenoliths from the Letlhakane kimberlites: estimation of element fluxes.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 141, No. 4, pp. 397-414.BotswanaXenoliths - alteration, Deposit - Letlhakane
DS2002-0102
2002
Barklage, M.E., Atekwana, Hogan, Kampunzu, ModisiInfluence of preexisting structures on the development of an embryonic rift: evidence from the Okavanago Rift16th. International Conference On Basement Tectonics '02, Abstracts, 1p., 1p.Botswana, northwestRift basins
DS2002-0370
2002
Deines, P., Harris, J.W.Geochemical characteristics of Southern African diamondsEos, American Geophysical Union, Spring Abstract Volume, Vol.83,19, 1p.South Africa, BotswanaGeochemistry - diamond
DS2002-0448
2002
Farquhar, J., Wing, B.A., McKeegan, K.D., Harris, J.W.Observation of mass independent sulphur isotope composition for sulphide inclusions from e type diamonds, Orapa kimberlite pipe.Eos, American Geophysical Union, Spring Abstract Volume, Vol.83,19, 1p.BotswanaGeochronology, diamond inclusions
DS2002-0500
2002
Gao, S.S., Silver, P.G., Liu, K.H.Mantle discontinuities beneath southern AfricaGeophysical Research Letters, Vol. 29,10,May15,pp.129-South Africa, BotswanaGeophysics - seismics
DS2002-0652
2002
Hanson, R., Pancake, J., Crowley, J., Ramezani, Bowring, Dalziel, GoseCorrelation of 1.1 GA large igneous provinces on the Laurentia and Kalahari Cratons:Geological Society of America Annual Meeting Oct. 27-30, Abstract p. 561.South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, OntarioTectonics, Gondwana
DS2002-0654
2002
Harris, J.Diamond provenance through shape, colour, surface features and valueEos, American Geophysical Union, Spring Abstract Volume, Vol.83,19, 1p.South Africa, BotswanaClassification - surface, observations, Deposit - Venetia
DS2002-0735
2002
Honda, M.Unusual noble gas compositions in polycrystalline diamonds: preliminary results from Jwaneng, Botswana.Geological Society of Australia Abstracts, Vol. 67, p. 210. abstract.BotswanaDiamond - morphology, Deposit - Jwaneng
DS2002-0924
2002
Le Gall, B., Tshoso, G., Jourdan, F., Feraud, G., Bertrand, H., Tiercelin, J.J.40 Ar/39 Ar geochronology and structural dat a from the giant Okavango and relatedEarth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 202, 3-4, pp. 595-606.BotswanaMagmatism - not specific to diamonds
DS2002-1657
2002
Vearncombe, S., Vearncombe, J.R.Tectonic controls on kimberlite location, southern AfricaJournal of Structural Geology, Vol. 24, 10, Oct.pp. 1619-25.South Africa, BotswanaTectonics, Kimberlite - spatial analysis (SpaDiS(TM)
DS2003-0223
2003
Cartigny, P., et al.On the possibility of a kinetic fractionation of nitrogen stable isotopes during naturalGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 67, Issue 8, pp. 1571-1576New South Wales, Botswananitrogen state, content
DS2003-0435
2003
Gall, S.The Bushmen of the KalahariThe Ecologist, Vol. 33, No. 7, pp. 28-31.BotswanaHistory
DS2003-0504
2003
Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y., Natapov, L.M., Ryan, C.G.The evolution of lithospheric mantle beneath the Kalahari Craton and its marginsLithos, Vol. 71, 2-4, pp. 215-241.South Africa, BotswanaTectonics
DS2003-1104
2003
Preston, R.F., Sweeney, R.J.A comparison of clinopyroxene thermobarometric techniques: applied to Jwaneng8 Ikc Www.venuewest.com/8ikc/program.htm, Session 6, POSTER abstractBotswanaDeposit - Jwaneng, Orapa
DS2003-1173
2003
Roberts, J.Masters of illusion: how De Beers cons the world into paying such high prices for itsThe Ecologist, Vol. 33, No. 7, pp. 34-39.BotswanaNews item - legal
DS2003-1287
2003
Singletary, S.J., Hanson, R.E., Martin, M.W., Crowley, J.L., Bowring, S.A., KeyGeochronology of basement rocks in the Kalahari desert, Botswana, and implicationsPrecambrian Research, Vol. 121,1-2, Feb. 28, pp. 47-71.BotswanaGeochronology, Crustal provinces, belts - not specific to diamonds
DS2003-1361
2003
Taylor, I., Mokhawa, G.Not forever: Botswana, conflict diamonds and the BushmenAfrican Affairs, ( Oxford University Press), No. 407, pp. 261-84.BotswanaHistory
DS2003-1461
2003
Webb, K.J., Stiefenhofer, J., Field, M.Overview of the geology and emplacement of the Jwaneng DK2 kimberlite, southern8ikc, Www.venuewest.com/8ikc/program.htm, Session 1 POSTER abstractBotswanaKimberlite geology and economics, Deposit - Jwaneng
DS2003-1497
2003
Wormald, R.J., Eckhardt, F.D., Vearncombe, J., Vearncombe, S.Spatial distribution analysis of pans in Botswana: the importance of structural controlSouth Africa Jnournal of Geology, BotswanaBlank
DS200412-0245
2004
Burgess, R., Kiviets, G.B., Harris, J.W.Ar Ar age determinations of eclogitic clinopyroxene and garnet inclusions in diamonds from the Venetia and Orapa kimberlites.Lithos, Vol. 77, 1-4, Sept. pp. 113-124.Africa, South Africa, BotswanaGeochronology, dating
DS200412-0435
2004
Deines, P., Harris, J.W.New insights into the occurrence of 13 C depleted carbon in the mantle from two closely associated kimberlites: Letlhakane and OLithos, Vol. 77, 1-4, Sept. pp. 125-142.Africa, BotswanaDiamond inclusions, carbon isotope, websterite
DS200412-0602
2003
Gall, S.The Bushmen of the Kalahari.The Ecologist, Vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 28-31.Africa, BotswanaHistory
DS200412-0726
2003
Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y., Natapov, L.M., Ryan, C.G.The evolution of lithospheric mantle beneath the Kalahari Craton and its margins.Lithos, Vol. 71, 2-4, pp. 215-241.Africa, South Africa, BotswanaTectonics
DS200412-0786
2003
Hanson, R.E.Proterozoic geochronology and tectonic evolution of southern Africa.Proterozoic East Gondwana: Supercontinent assembly and Breakup. Ed. Yoshida , Geological Society of London Spe, No. 206, pp. 427-56.Africa, South Africa, BotswanaPlume, tectonics
DS200412-0847
2004
Honda, M., Phillips, D., Harris, J.W., Yatsevich, I.Unusual noble gas compositions in polycrystalline diamonds: preliminary results from the Jwaneng kimberlite, Botswana.Chemical Geology, Vol. 203, 3-4, Feb. 16, pp. 347-358.Africa, BotswanaMantle evolution, lithosphere, geochemistry
DS200412-0935
2004
Jourdan, F., Feraud, G., Betrand, H., Kampunzu, A.B., Tshoso, G., Le Gall, B., Tiercelin, J.J., Capiz, P.The Karoo triple junction questioned: evidence from Jurassic and Proterzoic 40 Ar 39 Ar ages and geochemistry of the giant OkavaEarth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 222, 3-4, June 15, pp. 989-1006.Africa, BotswanaGeochronology, mantle plume
DS200412-1222
2004
Mapeo, R.B.M., Armstrong, R.A., Kampunzu, A.B., Ramokate, L.V.SHRIMP U Pb zircon ages of granitoids from the western domain of the Kaapvaal Craton, southeastern Botswana: implications for crSouth African Journal of Geology, Vol. 107, 1/2, pp. 159-172.Africa, BotswanaGeochronology, tectonics
DS200412-1475
2004
Oppenheimer, N.The Ecologist and De Beers. Reply to September 2003 issue.The Ecologist, Vol. 34, 5, June pp. 14-15.Africa, BotswanaNews item - De Beers
DS200412-1541
2004
Phillips, D., Harris, J.W., Kiviets, G.B.40 Ar 39 Ar analyses of clinopyroxene inclusions in African diamonds: implications for source ages of detrital diamonds.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 68, 1, pp. 151-165.Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, Botswana, South AfricaMbuji-Mayi, Jwaneng, Orapa, Premier
DS200412-1583
2003
Preston, R.F., Sweeney, R.J.A comparison of clinopyroxene thermobarometric techniques: applied to Jwaneng, Orapa and Markt kimberlites.8 IKC Program, Session 6, POSTER abstractAfrica, BotswanaMantle petrology Deposit - Jwaneng, Orapa
DS200412-1663
2004
Richardson, S.H., Shirey, S.B., Harris, J.W.Episodic diamond genesis at Jwaneng, Botswana, and implications for Kaapvaal craton evolution.Lithos, Vol. 77, 1-4, Sept. pp. 143-154.Africa, BotswanaDiamond inclusions, eclogite, peridotite, sulfide, geoc
DS200412-1677
2003
Roberts, J.Masters of illusion: how De Beers cons the world into paying such high prices for its cheap, plentiful diamonds, whilst turningThe Ecologist, Vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 34-39.Africa, BotswanaNews item - legal
DS200412-1912
2004
Stachel, T., Vijoen, K.S., McDada, P., Harris, J.W.Survival of diamonds during major tectonothermal events - peridotitic inclusions in diamonds from Orapa and Jwaneng.Geological Association of Canada Abstract Volume, May 12-14, SS14-13 p. 272.abstractAfrica, BotswanaGeochemistry - major element
DS200412-1913
2004
Stachel, T., Viljoen, K.S., McDade,P.,Harris, J.W.Diamondiferous lithospheric roots along the western margin of the Kalahari Craton - the peridotitic inclusion suites in diamondsContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 147, 1, pp. 32-47.Africa, BotswanaDiamond genesis, Orapa, Jwaneng deposits
DS200412-1969
2003
Taylor, I., Mikhawa, G.Not forever: Botswana, conflict diamonds and the Bushmen.African Affairs, Vol. 102, no. 407, pp. 261-283.Africa, BotswanaHistory - conflict diamonds
DS200412-1970
2003
Taylor, I., Mokhawa, G.Not forever: Botswana, conflict diamonds and the Bushmen.African Affairs, No. 407, pp. 261-84.Africa, BotswanaHistory
DS200412-1982
2004
The EcologistThe diamond mining company responds to an article published in the September 2003 Ecologist.Ecologist, Voll. 34, 5, May pp. 14-15.Africa, BotswanaNews item - De Beers
DS200412-1983
2003
The EcologistListen to the Bushmen.The Ecologist, Vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 40-43.Africa, BotswanaHistory
DS200412-1984
2003
The EcologistWhy are the Bushmen being evicted? The Botswana government have strenuously denied that the eviction of the Bushmen from the KalThe Ecologist, Vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 32-33.Africa, BotswanaNews item - legal
DS200412-2144
2003
Wormald, R.J., Eckhardt, F.D., Vearncombe, J., Vearncombe, S.Spatial distribution analysis of pans in Botswana: the importance of structural control.South African Journal of Geology, Vol. 106, 4, 287-290.Africa, BotswanaStructure, geomorphology
DS200512-0205
2004
Daniels, L.First diamond finds in Botswana.Rough Diamond Review, No. 6, Sept.pp.Africa, BotswanaHistory
DS200512-0206
2004
Daniels, L.Spotlight on Botswana. Production and history of exploration.Rough Diamond Review, Dec. pp.31-35.Africa, BotswanaHistory
DS200512-0392
2005
Hall, D.C.Exotic metasomatic oxides in a rutile nodule from the Orapa kimberlite, Botswana.GAC Annual Meeting Halifax May 15-19, Abstract 1p.Africa, BotswanaOrapa - mineralogy
DS200512-0520
2005
Kgathi, D.L., Mmopelwa, G., Mosepele, K.Natural resources assessment in the Okavango Delta, Botswana: case studies of some key resources.Natural Resources Forum, Vol.29, 1, pp. 70-81.Africa, BotswanaNot specific to diamonds
DS200512-0798
2005
OECD Development CentreAfrican Economic Outlook 2004/2005: BotswanaOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development, ingenta pub = Infobike: //oecd/16080173, Sept. No. 5, pp. 97-111.Africa, BotswanaEconomics
DS200512-0936
2005
Sarkadi, L.A question of aboriginal rights.Canadian Diamonds, Winter pp. 26-33.Africa, Botswana, Canada, Northwest Territories, OntarioNews item - aboriginal rights
DS200512-1041
2005
Stankiewicz, J., De Wit, M.J.River networks of southern Africa: scaling laws governing their geometry and deviations from scaling.Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems: G3, In pressAfrica, South Africa, BotswanaGeomorphology, drainage
DS200512-1080
2005
Thakadu, O.T.Success factors in community based natural resources management in northern Botswana.Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 29, 3, August pp. 199-212.Africa, BotswanaNews item - economics
DS200512-1142
2005
Viljoen, K.S., Schulze, D.J.Contrasting Group 1 and Group II eclogite compositions: implications for eclogitic diamond genesis.GAC Annual Meeting Halifax May 15-19, Abstract 1p.Africa, South Africa, BotswanaKapvaal Craton, geochemistry
DS200612-0089
2006
Barnett, W.P.The rock mechanics of volcanic pipe excavation.Emplacement Workshop held September, 5p. extended abstractAfrica, BotswanaPipe geometry, fluidization, eruption processes
DS200612-0101
2006
Bateman EngineeringAward of new diamond projects valued in excess of US$32m. Major upgrades Damtshaa.MEI Online, April 5, 1p.Africa, BotswanaNews item - Damtshaa
DS200612-0137
2006
Bird, P., Ben Avraham, Z., Schubert, G., Andreoli, M., Viola, G.Patterns of stress and strain rate in southern Africa.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 111, B8, August 11, B08402.Africa, South Africa, BotswanaGeophysics
DS200612-0152
2006
Botswana Geological SurveyThe Pre-Kalahari geological map of BotswanaBotswana Geological Survey, 1: 1 million BWP 70.Africa, BotswanaMap - geology
DS200612-0153
2006
Botswana Geological SurveyKimberlites and kimberlite indicator location map 2006. This first edition map shows locations recovered from prospecting activities.Botswana Geological Survey, Africa, BotswanaMap - prospects
DS200612-0183
2006
Brown, R.J., Gernon, T., Tshutlhedi, J.Insights into the eruption of the Jwaneng Centre lobe kimberlite pipe.Emplacement Workshop held September, 5p. extended abstractAfrica, BotswanaDeposit - Jwaneng - lithofacies assemblages
DS200612-0393
2006
Field, M., Stiefenhofer, J.Southern African Type 1 kimberlite models - Orapa as a type locality.Emplacement Workshop held September, 5p. extended abstractAfrica, BotswanaDeposit - Orapa, model
DS200612-0431
2005
Gautheron, C., Cartigny, P., Moreira, M., Harris, J.W., Allegre, C.J.Evidence for a mantle component shown by rare gases, C and N isotopes in polycrystalline diamonds from Orapa (Botswana).Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 240, 3-4, Dec. 15, pp. 559-572.Africa, BotswanaMineral chemistry - compositional elements
DS200612-0448
2006
Gernon, T.M., Sparks, R.S.J., Brown, R.J., Field, M.Gas segregation pipes in kimberlite: evidence for fluidisation at Orapa south pipe, Botswana.Emplacement Workshop held September, 5p. extended abstractAfrica, BotswanaDeposit - Orapa - fluidisation, structure
DS200612-0496
2005
Gregoire, M., Rabonowicz, M., Janse, A.J.A.Mantle mush compaction: a key to understand the mechanisms of concentration of kimberlite melts and initiation of swarms of kimberlite dykes.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 47, 3, March, pp. 631-646,Africa, South Africa, Lesotho, BotswanaConvection, Kimberley, Rietfontein, Central Cape,Gibeon
DS200612-0810
2006
Li, A., Burke, K.Upper mantle structure of southern Africa from Rayleigh wave tomography.Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 111, B 10, B 10303.Africa, South Africa, BotswanaGeophysics - seismics
DS200612-0983
2006
Nolen, S.Last Bushmen of Kalahari fight to go home.Globe & Mail, May 6, p. A15.Africa, BotswanaNews item - Bushmen, legal
DS200612-1112
2006
Priestly, K., McKenzie, D., Debayle, E.The state of the upper mantle beneath southern Africa.Tectonophysics, Vol. 416, 1-4, April 5, pp. 101-112.Africa, South Africa, BotswanaGeophysics - seismics
DS200612-1436
2006
Trickett, S.K., JOnes, A.P., Field, M.Mapping lithofacies within the D/K1 kimberlite pipe, Lethakane, Botswana: a multi-disciplinary approach.Emplacement Workshop held September, 5p. abstractAfrica, BotswanaDeposit - D/K1, petrography
DS200612-1440
2005
Tsodilo Resources LimitedExploration program update and private placement. Gcwihaba licemse blocks.Mineweb, Dec. 29, 3p.Africa, BotswanaNews item - Tsodilo
DS200612-1586
2006
Zhai, M., Kampunzu, A.B., Modisi, M.P., Bagai, Z.Sr and Nd isotope systematics of Francistown plutonic rocks, Botswana: implications for Neoarchean crustal evolution of the Zimbabwe craton.International Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 95. 3. pp. 355-369.Africa, Botswana, ZimbabweGeochronology
DS200612-1587
2006
Zhai, M., Kampunzu, A.B., Modisi, M.P., Bagai, Z.Sr and Nd isotope systematics of Francistown plutonic rocks, Botswana: implications for Neoarchean crustal evolution of the Zimbabwe craton.International Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 95, 3, June pp. 355-369.Africa, Botswana, ZimbabweGeochronology - craton
DS200712-0414
2007
Harris, J., Stachel, T.Damtshaa versus Orapa: a mineralogical comparison of inclusion bearing diamonds from new and old Botswana mines.Geological Association of Canada, Gac-Mac Yellowknife 2007, May 23-25, Volume 32, 1 pg. abstract p.37-38.Africa, BotswanaMineral chemistry
DS200712-0496
2007
Jourdan,F., Bertrand, H., Scharer, U., Blichert-Toft, J., Feraud, G., Kampunzu, A.B.Major and trace element and Sr Nd, Hf, and Pb isotope compositions of the Karoo large igneous province, Botswana and Zimbabwe: lithosphere vs mantle plume...Journal of Petrology, Vol. 48, 6, pp. 1043-1078.Africa, Botswana, ZimbabweGeochemistry, geochronology
DS200712-0644
2007
Lock, N., Barton, E.A commentary on diamond grade evaluation: from Jwaneng to the present.Diamonds in Kimberley Symposium & Trade Show, Bristow and De Wit held August 23-24, Kimberley, South Africa, GSSA Diamond Workshop CD slides 23Africa, BotswanaHistory, LDD, microdiamonds
DS200712-0669
2007
Maier, W.D., McDonald, I., Peltonen, P., Barnes, S-J., Gurney, J., Hatton, C.Platinum group elements in mantle xenoliths from the Kaapvaal Craton.Plates, Plumes, and Paradigms, 1p. abstract p. A614.Africa, South Africa, Botswana, LesothoKimberley, Jagersfontein, Lethlakane, Finsch, Venetia
DS200712-0706
2006
McDonald, I., Viljoen, K.S.Platinum group element geochemistry of mantle eclogites: a reconnaissance study of xenoliths from the Orapa kimberlite, Botswana.Transactions of Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol. 115, no. 3, Sept. pp. B 81-93.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Orapa, PGE, eclogites
DS200712-0960
2007
Schulze, D.J., Page, F.Z., Valley, J.W., Harte, B., Kita, N., Channer, D.M.,Jaques, L.Quasi-correlation between carbon and oxygen isotope signatures in eclogitic diamonds and their mineral inclusions.Geological Association of Canada, Gac-Mac Yellowknife 2007, May 23-25, Volume 32, 1 pg. abstract p.73-74.South America, Venezuela, Australia, Africa, BotswanaGeochronology
DS200712-1172
2007
Wittlinger, G., Farra, V.Converted waves reveal a thick and layered tectosphere beneath the Kalahari super craton.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 254, 3-4, pp. 404-415.Africa, Botswana, South AfricaGeophysics - seismics
DS200712-1219
2007
Zeh, A., Gerdes, A., Klemd, R., Barton, J.M.Jr.Archean to Proterzooic crustal evolution in the Central Zone of the Limpopo belt ( South Africa - Botswana ): constraints from combined U Pb and Lu Hf isotope analyses of zircon.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 48, 8, pp.1605-1639.Africa, South Africa, BotswanaGeochronology
DS200712-1220
2007
Zeh, A., Gerdes, A., Klemd, R., Barton, J.M.Jr.Archean to Proterzooic crustal evolution in the Central Zone of the Limpopo belt ( South Africa - Botswana ): constraints from combined U Pb and Lu Hf isotope analyses of zircon.Journal of Petrology, Vol. 48, 8, pp.1605-1639.Africa, South Africa, BotswanaGeochronology
DS200812-0084
2008
Basdevant, O.Are diamonds forever? Using the permanent income hypothesis to analyze Botswana's reliance on diamond revenue.IMF Working Papers, March 31, no. 8080, 200, pp. 1-13. Avail from ingentaAfrica, BotswanaEconomics
DS200812-0145
2008
Brown, R.J., Buse, B., Sparks, R.S.J., Field, M.On the welding of pyroclasts from very low viscosity magmas: examples from kimberlite volcanoes. Venetia K2, BK9 Damtshaa (Orapa)Journal of Geology, Vol. 117, pp. 354-374.Africa, South Africa, BotswanaClassification - coherent kimberlite
DS200812-0147
2008
Brown, R.J., Gernon, T., Stiefenhofer, J., Field, M.Geological constraints on the eruption of the Jwaneng Centre kimberlite pipe, Botswana.Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Vol. 174, 1-3, pp. 195-208.Africa, BotswanaEplosive eruption, phreatomagmatism, fluidisation
DS200812-0165
2008
Business Report, InfomineGabarone is really De Beers best friend.busrep.c.za, March 25, 2p.Africa, BotswanaNews item - De Beers
DS200812-0181
2008
Cann, C.The sparkling history of Botswana.Mining.com, September issue pp. 38-39.Africa, BotswanaHistory - brief
DS200812-0223
2008
Clausen, J.R.Calculating sustainable non-mineral balances as benchmarks for fiscal policy: the case of Botswana.IMF Working Papers, May 5, no. 8117, 200, pp. 1-15. Avail from ingentaAfrica, BotswanaEconomics
DS200812-0224
2008
Clement, B.M., Haggerty, S., Harris, J.Magnetic inclusions in diamonds.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 267, 1-2, pp.333-340.Africa, BotswanaOrapa - diamond inclusions
DS200812-0280
2008
Delechat, C., Gaertner, M.Exchange rate assessment in a resource - dependent economy: the case of Botswana.IMF Working Papers, April 1, no. 8083, 200, pp. 1-29. Avail from ingentaAfrica, BotswanaEconomics
DS200812-0347
2008
Field, M., Stefenhofer, J., Robey, J., Kurzlaukis, S.Kimberlite hosted diamond deposits of southern Africa: A review.Ore Geology Reviews, Vol. 34, pp. 33-75.Africa, South Africa, BotswanaReview
DS200812-0374
2008
Gababotse, J.Jwaneng mine - the richest diamond deposit.GSSA-SEG Meeting Held July, Johannesburg, 27 Power point slidesAfrica, BotswanaDeposit - Jwaneng
DS200812-0436
2008
Gutzmer, J., Harding, C.H., Beukes, N.J., Huizenga, J.M., Rajesh, H.M.Continental rifting, alkaline magmatism and the formation of high grade iron ores along the western margin of the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa.GSSA-SEG Meeting Held July, Johannesburg, 33 Power point slidesAfrica, South Africa, Namibia, BotswanaMagmatism
DS200812-0465
2008
Herbst, J., Potapov, A., Hambidge, G., Rademan, J.Modeling of diamond liberation and damage for Debswana kimberlitic ores.Minerals Engineering, Vol. 21, 11, October pp. 766-789.Africa, BotswanaMining - mineral processing
DS200812-0519
2008
Jefferis, K.Botswana: economic overview. Presentation by Econsult group.Botswana Resource Conference held July 23-24., ppt presentation 24 slidesAfrica, BotswanaOverview
DS200812-0639
2008
Le Roex, A., Coe, N., Gurney, J., Pearson, D.G., Nowell, G.Petrogenesis of Group II kimberlites: a case study from southern Africa.9IKC.com, 3p. extended abstractAfrica, South Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Swartruggens, Star
DS200812-0884
2008
Pesler, A.H., Woodland, A.B., Wolff, J.A.Fast kimberlite ascent rates estimated from hydrogen diffusion profiles in xenolithic mantle olivines from southern Africa.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 72, 11, pp. 2711-2722.Africa, South Africa, BotswanaEmplacement
DS200812-0893
2008
Phillips, D., Harris, J.W.Provenance studies from 40 Ar 39 Ar dating of mineral inclusions in diamonds: methodological tests on the Orapa kimberlite, Botswana.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 274, 1-2, pp. 169-178.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Orapa
DS200812-0994
2008
Safonov, O., Perchuk, L., Litvin, Y., Chertkova, N., Butvina, V.Experimental modeling of chloride bearing diamond related liquids: a review.Goldschmidt Conference 2008, Abstract p.A817.Africa, Botswana, South America, Brazil, Russia, CanadaDiamond inclusions
DS200812-1060
2008
Shirey, S.B., Richardson, S.H., Pearson, D.G., Carlson, R.W., Harris, J.W.Eclogitic sulfide and silicate inclusions in diamonds and subcontinental geological processes.Goldschmidt Conference 2008, Abstract p.A862.Africa, Botswana, South AfricaDeposit - Jwaneng, Koffiefontein, Orapa, Premier,Venetia
DS200812-1097
2008
Sommer, H., Regenauer Lieb, K., Hauzenberger, C., Gasharova, B.Rapid uplift of the Jwaneng kimberlite, south Botswana: caused by mantle metasomatism and documented by OH diffusion profiles in garnet from eclogitic xenoliths.Goldschmidt Conference 2008, Abstract p.A882.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Jwaneng
DS200812-1124
2007
Stephenson, D.Water reduction investigations on Debswana's diamond mines.Transactions of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol. 116, 4, December, pp. 196-200.Africa, BotswanaMining
DS200812-1168
2008
Thomassot, E., Cartigny, P., Harris, J.W.Sulfide bearing diamonds: the exception, not the rule.Goldschmidt Conference 2008, Abstract p.A945.Africa, Botswana, South AfricaDeposit - Jwaneng, Kimberley, Koffiefontein
DS200812-1178
2008
Tombale, A.R.Botswana diamond centre: the second diamond revolution ( presentation by Botswana Diamond Hub Coordinator) down stream marketsBotswana Resource Conference held July 23-24., ppt presentation 18 slidesAfrica, BotswanaDiamond polishing and cutting, market
DS200812-1188
2008
Tsimako, J.The exploration mineral industry in Botswana: status and challenges.Botswana Resource Conference held July 23-24., ppt presentation 24 slidesAfrica, BotswanaOverview
DS200912-0091
2009
Buse, B., Sparks, S.R., Field, M.Growth of Bultfonteinite and hydrogarnet in metasomatized basalt xenoliths in the BK9 kimberlite, Orapa, Botswana: insights and hydrothermal metamorphism in kimberlite pipes.GAC/MAC/AGU Meeting held May 23-27 Toronto, Abstract onlyAfrica, BotswanaDeposit - Orapa
DS200912-0224
2009
Fontana, G.P.,MacNiocaill, C., Brown, R.J., Sparks, S.R., Field, M., Gernon, T.M.Emplacement temperatures of pyroclastic and colcaniclastic deposits in kimberlite pipes in southern Africa: new constraints from paleomagnetic measurementsGAC/MAC/AGU Meeting held May 23-27 Toronto, Abstract onlyAfrica, Botswana, South AfricaDeposit - AK1, Orapa, K1, K2 Venetia
DS200912-0246
2009
Gernon, T.M., Field, M., Sparks, S.J.Depositional processes in a kimberlite crater: the Upper Cretaceous Orapa South pipe.(Botswana).Sedimentology, Vol. 56, 3, pp. 623-643.Africa, BotswanaGeology - pyroclastic flow
DS200912-0247
2009
Gernon, T.M., Fontana, G., Field, M., Sparks, R.S.J., Brown, R.J., Niocaill, C.M.Pyroclastic flow deposits from a kimberlite eruption: the Orapa south crater, Botswana.Lithos, In press available 13p.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Orapa
DS200912-0305
2009
Hoal, K.O., Appleby, S.K., Stammer, J.G., Palmer, C.SEM based quantitative mineralogical analysis of peridotite, kimberlite and concentrate.Lithos, In press - available 20pAfrica, South Africa, Lesotho, BotswanaDeposit - Premier/Cullinan, Letseng, Ngamiland
DS200912-0341
2009
Jones, A.G., Evans, Muller, Hamilton, Miensopust, Garcia, Cole, Ngwisanyi, Hutchins, Stoffel Fourie, Jelsma, Aravanis, Petit, Webb, WasborgArea selection for diamonds using magnetotellurics: examples from southern Africa.Lithos, In press - available 35p.Africa, South Africa, BotswanaGeophysics - magnetotellurics
DS200912-0431
2009
Lee, J.E., Jennings, C.M.H., Blaine, J.L.The GOPE 25 kimberlite discovery, Botswana, predicated on four ilmenite grains from reconnaissance soil samples: a case history.Explore, No. 143, June pp. 1-7.Africa, BotswanaCase history - GOPE 25
DS200912-0522
2009
Muller, M.R., Jones, Evans, Grutter, Hatton, Garcia, Hamilton, Miensopust, Cole, Ngwisanyi, Hutchins, Fourie, Jelsma,Aravanis.Pettit, Webb, WasborgLithospheric structure, evolution and diamond prospectivity of the Rehoboth Terrane and western Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa: constraints from broadbandLithos, In press - available 57p..Africa, South Africa, BotswanaGeophysics - broadband magnetotellurics
DS200912-0594
2009
Poteete, A.Is development path dependent or political? A reinterpretation of mineral dependent development in Botswana.Journal of Development Studies. Routledge Publishers, Vol. 45, 4, April pp. 544-571.Africa, BotswanaEconomics
DS200912-0622
2008
Regenauer-Lieb, K., Sommer, H., Gaede, H., Gaede, O.Weertman cracks and the fast extraction of diamonds from the Earth's mantle.American Geological Union, Fall meeting Dec. 15-19, Eos Trans. Vol. 89, no. 53, meeting supplement, 1p. abstractAfrica, BotswanaDeposit - Jwaneng
DS200912-0715
2009
Sommer, H., Regenauer-Lieb, K., Gaede, O.Weertman cracks and the near sonic extraction of diamonds from the Earth's mantle.Goldschmidt Conference 2009, p. A1249 Abstract.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Jwaneng
DS200912-0742
2009
SurvivalBotswana official admits 'Bushmen were evicted for diamonds.'survival-international.org, August 18, 1p.Africa, BotswanaBook review
DS200912-0755
2009
Thomassot, E., Cartigny, P., Harris, J.W., Lorand, J.P., Rollion-Bard, C., Chaussidon, M.Metasomatic diamond growth: a multi isotope study ( 13C, 15N, 33S, 34S) of sulphide inclusions and their host diamonds from Jwaneng (Botswana).Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 282, 1-4, pp. 79-90.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Jwaneng
DS201012-0067
2010
Botswana Business NewsDebswana commences works on Jwaneng Cut 8 project.Botswana Business News, Jan. 24, 1p.Africa, BotswanaNews item - Debswana
DS201012-0083
2010
Buse, B., Schumacher, J.C., Sparks, R.S.J., Field, M.Growth of bultfontenite and hydrogarnet in metasomatized basalt xenoliths in the B/K9 kimberlite, Damtshaa: insights into hydrothermal metamorphism pipeContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 160, 4, pp. 533-550.Africa, BotswanaMetamorphism - BK9
DS201012-0131
2010
Cunion, E.Comparison of ground TEM and VTEM responses over kimberlites in the Kalahari of Botswana.Exploration Geophysics, Vol. 40, 4, pp. 308-319.Africa, BotswanaGeophysics
DS201012-0146
2009
Deines, P., Stachel, T., Harris, J.W.Systematic regional variations in diamond carbon isotopic composition and inclusion chemistry beneath the Orapa kimberlite cluster, in Botswana.Lithos, Vol. 112 S pp. 776-784,Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Orapa
DS201012-0245
2010
Gore, J., James, D.E., Zengeni, T.G., Gwavava, O.Crustal structure of the Zimbabwe craton and the Limpopo belt of southern Africa: new constraints from seismic dat a and implications for its evolution.South African Journal of Geology, Vol. 112, pp. 213-228.Africa, Zimbabwe, South Africa, BotswanaGeophysics - seismics
DS201012-0270
2010
Hatch, D., Pitts, B.The De Beers airship gravity project.Australian Airborne Gravity Conference Extended Abstracts 2010, pp. 97-106.Africa, BotswanaGeophysics - gravity, Jwaneng
DS201012-0284
2010
Honda, M., Phillips, D., Harris, J., Matsumoto, T.Distinct neon isotope compositions found in polycrystalline diamonds and framesites from the Jwaneng kimberlite pipe, Botswana.Goldschmidt 2010 abstracts, abstractAfrica, BotswanaGeochronology
DS201012-0317
2010
Jacob, D.E., Wirth, R., Enzmann, F., Kronz, A.Combined FIB/TEM and microcomputer tomography of polycrystalline diamond ( framesite) from Orapa, Botswana.International Mineralogical Association meeting August Budapest, abstract p. 178.Africa, BotswanaFramesite
DS201012-0771
2010
Sunday StandardDebswana- trouble in paradise.Sunday Standard, March 22, 3p.Africa, BotswanaNews item - Debswana
DS201012-0773
2010
Sunday StandardBotswana's diamond exchange plans take off.Sunday Standard, May 22, 1p.Africa, BotswanaNews item - Gemdax
DS201012-0856
2010
Womp-int.comDebswana investing to extend life of Jwaneng diamond mine.Womp-int.com, April 15, 1p.Africa, BotswanaNews item - Debswana
DS201112-0130
2011
Buse, B., Sparks, R.S.J., Field, M., Schumacher, J.C., Chisi, K., Thaodi, T.Geology of the BK9 kimberlite ( Damtshaa, Botswana): implications for the formation of dark volcaniclastic kimberlite.Bulletin Volcanology, In press available, 17p.Africa, BotswanaGeology - Damtshaa
DS201112-0331
2011
Fontana, G., Niocaill, C.M., Brown, R.J., Sparks, R.S.J., Field, M.Emplacement temperatures of pyroclastic and volcaniclastic deposits in kimberlite pipes in southern Africa.Bulletin Volcanology, In press available, 21p.Africa, South Africa, BotswanaPaleomagnetism
DS201112-0332
2011
FontannaEmplacement temperatures of pyroclastic and volcaniclastic deposits in kimberlite pipes in BotswanaIUGG Held July 6, AbstractAfrica, BotswanaAK 1, BK9, DK2
DS201112-0447
2011
Honda, M., Phillips, D., Harris, J.W., Matsumoto, T.He, Ne and Ar in peridotitic and eclogitic paragenesis diamonds from the Jwaneng kimberlite, Botswana - implications for mantle evolution and diamond formation ages.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 301, 1-2, pp. 43-51.Africa, BotswanaGeocheonology - Jwaneng
DS201112-0470
2011
Jacob, D.E., Wirth, R., Enzmann, F.Polycrystalline diamonds witness redox processes in the Earth's mantle.Goldschmidt Conference 2011, abstract p.1095.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Orapa
DS201112-0471
2011
Jacob, D.E., Wirth, R., Enzmann, F., Kronz, A., Schreiber, A.Nano-inclusion suite and high resolution micro-computed tomography of polycrystalline diamond (framesite) from Orapa, Botswana.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 308, 3-4, pp. 307-316.Africa, BotswanaInclusions
DS201112-0472
2011
Jacob, D.E., Wirth, R., Enzmann, F., Kronz, A., Schrieber, A.Nano-inclusion suite and high resolution micro-computed-tomography of polycrystalline diamond (framesite) from Orapa, Botswana.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 308, 3-4, pp. 307-316.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Orapa
DS201112-0587
2011
Levine, J.A beautiful mine ( after the horrors of the 90's, when bling was equated with blood, De Beers brings new meaning to diamond clarity. Story based on OrapaNew York Times Magazine, April 17, pp. 75-77.Africa, BotswanaNews item - history
DS201112-0625
2011
Luget, A., Behrens, M., Herwartz, D., Pearson, D.G.Re-Os and Lu-Hf dating in Letlhakane peridotite xenoliths ( Botswana).Goldschmidt Conference 2011, abstract p.1365.Africa, BotswanaGeochronology, Magondi Belt
DS201112-0672
2011
Miensopust, M.P., Jones, A.G., Muller, M.R., Garcia, X., Evans, R.L.Lithospheric structures and Precambrian terrane boundaries in northeastern Botswana revealed through magnetotelluric profiling as part of southern AfricanJournal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 116, B02401Africa, BotswanaCraton, Zimbabwe
DS201112-0673
2011
Miensopust, M.P., Jones, A.G., Muller, M.R., Garcia, X., Evans, R.L.Lithospheric structures and Precambrian terrane boundaries in northeastern Botswana revealed through magnetotelluric profiling as part of Southern Africa...Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 116, B02401 21p.Africa, BotswanaGeophysics - magnetotellurics
DS201112-0753
2011
Ogilvie-HarrisImplications of volcanic processes from the petrology of the AK06 South Lobe kimberlite.IUGG Held July 6, AbstractAfrica, BotswanaDeposit - AK06
DS201112-0881
2011
Rollinson, H.R., Whitehouse, M.The growth of the Zimbabwe craton during the late Archean: an ion microprobe U-Pb zircon study.Journal of the Geological Society, Vol. 168, pp. 941-952.Africa, Zimbabwe, South Africa, BotswanaGeochronology
DS201112-0914
2011
Sarkar, C., Storey, C.D., Hawkesworth, C.J., Sparks, R.S.J.Degassing in kimberlite: oxygen isotope ratios in perovskites from explosive and hypabyssal kimberlites.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 312, 3-4, pp. 291-299.Africa, Botswana, South AfricaDeposit - Orapa, Wesselton
DS201112-0915
2011
Sarkar, C., Storey, C.D., Hawkesworth, C.J., Sparks, R.S.J.Oxygen isotopes in perovskites from kimberlites.Goldschmidt Conference 2011, abstract p.1798.Africa, Botswana, South AfricaOrapa, Wesselton
DS201212-0081
2012
Bort, A.M., Davidheisser, B., Meulemens, T., Davies, G.R.The origin and evolution of the lithospheric mantle beneath the Makondi fold belt in Botswana: an extensive geochemical study of peridotite xenoliths from the Lethlakane diamond mine.10th. International Kimberlite Conference Held Bangalore India Feb. 6-11, Poster abstractAfrica, BotswanaDeposit - Lethlhakane
DS201212-0142
2012
Daniels, L.R.M., De Bruin, D., Smuts, J.C.Exploration for concealed kimberlites in Botswana with trace element soil geochemistry.10th. International Kimberlite Conference Feb. 6-11, Bangalore India, AbstractAfrica, BotswanaGeochemistry - trace elements
DS201212-0427
2012
Macdonald, A., Napier, S.Chemical and textural characterisation of non-kimberlitic chromian spinel populations from diamond exploration programs.10th. International Kimberlite Conference Held Bangalore India Feb. 6-11, Poster abstractAfrica, South Africa, Botswana, GabonDeposit - Malopo Farms
DS201212-0469
2012
Meulemans, T.J., Borst, A.M., Davidheriser, B., Davies, G.R.The origin and modification of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle of Botswana: constraints from peridotite xenoliths of the Orapa mine.10th. International Kimberlite Conference Feb. 6-11, Bangalore India, AbstractAfrica, BotswanaDeposit - Orapa
DS201212-0484
2012
Mogotsi, I.Botswana's diamond boom: was there a dutch disease.South African Journal of Economics, Vol. 70, 1, pp. 128-155.Africa, BotswanaEconomics
DS201212-0529
2012
Ogilvie-Harris, R.C., Field, M., Brooker, R.A., Walter, M.J., Sparks, R.S.J.The petrology of AK6, Botswana: implications of volcanic and igneous processes.10th. International Kimberlite Conference Feb. 6-11, Bangalore India, AbstractAfrica, BotswanaDeposit - AK6
DS201212-0573
2012
Preston, R.F., Wyatt, B., Perrit, S.Lithospheric structure beneath the Cretaceous Orapa kimberlite field, Botswana: 4D lithosphere imaging using garnet indicator mineral chemistry.10th. International Kimberlite Conference Held Bangalore India Feb. 6-11, Poster abstractAfrica, BotswanaDeposit - Orapa
DS201212-0682
2012
Sobie, P.Overview of Firestone diamonds's activities in Botswana and Lesotho.PDAC 2012, abstractAfrica, Botswana, LesothoDeposits
DS201312-0201
2013
De Wit, MikeThe Xandiam kimberlite province straddling the southern margin of the Angolan craton. Nxau Nxau, Sikerti, Gura, Kaudom, Tsumkwe, OndatakoCAG 24 held in Addis Abada, Jan. 12, 41 slidesAfrica, Botswana, NamibiaOverview - geology
DS201312-0749
2013
Rogers, A.J., Hough, T.G., Davidson, J.M.KX36 - rediscovering the diamond exploration potential of the central Kalahari in Botswana.South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol. 113, July, pp. 539-546.Africa, BotswanaGeophysics - high res gradient aeromagnetic
DS201312-0778
2013
Sarkar, C., Storey, C.D.Detailed protracted crystallization history of perovskite in Orapa kimberlite.Proceedings of the 10th. International Kimberlite Conference, Vol. 1, Special Issue of the Journal of the Geological Society of India,, Vol. 1, pp. 211-224.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Orapa
DS201312-0779
2014
Sarkar, C., Storey, C.D., Hawkesworth, C.J.Using perovskite to determine the pre-shallow level contamination magma characteristics of kimberlite.Chemical Geology, Vol. 363, pp. 76-90.Africa, South Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Wesselton, Orapa
DS201312-0794
2013
Schulze, D., Harte, B., Page, F.Z., Valley, J.W., DeR Channer, D.M., Jaques, A.L.Anticorrelation between low d13c of eclogitic diamonds and high d180 of their coesite and garnet inclusions requires a subduction origin.Geology, Vol. No. 4, pp. 455-458.South America, Venezuela, Australia, Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Guaniamo, Arygle, Orapa
DS201312-0944
2013
Wainwright, A.N., Luguet, A., Fonsec, R.O.C.Sulfide Re-Os dating in modally metasomatised peridotites, insights from Lethlhakane ( Botswana).Goldschmidt 2013, 1p. AbstractAfrica, BotswanaDeposit - Lethlhakane
DS201312-0988
2013
Yajima, T., Yamaguchi, Y.Geological mapping of the Francistown area in northeastern Botswana by surface temperature and spectral emissivity information derived from advanced spaceborn thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) thermal infrared data.Ore Geology Reviews, Vol. 53, pp. 134-144.Africa, BotswanaGeothermometry - Aster
DS201412-0163
2014
Daniels, L., Kufandikwame, O.The discovery of the lower mantle derived SWS-21 intrusion in the Mmadinare area of Botswana.GSSA Kimberley Diamond Symposium and Trade Show provisional programme, Sept. 10-12, POSTERAfrica, BotswanaSWS-21
DS201412-0188
2014
Diamond Intelligence BriefsRaging diamond wars -excerpted from Mmegi (Life Diamond Botswana cutting and polishing plant)Diamond Intelligence Briefs, Vol. 29, no. 799, Feb. 20, pp. 8465-66.Africa, BotswanaLDB
DS201412-0191
2014
Diamonds in CanadaLucara's Karowe proves to be a gem.Diamonds in Canada Magazine, Northern Miner, May p. 21Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Karowe
DS201412-0281
2014
George, T.Karowe mine A diamond development success story.SRK and Friends Diamond Short Course, March 1, ppt p. 209-218.Africa, BotswanaHistory - development
DS201412-0282
2014
George, T., Armstrong, J.Karowe mine - a diamond development success story.Vancouver Kimberlite Cluster, Jan. 24, 1p. AbstractAfrica, BotswanaHistory - Karowe
DS201412-0357
2014
Hillbom, E.Cattle, diamonds and institutions: main drivers of Botswana's economic development, 1850- to presentJournal of International Development, Vol. 26, 3, pp. 155-176.Africa, BotswanaEconomics
DS201412-0362
2014
Hiyate, A.Lukas lundin talks diamonds: an exclusive interview with the mining mogul. Chairman of Lucara (Karowe)Diamonds in Canada Magazine, Northern Miner, November pp. 5-7.Africa, BotswanaHistory of Lucara
DS201412-0399
2014
Idex MagazineBotswana The new swing producer.Idex Magazine, No. 294, pp. 101-103.Africa, BotswanaIMF overview
DS201412-0405
2014
International MiningGems from nowhere… Ghaghoo mine.. In depth mining focus.International Mining, Sept. pp. 14,16,18,22,24,28,29.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Ghaghoo
DS201412-0406
2014
International Resource JournalDe Beers the world's leading diamond company discusses its move to Gabarone and its mission to build Botswana into a global diamond hub.International Resource Journal, Jan. pp. 30-37.Africa, BotswanaDe Beers economics
DS201412-0407
2014
International Resource JournalGem Diamonds the owner of the highest average dollar-per-carat kimberlite diamond mine in the world continues to defy expectations with its exceptionally large and high-value stones from Botswan and Lesotho.International Resource Journal, Jan. pp. 38-51.Africa, Botswana, LesothoGem Diamonds overview
DS201412-0534
2014
Lynn, M., Ferreira, J.The application of microdiamonds in mineral resource estimation of the Karowe diamond mine in Botswana.GSSA Kimberley Diamond Symposium and Trade Show provisional programme, Sept. 12, title onlyAfrica, BotswanaMicrodiamonds
DS201412-0587
2014
Mining MagazineTunnelling to access Ghghoo's riches. ( Gem Diamonds)Mining Magazine, Nov. pp. 7p.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Ghaghoo
DS201412-0650
2013
OptimaLinah Mohohlo - interview. The Governor of Bank of Botswana tells Optima there is life after diamonds.Optima, Vol. 59, 2, pp. 6-13.Africa, BotswanaEconomics
DS201412-0735
2014
Research and MarketsPrecious metals mining in Botswana to 2020 - a focus on the diamond industry.Research and Markets.com, Before getting to excited the report purchase price is $ 1500. USAfrica, BotswanaReport on Botswana diamond industry
DS201412-0813
2014
Shinn, J.E., King, B., Young, K.R., Crews, K.A.Variable adaptations: micro-politics of environmental displacement in the Okavango Delta, Botswana.Geoforum, Vol. 57, pp. 21-29.Africa, BotswanaCSR
DS201412-0837
2014
Skinner, E.M.The geology and emplacement of the Jwaneng DK2 kimberlite, southern Botswana, based on a petrographic study of samples selected from all parts of the kimberlite.GSSA Kimberley Diamond Symposium and Trade Show provisional programme, Sept. 12, title onlyAfrica, BotswanaDeposit - Jwaneng DK2
DS201412-0973
2014
Weldon, R., Shor, S.Botswana's scintillating moment. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 50, 2, summer pp. 96-113.Africa, BotswanaIn depth coverage of diamond industry, business hub, history, mines, Okavango company market, costs and future
DS201508-0367
2015
Luguet, A., Behrens, M., Pearson, D.G., Konig, S., Herwartz, D.Significance of the whole rock Re-Os ages in cryptically and modally metasomatized cratonic peridotites: constraints from HSE-Se-Te systematics.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 164, pp. 441-463.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Letlhakane
DS201509-0435
2015
Wainwright, A.N., Luguet, A., Fonsec, R.O.C., Pearson, D.G.Investigating metasomatic effects on the 187Os isotopic signature: a case study on the micrometric base metal sulphides in metasomatised peridotite from the Letlhakane kimberlite, (Botswana). Lithos, Vol. 232, pp. 35-48.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Letlhakane

Abstract: The peridotite xenoliths of the Letlhakane kimberlite (Botswana), which intrude the Proterozoic Magondi Belt on the western margin of the Zimbabwe craton, represent highly depleted melting residues. These residues suffered subsequent variable metasomatic overprinting, evidenced by cryptic trace element enrichments in the spinel peridotites to modal addition of phlogopite, clinopyroxene and spinel within the garnet peridotites. In order to assess the robustness of the Re–Os chronometer in such highly metasomatised peridotites, detailed investigations of base metal sulphide (BMS) petrography and single-BMS grain 187Os/188Os analyses have been undertaken in three representative peridotites.
DS201511-1868
2015
Presser, J.Orapa - example using seismics[email protected], 1p. AvailableAfrica, BotswanaGeophysics - Orapa
DS201512-1927
2015
Hiyate, A.Botswana beckons. Prolific diamond nation attracts explorers.Diamonds in Canada Magazine, Northern Miner, Nov. pp. 14-17.Africa, BotswanaOverview of companies
DS201512-1959
2015
Presser, J.Botswana showing pipe locations,[email protected], 1 pdf availableAfrica, BotswanaGeophysics - pipes
DS201512-1997
2015
Yu, Y., Liu, K.H., Reed, C.A., Moidaki, M., Mickus, K., Atekwana, E.A., Gao, S.S.A joint receiver function and gravity study of crustal structure beneath the incipient Okavango Rift, Botswana.Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 42, 20, pp. 8398-8405.Africa, BotswanaGeophysics - gravity

Abstract: Rifting incorporates the fundamental processes concerning the breakup of continental lithosphere and plays a significant role in the formation and evolution of sedimentary basins. In order to decipher the characteristics of rifting at its earliest stage, we conduct the first teleseismic crustal study of one of the world's youngest continental rifts, the Okavango Rift Zone (ORZ), where the magma has not yet breached the surface. Results from receiver function stacking and gravity modeling indicate that the crust/mantle boundary beneath the ORZ is uplifted by 4-5 km, and the initiation of the ORZ is closely related to lithospheric stretching. Possible decompression melting of the subcrustal lithosphere occurs beneath the ORZ, as evidenced by a relatively low upper mantle density based on the gravity modeling.
DS201601-0032
2015
Mining MagazineLucara plant delivers sparkling performance - recover circuit design showed foresight.Mining Magazine, Dec. 13, 1/4p.Africa, BotswanaMining - Karowe
DS201602-0188
2016
Armstrong, J.Karowe diamond mine: a world class source of exceptional diamonds.PDAC 2016, 1p. AbstractAfrica, BotswanaDeposit - Karowe
DS201605-0815
2016
Botswana Geological PortalPartnership of Botswana Geoscience Institute and Geosoft. Dat a includes airborne and ground geophysics, geochemistry.http://geoscienceportal.geosoft.com/ Botswana/search, Apr. 12, 1p.Africa, BotswanaDatabase

Abstract: Geosoft is pleased to announce the launch of the Botswana Geoscience Portal, a partnership initiative with the Botswana Geoscience Institute and industry sponsors. Developed and hosted by Geosoft, the portal provides free access to multi-disciplinary datasets from Ngamiland, a district in the country's northwest. It is available online at: http://geoscienceportal.geosoft.com/Botswana/search. The geoscience portal aims to help Botswana attract new investment in resource exploration, improve transparency and stimulate collaboration between government, industry and the public to advance understanding of the economic and social needs of the North-West district. Tiyapo Hudson Ngwisanyi, Chief Executive Officer of the Botswana Geoscience Institute said: “Making geoscientific data more accessible and transparent is critical to furthering understanding of the North-West district, and encouraging new investment in resource exploration within Africa. The portal is a welcome development that will assist us in promoting ongoing, productive collaboration between government and industry.” “Geosoft is excited to be part of an initiative that demonstrates how government and industry can work together to encourage mineral exploration investment and thus downstream economic growth in the country,” said Tim Dobush, Chief Executive Officer of Geosoft. “We are continually engaging with government organizations like the Botswana Geoscience Institute and industry leaders to innovate, and maximize the value of geoscience data for resource discovery and to meet the social/economic needs of the broader public sector.” Data available on the Botswana Geoscience Portal includes airborne geophysics, ground geophysics and geochemistry. Future updates will provide access to borehole data, remote sensing, seismic surveys and information products including interpretations and 3D models.- See more at: http://www.geosoft.com/news/botswana-geoscience-portal-goes-live#sthash.CZGrHC4h.dpuf
DS201605-0858
2016
Krugel, W., Motsumi, K.Letlhakane legacy - concept becomes reality.Diamonds Still Sparkling SAIMM 2016 Conference, Mar. 14-17, pp. 159-166.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Letlhakane
DS201605-0873
2016
Mokgaotsane, M.T., Hough, T., Rogers, A., Davidson, J.Resource evaluation of the KKX36 kimberlite, central Botswana.Diamonds Still Sparkling SAIMM 2016 Conference, Mar. 14-17, pp. 27-36.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - KKX36
DS201605-0874
2016
Motsamai, M.Diamond inclusions from Karowe mine, Botswana.DCO Edmonton Diamond Workshop, June 8-10Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Karowe
DS201605-0877
2016
Naismith, A., Howell, G., Marsden, H.Design and development of a decline shaft through poorly consolidated Kalahari deposits at Ghaghoo diamond mine.Diamonds Still Sparkling SAIMM 2016 Conference, Mar. 14-17, pp. 1-14.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Ghaghoo
DS201605-0912
2016
Van Niekerk, L.M., Oliver, A., Armstrong, J., Sikwa, N.A.Pioneering large diamond recovery at Karowe diamond mineDiamonds Still Sparkling SAIMM 2016 Conference, Mar. 14-17, pp. 15-26.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Karowe
DS201607-1337
2016
Chisenga, C., Kamanga, T.F.Integrating magnetic and gravity for mapping the Earth structure using color scheme: a case study of Botswana.IGC 35th., Session The Deep Earth 1 p. abstractAfrica, BotswanaGeophysics
DS201607-1303
2016
Jacob, D.E., Piazolo, S., Screiber, A., Trimby, P.Redox-freezing and nucleation of diamond via magnetite formation in the Earth's mantle.Nature Communications, Vol. 7, June 21, 7p.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Orapa

Abstract: Diamonds and their inclusions are unique probes into the deep Earth, tracking the deep carbon cycle to >800?km. Understanding the mechanisms of carbon mobilization and freezing is a prerequisite for quantifying the fluxes of carbon in the deep Earth. Here we show direct evidence for the formation of diamond by redox reactions involving FeNi sulfides. Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction identifies an arrested redox reaction from pyrrhotite to magnetite included in diamond. The magnetite corona shows coherent epitaxy with relict pyrrhotite and diamond, indicating that diamond nucleated on magnetite. Furthermore, structures inherited from h-Fe3O4 define a phase transformation at depths of 320 -330?km, the base of the Kaapvaal lithosphere. The oxidation of pyrrhotite to magnetite is an important trigger of diamond precipitation in the upper mantle, explaining the presence of these phases in diamonds.
DS201607-1359
2016
Letlole, P.T.The Precambrian geology of Botswana: an update from magnetic and gravity data.IGC 35th., Session A Dynamic Earth 1p. AbstractAfrica, BotswanaGeophysics
DS201608-1421
2015
Manchuk, J.G., Stiefenhofer, J., Thurston, M., Deutsch, C.V.Framework for resource uncertainty prediction and dat a valuation: an application to diamond deposits. OrapaCanadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol. 6, 3, 14p.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Orapa

Abstract: The degree of uncertainty associated with a natural diamond resource is important to quantify from the time of discovery through the production lifetime. Data collection occurs during the discovery, exploration, delineation, and production or recovery phases. Quantifying the relationship between data and uncertainty is an important component of project valuation. The value of data is measured as their potential to reduce uncertainty if they are collected. A method is developed using Monte Carlo simulation for predicting resource uncertainty and valuing data during critical phases of development, particularly discovery and exploration. The technique is applied to diamond pipe deposits.
DS201609-1709
2010
Campbell, J.A.H., Lamb, W., Clarke, J., Petersen, K.The development of AK6.The 4th Colloquium on Diamonds - source to use held Gabarone March 1-3, 2010, 20p.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - AK6
DS201609-1711
2010
Chinn, I.L., Krug, M.A., Minnie, W.P., Rikhotso, C.T.Decoding the diamonds from the AK6 kimberlite.The 4th Colloquium on Diamonds - source to use held Gabarone March 1-3, 2010, 8p.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - AK6

Abstract: The AK6 kimberlite is situated 25 km south of the Debswana Orapa Mine in Botswana and was discovered by De Beers geologists in 1969 during the follow-up of geophysical targets in the Orapa area. The kimberlite was not extensively pursued at the time as the initial bulk sampling indicated it to be of limited size and low grade, factors largely contributed to by the basalt breccia capping. Completion of high resolution integrated geophysical techniques and drill bulk sampling to depth recovered 97 tons of kimberlite during 2003 and 2004, which led to the increased size and grade estimates. Bulk sampling by Large Diameter Drilling (LDD, 23 inch diameter) commenced in 2005; 13 holes were drilled to a cumulative depth of 3,699 m and 689 carats of diamonds were recovered. In July 2006 the De Beers Mineral Resource Classification Committee classified these Phase I LOO results at a High Inferred level with an average grade of 24 carats per hundred tonnes (cpht) at a bottom cut-off of +1 mm, and a modeled average diamond value of 150 dollars per carat. A second phase of LDO drilling was initiated in 2006, and bulk sampling by trenching commenced in 2007 in order to deliver a resource estimate at indicated level. An Indicated Resource of 11.1 million carats at an average grade of 22 cpht was declared for the deposit mining lease application lodged in 2007.
DS201609-1731
2010
Mpoloka, E.Rapid development plant ( RDP) for tailings treatment at Jwaneng mine.The 4th Colloquium on Diamonds - source to use held Gabarone March 1-3, 2010, 4p.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Jwaneng
DS201609-1737
2010
Popplewell, G.Orapa 3 plant conceptual design evolution in action ( let the ore dictate the plant that you build!!)The 4th Colloquium on Diamonds - source to use held Gabarone March 1-3, 2010, 28p.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Orapa

Abstract: Commencing with the Pre-Feasibility Study (PFS) conclusions, the Orapa 3 process design evolved through a phase of value-engineering studies. An overall re-evaluation of the originally proposed process design was necessary both in order to address the interim increase in target throughput from 9.8 Mtpa to 12 Mtpa as well as to increase capital efficiency. In the interests of clarity, the PFS process design for Orapa 3 has been omitted from this paper, as it is no longer relevant. Recognition is however due to those engaged in earlier phases of the Orapa 3 project with respect to fundamental mass~balancing modelling; and ore and diamond characterisation, which fanned the basis for the process design that has evolved from feasibility study activities. The background context for Orapa 3 is of an operation expected to yield operating utilisation and revenue improvements relative to the Orapa 2 operation. Delivering these without undue penalties to capital and operating cost required a shift in thinking, trading excess installed capacity for flexible circuit configuration. The process design adopted is "layered", with the purpose of preserving Run Of Mine (ROM) throughput by reducing in-circuit arisings - particularly to the Dense Medium Separation (DMS) section - rather than simply installing additional DMS capacity on the expectation of low DMS availability. Elsewhere, the ability to monitor and maintain critical sizing activities - particularly desanding - without impact on overall plant throughput is intended to motivate operators to avoid the temptation to trade quality for quantity. At present, since an overall dynamic simulation of the Orapa 3 operation has still to be carried out, the design mass balance has been based on a relatively onerous combination of worst case feed type with 100% front-line process capacity in all plant sections. This means that, whilst the installed DMS capacity is based on routing 100% of sized scrubbing section product directly to the DMS, and with one DMS module always unavailable, the High Pressure Rolls Crushing (HPRC) capacity is based on allowing for 50% of this stream to be instead routed first to the HPRC section, at no more than 75% of maximum roll speed for the two units installed. This is an obvious "belt and braces" approach. Following the dynamic simulation exercise (currently in progress), it is likely that a less conservative approach will be taken. This will not affect the conceptual design of the process plant, being mostly an exercise in refining the number of DMS modules to be installed, and possibly reducing slightly the size of the HPRC roll units. Both of these will have positive capital and operating cost impacts. Page 215 The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Diamonds - Source to Use 2010 G Popp/ewell andB Hae/else DMS capacity, despite being split into coarse and fiaes streams, consists of identical modules. Two of the nine modules are set-up to receive either coarse or fine feed, the only difference being that fines modules are rated at lower capacity than the same modules treating coarse feed. Final recovery section capacity is based on entirely wet primary diamond recovery technology. This greatly reduces both the cost of drying. a large amount of recovery section feed and the dust• management issues associated with dry recovery technology. In contrast to the Orapa 2 operations, a scavenginglauditgrease belt section is included as a diamond recovery "goal-keeper" and to provide a process assurance function.
DS201609-1740
2010
Roberts, M.A.The Jwaneng resource extension project - defining the resource, shaping the future.The 4th Colloquium on Diamonds - source to use held Gabarone March 1-3, 2010, 10p.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Jwaneng

Abstract: Debswana's Jwaneng Mine (south-central Botswana) is the richest diamond mine• in the world and has been contributing substantial revenue to Botswana since the mine started operating in 1982. The resource consists of 3 separate volcanic pipes/vents namely North, South and Centre pipes (2 additional small kimberlite bodies have also been intersected within the mining pit) which erupted through Transvaal strata and the overlying Karoo sediments - 245 million years ago. Although earlier drilling and geophysical surveys suggest that the 3 pipes extend to depths greater than 1 km below the surface, the resource is only at an indicated level of confidence to a depth of 400m, and mining activities will start exploiting the inferred resource material below 400m in 2014.
DS201609-1750
2010
Tunono, A.B., Dimbungu, L.Jwaneng open pit cut 8 south east wall slope design.The 4th Colloquium on Diamonds - source to use held Gabarone March 1-3, 2010, 18p.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Jwaneng

Abstract: Slope stability is a fundamental part of a successful mining operation. It impacts directly on the safety of personnel and the economics of the mine. The Jwaneng Mine in Botswana is planning a push back of 644m depth in the south east wall. Mining will commence in 2010 and be completed in 2024. This will put the mine in the deep pit category. The mine has invested in extensive geotechnical data gathering and design programs that started as far back as 2003 for the south east wall. The south east wail of Jwaneng Mine is characterized by foliation that dips adversely into the mining faces. The orienta1ion of the foliation is variable due to intense tectonic movements that have also caused the occurrence of faults that are sub-vertical. A considerable amount of information on the characteristics of structural patterns and the rock mass has been collected. This paper presents an overview of the feasibility level geotechnical design that is about to be concluded.
DS201701-0009
2016
Earth ExplorerMagnetic inversion results for Ngami land availabe for download.http://geoscienceportal.geosoft.com/Botswana/search, Dec. 22, 1p. OverviewAfrica, BotswanaGeophysics - Geosoft

Abstract: A regional-scale geophysical inversion of magnetic field data in the Ngamiland region of northwestern Botswana is now available for download from the Botswana Geoscience Portal, a partnership initiative of the Botswana Geoscience Institute (BGI), industry sponsors and Geosoft. The earth modelling results represent Botswana’s latest push to provide geoscience data free of charge to mineral explorers, researchers and other stakeholders from around the world. They were generated by the Geosoft Professional Services Group using VOXI Earth Modelling, the company’s high performance inversion software. "The VOXI inversion results are outstanding, even more so because the area of interest is vast, comprising more than 35 million cells," said Motsamai Tarzan Kwadiba, Principal Geophysicist for the BGI. "The outcome provides a springboard for a variety of research opportunities such as seismotectonic studies for seismic hazard assessment and earthquake risk mitigation, area selection for earth resources exploration and management, and investigations of the anatomy and evolution of the Okavango rift zone." Since its launch in April 2016, over 1000 multi-disciplinary datasets have been downloaded from the Botswana Geoscience Portal. Stakeholders from more than 35 countries have visited the repository to access the 10 gigabytes of pre-competitive geoscience data. The new inversion results add clear 3D images of the shallow crust beneath the Okavango delta region, one of the world’s largest inland deltas. Often referred to as the ‘jewel’ of the Kalahari and Africa's last Eden, the 22000 square-kilometer Okavango delta itself is an alluvial fan contained within a seismically active graben structure at the south-western extremity of the East African Rift system.
DS201703-0434
2017
Timmerman, S., Koornneef, J.M., Chinn, I.L., Davies, G.R.Dated eclogitic diamond growth zones reveal variable recycling of crustal carbon through time.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 463, pp. 178-188.Africa, BotswanaDeposit - Lethakane

Abstract: Monocrystalline diamonds commonly record complex internal structures reflecting episodic growth linked to changing carbon-bearing fluids in the mantle. Using diamonds to trace the evolution of the deep carbon cycle therefore requires dating of individual diamond growth zones. To this end Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotope data are presented from individual eclogitic silicate inclusions from the Orapa and Letlhakane diamond mines, Botswana. ?13C?13C values are reported from the host diamond growth zones. Heterogeneous 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7033-0.7097) suggest inclusion formation in multiple and distinct tectono-magmatic environments. Sm-Nd isochron ages were determined based on groups of inclusions with similar trace element chemistry, Sr isotope ratios, and nitrogen aggregation of the host diamond growth zone. Diamond growth events at 0.14±0.090.14±0.09, 0.25±0.040.25±0.04, 1.1±0.091.1±0.09, 1.70±0.341.70±0.34 and 2.33±0.022.33±0.02 Ga can be directly related to regional tectono-magmatic events. Individual diamonds record episodic growth with age differences of up to 2 Ga. Dated diamond zones have variable ?13C?13C values (?5.0 to ?33.6‰ vs PDB) and appear to imply changes in subducted material over time. The studied Botswanan diamonds are interpreted to have formed in different tectono-magmatic environments that involve mixing of carbon from three sources that represent: i) subducted biogenic sediments (lightest ?13C?13C, low 87Sr/86Sr); ii) subducted carbonate-rich sediments (heavy ?13C?13C, high 87Sr/86Sr) and iii) depleted upper mantle (heavy ?13C?13C, low 87Sr/86Sr). We infer that older diamonds from these two localities are more likely to have light ?13C?13C due to greater subduction of biogenic sediments that may be related to hotter and more reduced conditions in the Archaean before the Great Oxidation Event at 2.3 Ga. These findings imply a marked temporal change in the nature of subducted carbon beneath Botswana and warrant further study to establish if this is a global phenomenon.
DS201705-0833
2017
Gress, M.U., Pearson, D.G., Timmerman, S., Chinn, I.L., Koornneef, J., Davies, G.R.Diamond growth beneath Letlhakane established by Re-Os and Sm-Nd systematics of individual eclogitic sulphide, garnet and clinopyroxene inclusions.European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2017, Vienna April 23-28, 1p. 5540 AbstractAfrica, BotswanaDeposit - Letlhakane

Abstract: The diamondiferous Letlhakane kimberlites are part of the Orapa kimberlite cluster (˜ 93.1 Ma) in north-eastern Botswana, located on the edge of the Zimbabwe Craton, close to the Proterozoic Magondi Mobile Belt. Here we report the first Re-Os ages of six individual eclogitic sulphide inclusions (3.0 to 35.7?g) from Letlhakane diamonds along with their rhenium, osmium, iridium and platinum concentrations, and carbon isotope, nitrogen content and N-aggregation data from the corresponding growth zones of the host diamonds. For the first time, Re-Os data will be compared to Sm-Nd ages of individual eclogitic silicate inclusions recovered from the same diamonds using a Triton Plus equipped with four 1013? amplifiers. The analysed inclusion set currently encompasses pairs of individual sulphides from two diamonds (LK040 sf4 & 5, LK113 sf1 & 2) and two sulphide inclusions from separate diamonds (LK048, LK362). Ongoing work will determine the Sm-Nd ages and element composition of multiple individual eclogitic garnets (LK113/LK362, n=4) and an eclogitic clinopyroxene (LK040) inclusion. TMA ages of the six sulphides range from 1.06 to 2.38 Ga (± 0.1 to 0.54 Ga) with Re and Os contents between 7 and 68 ppb and 0.03 and 0.3 ppb, respectively. The host diamond growth zones have low nitrogen abundances (21 to 43 ppm N) and high N-aggregation (53 to 90% IaB). Carbon isotope data suggests the involvement of crustal carbon (?13C between -19.3 to -22.7 ± 0.2 per mill) during diamond precipitation. Cathodoluminescence imaging of central plates from LK040 and LK113 displays homogenous internal structure with no distinct zonation. The two sulphide inclusions from LK040 define an 'isochron' of 0.92 ± 0.23 Ga (2SD) with initial 187Os/188Os = 1.31 ± 0.24. Sulphides from LK113 have clear imposed diamond morphology and indicate diamond formation at 0.93 ± 0.36 Ga (2SD) with initial 187Os/188Os = 0.69 ± 0.44. The variation in the initial 187Os/188Os does not justify including these inclusions (or any from other diamonds) on the same isochron and implies an extremely heterogeneous diamond crystallisation environment that incorporated recycled Os. C1-normalized osmium, iridium and platinum (PGE) compositions from the analysed sulphide inclusions display enrichment in Ir (3.4 to 33) and Pt (2.3 to 28.1) in comparison to eclogitic xenolith data from Orapa that are depleted relative to chondrite. The Re-Os isochrons determined in this study are within error of previously reported ages from the adjacent (˜40km) Orapa diamond mine (1.0 to 2.9 Ga) based on sulphide inclusions and a multi-point 990 ± 50 Ma (2SD) isochron for composite (n=730) silicate inclusions. Together with additional new Sm-Nd isochron age determinations from individual silicate inclusions from Letlhakane (2.3 ± 0.02 (n = 3); 1.0 ± 0.14 (n = 4) and 0.25 ± 0.04 Ga (n = 3), all 2SE) these data suggest a phase of Mesoproterozoic diamond formation as well as Neoarchean/Paleoproterozoic and Mesozoic diamond growth, in punctuated events spanning >2.0 Ga.
DS201705-0885
2017
van den Heuvel, Q., Matveev, S., Drury, M., Gress, M., Chinn, I., Davies, G.Genesis of diamond inclusions: an integrated cathodluminescence ( CL) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) study on eclogitic and peridotitic inclusions and their diamond host.European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2017, Vienna April 23-28, 1p. 6564 AbstractAfrica, BotswanaDeposit - Jwaneng, Letlhakane
DS201707-1349
2017
McDonald, I., Hughes, H.S.R., Butler, I.B., Harris, J.W., Muir, D.Homogenization of sulphide inclusions within diamonds: a new approach to diamond inclusion geochemistry.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, available in press 23p.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Orapa

Abstract: Base metal sulphide (BMS) inclusions in diamonds provide a unique insight into the chalcophile and highly siderophile element composition of the mantle. Entombed within their diamond hosts, these provide a more robust (closed system) sample, from which to determine the trace element, Re-Os and S-isotopic compositions of the mantle than mantle xenoliths or orogenic peridotites, as they are shielded from alteration during ascent to the Earth’s crust and subsequent surface weathering. However, at temperatures below 1100 °C some BMS inclusions undergo subsolidus re-equilibration from an original monosulphide solid solution (Mss) and this causes fractionation of the major and trace elements within the inclusions. Thus to study the subjects noted above, current techniques require the entire BMS inclusion to be extracted for analyses. Unfortunately, ‘flaking’ of inclusions during break-out is a frequent occurrence and hence the risk of accidentally under-sampling a portion of the BMS inclusion is inherent in current practices. This loss may have significant implications for Re-Os isotope analyses where incomplete sampling of a Re-rich phase, such as chalcopyrite that typically occurs at the outer margins of BMS inclusions, may induce significant bias in the Re-Os and 187Os/188Os measurements and resulting model and isochron ages. We have developed a method for the homogenisation of BMS inclusions in diamond prior to their break-out from the host stone. Diamonds are heated to 1100 °C and then quenched to chemically homogenise any sulphide inclusions for both major and trace elements. Using X-ray Computed Microtomography (µCT) we determine the shape and spatial setting of multiple inclusions within a host stone and crucially show that the volume of a BMS inclusion is the same both before and after homogenisation. We show that the homogenisation process significantly reduces the inherent variability of in situ analysis when compared with unhomogenised BMS, thereby widening the scope for multiple methods for quantitative analysis, even on ‘flakes’ of single BMS inclusions. Finally we show that the trace elements present in peridotite (P-type) and eclogitic (E-type) BMS are distinct, with P-type diamonds having systematically higher total platinum-group element (particularly Os, Ir, Ru) and Te and As concentrations. These distinctions suggest that the PGE and semi-metal budgets of mantle-derived partial melts will be significantly dependent upon the type(s) and proportions of sulphides present in the mantle source.
DS201708-1593
2017
Armstrong, J.Karowe diamond mine: a world class source of exceptional diamonds.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, OralAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Karowe

Abstract: The Karowe mine, owned and operated by Lucara Diamond Corporation, located in the Republic of Botswana, achieved commercial diamond production in July 2012. The AK06 kimberlite discovered in 1969 is the ore source at Karowe. The AK06 kimberlite within the Orapa Kimberlite Field is a roughly north-south elongate kimberlite body with a near surface expression of approximately 3.3 ha and a maximum area of approximately 7 ha at approximately 120 m below surface. The body comprises three geologically distinct, coalescing pipes that taper with depth. These pipes are referred to as the North Lobe, Centre Lobe, and South Lobe. The AK6 kimberlite is an opaque-mineral-rich monticellite kimberlite, texturally classified primarily as fragmental volcaniclastic kimberlite with lesser macrocrystic hypabyssal facies kimberlite of the Group 1 variety. The nature of the kimberlite differs between each lobe with distinctions apparent in the textural characteristics. The South Lobe is considered to be distinctly different from the North and Centre Lobes that are similar to each other in terms of their geological characteristics. The North and Centre Lobes exhibit internal textural complexity whereas the bulk of the South Lobe is more massive and internally homogeneous. The South Lobe forms the majority of the resource and displays the coarsest diamond size distribution of the three lobes. In three years of production, Karowe has established a continuing production of high value diamonds including coloured diamonds. In March 2013 a 239 ct gem quality diamond was recovered which was the first in a continuing population of large high value Type IIa diamonds recovered from the Centre Lobe, and more importantly the South Lobe, of the Karowe mine. Large diamonds, 50 ct in size, are spatially distributed horizontally and vertically within the South Lobe. Since commissioning to mid-December 2015, approximately 1.5 Mct have been produced and specials (diamonds greater than 10.8 ct in weight) represent circa 4.6% by weight of all diamond production. Life of Mine average stone size for the specials is 29.6 ct/stone. In 2015, a plant optimization project was completed to modify the process plant to treat harder kimberlite at depth and improve the recovery of exceptional diamonds via bulk sorters for primary run of mine large diamond recovery. In November 2015, the Karowe mine recovered an 813 ct stone and the world’s second largest gem quality diamond in over 100 years weighing 1,111 ct
DS201708-1614
2017
Chinn, I.Stable isotope dat a and Ftir analyses of diamonds from the Orapa mine: a clear subduction signature.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, OralAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Orapa
DS201708-1618
2017
Daniels, L.The magnitude of termites to the future of kimberlite exploration in Botswana.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, OralAfrica, Botswanatermites
DS201708-1619
2017
Davies, G.The genesis and evolution of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath Botswana and N South Africa.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, OralAfrica, Botswana, South Africatectonics
DS201708-1624
2017
De Wit, M.Prospecting history leading to the discovery of Botswana's diamond mines: from artifacts to Lesedi La Rona.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, OralAfrica, BotswanaHistory
DS201708-1626
2017
D'Haenens-Johansson, U.The 812 carat pure type IaB Constellation diamond from Karowe - part of an even larger rough?11th. International Kimberlite Conference, PosterAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Karowe
DS201708-1633
2017
Farr, H.Petrography and geochronology of the Nxau kimberlites, north-west Botswana.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, PosterAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Nxau
DS201708-1642
2017
Gabanakgosi, K.Slope stability challenges and solutions for mining kimberlite resources hosted in structurally complex country rock: dip slope mining at Jwaneng mine, Botswana.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, OralAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Jwaneng
DS201708-1649
2017
Gilika, O.Building a geometallurgical model for Orapa mine, Botswana.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, PosterAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Orapa
DS201708-1654
2017
Gress, M.Three phases of diamond growth spanning > 2.0 Ga beneath Letlhakane established by Re-Os and Sm-Nd systematics of individual eclogitic sulphide, garnet and clinopyroxene inclusions.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, OralAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Letlhakane

Abstract: The diamondiferous Letlhakane kimberlites are part of the Orapa kimberlite cluster (˜ 93.1 Ma) in north-eastern Botswana, located on the edge of the Zimbabwe Craton, close to the Proterozoic Magondi Mobile Belt. Here we report the first Re-Os ages of six individual eclogitic sulphide inclusions (3.0 to 35.7?g) from Letlhakane diamonds along with their rhenium, osmium, iridium and platinum concentrations, and carbon isotope, nitrogen content and N-aggregation data from the corresponding growth zones of the host diamonds. For the first time, Re-Os data will be compared to Sm-Nd ages of individual eclogitic silicate inclusions recovered from the same diamonds using a Triton Plus equipped with four 1013? amplifiers. The analysed inclusion set currently encompasses pairs of individual sulphides from two diamonds (LK040 sf4 & 5, LK113 sf1 & 2) and two sulphide inclusions from separate diamonds (LK048, LK362). Ongoing work will determine the Sm-Nd ages and element composition of multiple individual eclogitic garnets (LK113/LK362, n=4) and an eclogitic clinopyroxene (LK040) inclusion. TMA ages of the six sulphides range from 1.06 to 2.38 Ga (± 0.1 to 0.54 Ga) with Re and Os contents between 7 and 68 ppb and 0.03 and 0.3 ppb, respectively. The host diamond growth zones have low nitrogen abundances (21 to 43 ppm N) and high N-aggregation (53 to 90% IaB). Carbon isotope data suggests the involvement of crustal carbon (?13C between -19.3 to -22.7 ± 0.2 per mill) during diamond precipitation. Cathodoluminescence imaging of central plates from LK040 and LK113 displays homogenous internal structure with no distinct zonation. The two sulphide inclusions from LK040 define an 'isochron' of 0.92 ± 0.23 Ga (2SD) with initial 187Os/188Os = 1.31 ± 0.24. Sulphides from LK113 have clear imposed diamond morphology and indicate diamond formation at 0.93 ± 0.36 Ga (2SD) with initial 187Os/188Os = 0.69 ± 0.44. The variation in the initial 187Os/188Os does not justify including these inclusions (or any from other diamonds) on the same isochron and implies an extremely heterogeneous diamond crystallisation environment that incorporated recycled Os. C1-normalized osmium, iridium and platinum (PGE) compositions from the analysed sulphide inclusions display enrichment in Ir (3.4 to 33) and Pt (2.3 to 28.1) in comparison to eclogitic xenolith data from Orapa that are depleted relative to chondrite. The Re-Os isochrons determined in this study are within error of previously reported ages from the adjacent (˜40km) Orapa diamond mine (1.0 to 2.9 Ga) based on sulphide inclusions and a multi-point 990 ± 50 Ma (2SD) isochron for composite (n=730) silicate inclusions. Together with additional new Sm-Nd isochron age determinations from individual silicate inclusions from Letlhakane (2.3 ± 0.02 (n = 3); 1.0 ± 0.14 (n = 4) and 0.25 ± 0.04 Ga (n = 3), all 2SE) these data suggest a phase of Mesoproterozoic diamond formation as well as Neoarchean/Paleoproterozoic and Mesozoic diamond growth, in punctuated events spanning >2.0 Ga.
DS201708-1655
2017
Gress, M.Variation in diamond growth events recorded in Botswanan diamonds.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, PosterAfrica, Botswanadiamond morphology
DS201708-1660
2017
Gu, T.1aB diamond and its geological implications.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, PosterAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Karowe
DS201708-1670
2017
Hiyoveni, R.The Nxaunxau kimberlites of northern Botswana.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, PosterAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Nxaunxau
DS201708-1682
2017
Jeffcoate. A.3-D geological model of the BK16 kimberlite pipe located within the Orapa kimberlite field (OKF) in Botswana.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, PosterAfrica, Botswanadeposit - BK-16
DS201708-1688
2017
Khoza, D.Kimberlite exploration under thick Kalahari cover using the powerful SPECTREM-PLUS AEM system.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, OralAfrica, Botswanageophysics
DS201708-1707
2017
Lobatiamang, S.Geology of the KX36 kimberlite, central Botswana.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, PosterAfrica, Botswanadeposit - KX36
DS201708-1708
2017
Maphane, K.Evolution of the Orapa A/K1 geology model - insights from analysis of multi-disciplinary datasets.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, OralAfrica, BotswanaDeposit - Orapa A/K1
DS201708-1710
2017
McKinley, T.Deep delineation evaluation drilling methods, Jwaneng mine, Botswana.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, PosterAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Jwaneng
DS201708-1717
2017
Mkonto, S.Applied geological techniques for the evaluation of kimberlitic tailings mineral resources: the case of Orapa and Letlhakane mines, Botswana11th. International Kimberlite Conference, PosterAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Orapa, Letlhakane
DS201708-1720
2017
Motsamai, T.Mineral inclusions in diamonds from Karowe mine, Botswana: examining the mantle sources of a diamond population containing exceptionally large crystals.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, OralAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Karowe
DS201708-1739
2017
Pypus, G.New surprises at old discoveries: exploration and sampling of the AK11 kimberlite, Orapa kimberlite field, Botswana.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, PosterAfrica, Botswanadeposit - AK11
DS201708-1740
2017
Pypus, G.Exploration and sampling of the BK02 kimberlite, Orapa field, Botswana.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, PosterAfrica, Botswanadeposit - BK02
DS201708-1747
2017
Roberts, M.Varied emplacement mechanisms with adjacent kimberlite vents, Jwaneng mine, Botswana11th. International Kimberlite Conference, OralAfrica, BotswanaDeposit - Jwaneng
DS201708-1778
2017
Timmerman, S.Formation of unusual yellow Orapa diamonds.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, PosterAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Orapa
DS201708-1783
2017
Ustinov, V.Models of reflection of kimberlite pipes of north east of Botswana in eolian haloes of dispersion.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, PosterAfrica, Botswanageochemistry
DS201708-1784
2017
Vines, M.Discovery of an orangeite magmatic event in the central Kalahari: implications for the origin of southern African kimberlites.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, PosterAfrica, South Africa, Botswanaorangeite
DS201708-1791
2017
Wudrick, M.Age of the lithospheric mantle beneath the Karowe diamond mine.11th. International Kimberlite Conference, OralAfrica, BotswanaDeposit - Karowe
DS201709-1956
2017
Aulbach, S., Jacob, D.E., Cartigny, P., Stern, R.A., Simonetti, S.S., Worner, G., Viljoen, K.S.Eclogite xenoliths from Orapa: ocean crust recycling, mantle metasomatism and carbon cycling at the western Zimbabwe craton margin.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 213, pp. 574-592.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Orapa

Abstract: Major- and trace-element compositions of garnet and clinopyroxene, as well as 87Sr/86Sr in clinopyroxene and ?18O in garnet in eclogite and pyroxenite xenoliths from Orapa, at the western margin of the Zimbabwe craton (central Botswana), were investigated in order to trace their origin and evolution in the mantle lithosphere. Two groups of eclogites are distinguished with respect to 87Sr/86Sr: One with moderate ratios (0.7026-0.7046) and another with 87Sr/86Sr >0.7048 to 0.7091. In the former group, heavy ?18O attests to low-temperature alteration on the ocean floor, while 87Sr/86Sr correlates with indices of low-pressure igneous processes (Eu/Eu?, Mg#, Sr/Y). This suggests relatively undisturbed long-term ingrowth of 87Sr at near-igneous Rb/Sr after metamorphism, despite the exposed craton margin setting. The high-87Sr/86Sr group has mainly mantle-like ?18O and is suggested to have interacted with a small-volume melt derived from an aged phlogopite-rich metasome. The overlap of diamondiferous and graphite-bearing eclogites and pyroxenites over a pressure interval of ?3.2 to 4.9 GPa is interpreted as reflecting a mantle parcel beneath Orapa that has moved out of the diamond stability field, due to a change in geotherm and/or decompression. Diamondiferous eclogites record lower median 87Sr/86Sr (0.7039) than graphite-bearing samples (0.7064) and carbon-free samples (0.7051), suggesting that interaction with the - possibly oxidising - metasome-derived melt caused carbon removal in some eclogites, while catalysing the conversion of diamond to graphite in others. This highlights the role of small-volume melts in modulating the lithospheric carbon cycle. Compared to diamondiferous eclogites, eclogitic inclusions in diamonds are restricted to high FeO and low SiO2, CaO and Na2O contents, they record higher equilibrium temperatures and garnets have mostly mantle-like O isotopic composition. We suggest that this signature was imparted by a sublithospheric melt with contributions from a clinopyroxene-rich source, possibly related to the ca. 2.0 Ga Bushveld event.
DS201709-2069
2016
Van Niekirk, L.M., Olivier, A., Armstrong, J., Sikwa, N.A.Pioneering large diamond recovery at Karowe diamond mine.South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol. 116, 8, pp. 709-714.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Karowe

Abstract: Historically, the recovery of large diamonds in conventional treatment plant flow sheets has been associated with dense media separation (DMS). This is attributed mainly to DMS's highly efficient and proven track record in the concentration and separation of ores with variable solids densities. In most instances, DMS has been utilized as a pre-concentration step ahead of any recovery plant, due to its ability and versatility in reducing feed within a specific size range to manageable volumes for downstream X-ray processing and subsequent diamond recovery. The benefit of using carbon-signature-based detection equipment for retrieving large stones upfront in the flow sheet not only equates to earlier recovery of diamonds from the system, but also lessens the exposure of diamond-bearing ore to additional materials handling, pumping, and/or crushing, which has been known to damage or even break diamonds and decrease revenue.
DS201710-2211
2017
Armstrong, J.P., Gababotse, J.Karowe diamond mine.11th International Kimberlite Field Trip Guide, Sept. 19p. PdfAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Karowe
DS201710-2212
2017
Aulbach, S., Jacob, D.E., Cartigny, P., Stern, R.A., Simonetti, S.S., Womer, G., Viljoen, K.S.Eclogite xenoliths from Orapa: Ocean crust recycling, mantle metasomatism and carbon cycling at the western Zimbabwe craton margin.Geochimica et Cosmochinica Acta, Vol. 213, pp. 574-592.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Orapa

Abstract: Major- and trace-element compositions of garnet and clinopyroxene, as well as 87Sr/86Sr in clinopyroxene and ?18O in garnet in eclogite and pyroxenite xenoliths from Orapa, at the western margin of the Zimbabwe craton (central Botswana), were investigated in order to trace their origin and evolution in the mantle lithosphere. Two groups of eclogites are distinguished with respect to 87Sr/86Sr: One with moderate ratios (0.7026-0.7046) and another with 87Sr/86Sr >0.7048 to 0.7091. In the former group, heavy ?18O attests to low-temperature alteration on the ocean floor, while 87Sr/86Sr correlates with indices of low-pressure igneous processes (Eu/Eu?, Mg#, Sr/Y). This suggests relatively undisturbed long-term ingrowth of 87Sr at near-igneous Rb/Sr after metamorphism, despite the exposed craton margin setting. The high-87Sr/86Sr group has mainly mantle-like ?18O and is suggested to have interacted with a small-volume melt derived from an aged phlogopite-rich metasome. The overlap of diamondiferous and graphite-bearing eclogites and pyroxenites over a pressure interval of ?3.2 to 4.9 GPa is interpreted as reflecting a mantle parcel beneath Orapa that has moved out of the diamond stability field, due to a change in geotherm and/or decompression. Diamondiferous eclogites record lower median 87Sr/86Sr (0.7039) than graphite-bearing samples (0.7064) and carbon-free samples (0.7051), suggesting that interaction with the - possibly oxidising - metasome-derived melt caused carbon removal in some eclogites, while catalysing the conversion of diamond to graphite in others. This highlights the role of small-volume melts in modulating the lithospheric carbon cycle. Compared to diamondiferous eclogites, eclogitic inclusions in diamonds are restricted to high FeO and low SiO2, CaO and Na2O contents, they record higher equilibrium temperatures and garnets have mostly mantle-like O isotopic composition. We suggest that this signature was imparted by a sublithospheric melt with contributions from a clinopyroxene-rich source, possibly related to the ca. 2.0 Ga Bushveld event.
DS201710-2226
2017
Fedortchouk, Y., Chinn, I.L., Kopylova, M.G.Three styles of diamond resorption in a single kimberlite: effects of volcanic degassing and assimilation.Geology, Vol. 45, 10. pp. 871-874.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Orapa BK1 and AK15

Abstract: Kimberlite magmas, the primary source of diamonds, have many features indicative of explosive eruptions and high volatile contents. The main approaches used to establish exsolution of fluid during magma ascent include theoretical modeling and experimental estimates of volatile solubility in kimberlite-like melts. Both approaches are hampered by the poorly constrained composition of kimberlite melts. Resorption features on diamonds are very sensitive to the presence and composition of the kimberlite fluid as well as to temperature and pressure. Here, we use direct evidence from diamond resorption features as a new method for investigating the parameters of fluid exsolution. The method is based on experimental reproduction of diamond resorption in kimberlite melts with and without an exsolved fluid phase. We studied 802 diamonds from two kimberlites (BK1 and AK15) from the Orapa cluster, Botswana. Samples from the BK1 pipe include three lithologies: two coherent kimberlites (CK-A and CK-B) and a pyroclastic kimberlite (massive volcaniclastic kimberlite, MVK). The known depth of diamond samples in each kimberlite lithology allows us to demonstrate an increase in the intensity of kimberlite-induced resorption with depth of diamond recovery in the drill holes. Each kimberlite lithology has a different proportion of diamonds with kimberlite-induced resorption, which is unique in style in each lithology: glossy surfaces in MVK due to reaction with C-O-H fluid, rough corroded surfaces in CK-B due to reaction with volatile-undersaturated melt, and a combination of glossy surfaces with corroded features in CK-A due to an overprint of melt resorption after fluid resorption. Both diamond resorption and kimberlite textures in the BK1 kimberlite show evidence of fluid exsolution only in CK-A and MVK lithologies, but no fluid presence in CK-B. The observed diamond resorption features may be controlled by (1) a temporary separation of the rising magma column into a bubble-rich head and bubble-poor volatile-depleted tail and (2) fluid exsolution at depths greater than decompressional degassing. We discuss how the depth of fluid exsolution from kimberlite melt may affect the diamond grade and the resorption of diamond populations in a kimberlite.
DS201710-2236
2017
Kruger, K., Maphane, K.Desert Gems: Bostwana's major mines. Orapa, Letlhakane and Damtshaa mines.11th International Kimberlite Field Trip Guide, Sept. 23p. PdfAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Orapa, Letlhakane, Damtshaa
DS201710-2250
2017
Mmualefe, M.K.Desert Gems: Botswana's major mines. Jwaneng diamond mine, Botswana: history, geology and mining.11th International Kimberlite Field Trip Guide, Sept. 31p.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Jwaneng
DS201712-2681
2018
Creus, P.K., Basson, I.J., Stoch, B., Mogorosi, O., Gabanakgosi, K., Ramsden, F., Gaegopolwe, P.Structural analysis and implicit 3D modelling of Jwaneng mine: insights into deformation of the Transvaal Supergroup in SE Botswana.Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 137, pp. 9-21.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Jwaneng

Abstract: Country rock at Jwaneng Diamond Mine provides a rare insight into the deformational history of the Transvaal Supergroup in southern Botswana. The ca. 235 Ma kimberlite diatremes intruded into late Archaean to Early Proterozoic, mixed, siliciclastic-carbonate sediments, that were subjected to at least three deformational events. The first deformational event (D1), caused by NW-SE directed compression, is responsible for NE-trending, open folds (F1) with associated diverging, fanning, axial planar cleavage. The second deformational event (D2) is probably progressive, involving a clockwise rotation of the principal stress to NE-SW trends. Early D2, which was N-S directed, involved left-lateral, oblique shearing along cleavage planes that developed around F1 folds, along with the development of antithetic structures. Progressive clockwise rotation of far-field forces saw the development of NW-trending folds (F2) and its associated, weak, axial planar cleavage. D3 is an extensional event in which normal faulting, along pre-existing cleavage planes, created a series of rhomboid-shaped, fault-bounded blocks. Normal faults, which bound these blocks, are the dominant structures at Jwaneng Mine. Combined with block rotation and NW-dipping bedding, a horst-like structure on the northwestern limb of a broad, gentle, NE-trending anticline is indicated. The early compressional and subsequent extensional events are consistent throughout the Jwaneng-Ramotswa-Lobatse-Thabazimbi area, suggesting that a large area records the same fault geometry and, consequently, deformational history. It is proposed that Jwaneng Mine is at or near the northernmost limit of the initial, northwards-directed compressional event.
DS201803-0440
2018
De Wit, M.C.Prospecting history leading to the discovery of Botswana's diamond mines: from artefacts to Lesedi La Rona.Mineralogy and Petrology, in press available, 16p.Africa, Botswanadiamond exploration

Abstract: Bechuanaland/Botswana has a long and colourful history in exploration and mining. Here these activities are subdivided into three phases: pre-historic, historic and modern. Quarrying stone in Botswana was ongoing 500,000 years ago during the Early Stone Age (ESA). Actual mining of stones probably only started during the Middle Stone Age (MSA) i.e. post 250,000 BP, and the first prehistoric hard rock mining of specularite and limonite, likely started during the Late Stone Age (LSA) 20,000 to 2,000 BP. In east Botswana iron and copper were mined from AD 800 onwards; the mining of gold started in the thirteenth century. Historic mining started with the re-discovery of gold close to Francistown in 1865 and lasted until the 1950s. Rumours of diamonds in Bechuanaland had already surfaced in the 1880s, and it was Ngamiland, in the northwest, that was first explored systematically for diamonds and gold between 1896 and 1899. A joint initiative between Anglo American and De Beers started serious prospecting parts of eastern Bechuanaland between 1932 and 1938; and in 1938 the first diamond finds in Bechuanaland were reported. Modern mining and exploration started with the signing of an agreement in 1959, allowing Consolidated African Selection Trust Ltd. (CAST) into the Bamangwato Tribal Reserve. CAST found a few diamonds in the Motloutse River, but concluded that these were reworked and dropped the exploration rights. De Beers believed that these diamonds had come from west of the Motloutse headwaters, across the watershed in the Kalahari. This ultimately led to the discovery of the Orapa kimberlite field in 1967, a year after Botswana became independent. This discovery triggered a major exploration boom across Botswana adding important diamond-bearing kimberlites such as at Letlhakane (1968), Jwaneng (1973), Gope (1981) and Lerala (1991).
DS201803-0442
2018
Dira, T., Daniels, L.Contrasting termite transported indicator mineral concentrations in the Kgalafadi of central district Botswana: Macrotermes micaelseni vs Hodotermes mossambicus.Vancouver Kimberlite Cluster, March 9, 1p. AbstractAfrica, Botswanatermite and indiactor minerals
DS201804-0670
2018
Armstrong, J.Mining and extracting the world's largest diamonds. Karowe4th International Diamond School: Diamonds, Geology, Gemology and Exploration Bressanone Italy Jan. 29-Feb. 2nd., pp. 9-10. abstractAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Karowe
DS201805-0984
2018
Tschauner, O., Huang, S., Greenberg, E., Prakapenka, V.B., Ma, C., Rossman, G.R., Shen, A.H., Zhang, D., Newville, M., Lanzirotti, A., Tait, K.Ice-VII inclusions in diamonds: evidence for aqueous fluid in the Earth's deep mantle. Orapa, ShandongScience, Vol. 359, pp. 1136-1139.Africa, South Africa, Botswana, Congo, Sierra Leone, Chinadiamond inclusions
DS201806-1216
2018
Chinn, I.L., Perritt, S.H., Stiefenhofer, J., Stern, R.A.Diamonds from Orapa mine show a clear subduction signature in SIMS stable isotope data.Mineralogy and Petrology, in press available, 11p.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Orapa

Abstract: Spatially resolved analyses reveal considerable isotopic heterogeneity within and among diamonds ranging in size from 0.15 to 4.75 mm from the Orapa Mine, Botswana. The isotopic data are interpreted in conjunction with nitrogen aggregation state data and growth zone relationships from cathodoluminescence images. The integrated information confirms that a distinct diamond growth event (with low IaAB nitrogen aggregation states, moderately high nitrogen contents and ?13C and ?15N values compatible with average mantle values) is younger than the dominant population(s) of Type IaAB diamonds and cores of composite diamonds with more negative and positive ?13C and ?15N values, respectively. A significant proportion of the older diamond generation has high nitrogen contents, well outside the limit sector relationship, and these diamonds are likely to reflect derivation from subducted organic matter. Diamonds with low ?13C values combined with high nitrogen contents and positive ?15N values have not been previously widely recognised, even in studies of diamonds from Orapa. This may have been caused by prior analytical bias towards inclusion-bearing diamonds that are not necessarily representative of the entire range of diamond populations, and because of average measurements from heterogeneous diamonds measured by bulk combustion methods. Two distinct low nitrogen/Type II microdiamond populations were recognised that do not appear to continue into the macrodiamond sizes in the samples studied. Other populations, e.g. those containing residual singly-substituted nitrogen defects, range in size from small microdiamonds to large macrodiamonds. The total diamond content of the Orapa kimberlite thus reflects a complex assortment of multiple diamond populations.
DS201807-1488
2018
Dira, T.A., Daniels, L.R.M.The role of Hodotermes mossambicus termites and background kimberlite indicators in the Kgalagadi .Malatswe areaSAIMM Diamonds - source to use 2018 Conference 'thriving in changing times'. June 11-13., pp. 1-8.Africa, BotswanaIndicator minerals
DS201807-1489
2018
Farr, H., Phillips, D., Maas, R., de Wit, M.Petrography, Sr isotope geochemistry and geochronology of the Nxau-Nxau kimberlites, north west Botswana.Mineralogy and Petrology, June 14, DOI:10.1007/ s00710-018- 0593-8, 14p.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Nxau

Abstract: The Nxau Nxau kimberlites in northwest Botswana belong to the Xaudum kimberlite province that also includes the Sikereti, Kaudom and Gura kimberlite clusters in north-east Namibia. The Nxau Nxau kimberlites lie on the southernmost extension of the Congo Craton, which incorporates part of the Damara Orogenic Belt on its margin. The Xaudum kimberlite province is geographically isolated from other known clusters but occurs within the limits of the NW-SE oriented, Karoo-aged Okavango Dyke Swarm and near NE-SW faults interpreted as the early stages of the East African Rift System. Petrographic, geochronological and isotopic studies were undertaken to characterise the nature of these kimberlites and the timing of their emplacement. The Nxau Nxau kimberlites exhibit groundmass textures, mineral phases and Sr-isotope compositions (87Sr/86Sri of 0.7036?±?0.0002; 2?) that are characteristic of archetypal (Group I) kimberlites. U-Pb perovskite, 40Ar/39Ar phlogopite and Rb-Sr phlogopite ages indicate that the kimberlites were emplaced in the Cretaceous, with perovskite from four samples yielding a preferred weighted average U-Pb age of 84?±?4 Ma (2?). This age is typical of many kimberlites in southern Africa, indicating that the Xaudum occurrences form part of this widespread Late Cretaceous kimberlite magmatic province. This time marks a significant period of tectonic stress reorganisation that could have provided the trigger for kimberlite magmatism. In this regard, the Nxau Nxau kimberlites may form part of a NE-SW oriented trend such as the Lucapa corridor, with implications for further undiscovered kimberlites along this corridor.
DS201807-1495
2018
Gress, M.U., Pearson, D.G., Chinn, I.L., Koornneef, J.M., Pals, A.S.M., Van der Valk, E.A.S., Davies, G.R.Episodic eclogitic diamond genesis at Jwaneng diamond mine, Botswana.Goldschmidt2018, abstract 1p.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Jwaneng

Abstract: The diamondiferous Jwaneng kimberlite cluster (~240 Ma) is located on the NW rim of the Archaean Kaapvaal Craton in central Botswana. Previous studies report eclogitic diamond formation in the late Archean (2.9 Ga) and in the Middle Proterozoic (1.5 Ga) involving different mantle and sedimentary components [1;2;3]. Here we report newly acquired Sm- Nd ages of individual eclogitic pyrope-almandine and omphacite inclusions along with their major element data and nitrogen data from the diamond hosts to re-examine Jwaneng’s diamond formation ages. The Sm-Nd isotope analyses were performed via TIMS using 1013? resistors [4]. An initial suite of three pyropealmandine and 14 omphacite inclusions yield 143Nd/144Nd from 0.51102±7 to 0.5155±5. 147Sm/144Nd vary from 0.024 to 0.469. Major element data defines two inclusion populations: (1) seven omphacites with high Mg#, high Cr# and one pyropealmandine with low-Ca define an isochron age of 1.93±0.16 Ga with ?Ndi= +3.5; (2) seven omphacites with low Mg#, low Cr# and two pyrope-almandines with low-Ca define an isochron age of 0.82±0.06 Ga with ?Ndi= +3.7. Nitrogen contents of corresponding diamond host growth zones in Group (1) are ? 50 at.ppm whereas Group (2) range between 50 to 700 at.ppm with N-aggregation > 70 %B. Additional data used to define “co-genetic” inclusion suites include Sr-isotopes and trace elements of the inclusions and carbon isotopes of the diamond hosts. Re-Os data of coexisting sulphide inclusions from the same silicate-bearing diamonds further validates the ages and indicates more periods of diamond formation at Jwaneng than previously assumed. The integrated data indicate the possibility of an extensive Paleoproterozoic diamond-forming event in southern Africa.
DS201807-1509
2018
Lock, N., Vercoe, S.Jwaneng - the untold story of the discovery of the world's richest diamond mine.SAIMM Diamonds - source to use 2018 Conference 'thriving in changing times'. June 11-13., pp. 185-202.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Jwaneng
DS201807-1521
2018
Pendock, N.Regional diamond exploration under cover. ASTER bands, LWIR indicator mineralsSAIMM Diamonds - source to use 2018 Conference 'thriving in changing times'. June 11-13., pp. 103-112.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Orapa, Damtshaa, BK09, BK12,AK01
DS201807-1522
2016
Pendock, N.Hot stones: mapping igneous kimberlites under Kalahari cover using LWIR imagery.www.grsg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Day2/Neil%20Pendock%20RSA.pdf, 29 ppts. AvailableAfrica, Botswanageospectral
DS201807-1531
2018
Timmerman, S., Chinn, I.L., Fisher, D., Davies, G.R.Formation of unusual Orapa yellow diamonds. Mineralogy and Petrology, 10.1007/ s710-018-0592 -9, 10p.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Orapa, Damtshaa, BK09, BK12,AK01

Abstract: Twenty eclogitic diamonds from Orapa Mine (Botswana) with an unusual yellow colour are characterised for their growth structure, N systematics, and C isotope composition, and the major element composition of their silicate inclusions. The diamonds show complex luminescence with green, blue and non-luminescent zones and occasional sector zonation. All parts of the diamonds have low total N concentrations (<50 at.ppm, with one exception of <125 at.ppm) and a limited range in C isotope composition (?5.7 to ?10.6‰). Fourier Transform Infrared spectra show bands at 1334, 1332, 1282, and 1240 cm?1 typical for Ib-IaA diamonds. Relict unaggregated N defects (Nso and Ns+) are present and the preservation is likely caused by the low N concentrations and possible low mantle residence temperatures rather than young diamond formation (inclusion ages of 140, 1096, 1699 Ma; Timmerman et al. Earth Planet Sc Lett 463:178-188, 2017). Garnet and clinopyroxene inclusions extracted from 14 diamonds have an eclogitic composition with relatively low Ca contents and based on all characteristics, these diamonds form a distinct population from Orapa.
DS201807-1535
2018
Voigt, A., Morrison, G., Hill, G., Dellas, G., Mangera, R.The application of XRT in the De Beers Group of Companies. Jwaneng, marineSAIMM Diamonds - source to use 2018 Conference 'thriving in changing times'. June 11-13., pp. 173-184.Africa, Botswana, NamibiaXRT sorters
DS201808-1740
2018
Dira, T. A., Daniels, L. R.M. The significance of termites on the future of kimberlite exploration in Botswana.Mineralogy and Petrology, 10.1007/s00710-018-0608-5 8p. Africa, Botswanaindicator minerals

Abstract: The majority of the diamond mines in Botswana were discovered as a direct consequence of soil sampling for indicator minerals such as garnet and picroilmenite. Over the past 60 years the application of soil sampling for indicator minerals as a primary exploration tool has declined while aeromagnetic surveys have increased in popularity. The rate of kimberlite discovery in Botswana has declined significantly. The obvious magnetic kimberlites have been discovered. The future of new kimberlite discoveries is once again dependent on soil sampling for kimberlite indicator minerals. It is essential to have an in depth understanding of the transport mechanism of kimberlite indicator minerals from the kimberlite to the modern day surface of the Kalahari Formation, which is solely via termite bioturbation. Field observations indicate that the concentration of indicator minerals at surface is directly dependent on the physical characteristics and capabilities as well as behavioural patterns of the particular termite species dominant in the exploration area. The discovery of future diamond mines in Botswana will be closely associated with an in depth understanding of the relationship between size and concentration of kimberlite indicator minerals in surface soils and the seasonal behaviour, depth penetration capabilities, earthmoving efficiencies and mandible size of the dominant termite species within the exploration area. Large areas in Botswana, where kimberlite indicator minerals recovered from soil samples have been described as distal from source or background, will require re-evaluation. Without detailed termite studies the rate of discovery will continue to decline.
DS201808-1741
2018
Dira, T., Daniels, L.The role of Hodtermes mossambicus termites and background kimberlite indicators in the Kgalagadi. PresentationSAIMM Diamonds - source to use 2018 Conference 'thriving in changing times'. June 11-13., 38 ppts.Africa, Botswanaindicator minerals
DS201808-1765
2018
Lock, N., Vercoe, S.Jwaneng - the untold story of the discovery of the world's richest diamond mine.SAIMM Diamonds - source to use 2018 Conference 'thriving in changing times'. June 11-13., 14 ppts.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Jwaneng
DS201808-1769
2018
Motsamai, T., Harris, J.W., Stachel, T., Pearson, D.G., Armstrong, J.Mineral inclusions in diamonds from Karowe mine, Botswana: super-deep sources for super-sized diamonds?Mineralogy and Petrology, doi.org/10.1007/s00710-018-0604-9 12p.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Karowe

Abstract: Mineral inclusions in diamonds play a critical role in constraining the relationship between diamonds and mantle lithologies. Here we report the first major and trace element study of mineral inclusions in diamonds from the Karowe Mine in north-east Botswana, along the western edge of the Zimbabwe Craton. From a total of 107 diamonds, 134 silicate, 15 oxide, and 22 sulphide inclusions were recovered. The results reveal that 53% of Karowe inclusion-bearing diamonds derived from eclogitic sources, 44% are peridotitic, 2% have a sublithospheric origin, and 1% are websteritic. The dominant eclogitic diamond substrates sampled at Karowe are compositionally heterogeneous, as reflected in wide ranges in the CaO contents (4-16 wt%) of garnets and the Mg# (69-92) and jadeite contents (14-48 mol%) of clinopyroxenes. Calculated bulk rock REEN patterns indicate that both shallow and deep levels of the subducted slab(s) were sampled, including cumulate-like protoliths. Peridotitic garnet compositions largely derive from harzburgite/dunite substrates (~90%), with almost half the garnets having CaO contents <1.8 wt%, consistent with pyroxene-free (dunitic) sources. The highly depleted character of the peridotitic diamond substrates is further documented by the high mean and median Mg# (93.1) of olivine inclusions. One low-Ca garnet records a very high Cr2O3 content (14.7 wt%), implying that highly depleted cratonic lithosphere at the time of diamond formation extended to at least 220 km depth. Inclusion geothermobarometry indicates that the formation of peridotitic diamonds occurred along a 39-40 mW/m2 model geotherm. A sublithospheric inclusion suite is established by three eclogitic garnets containing a majorite component, a feature so far unique within the Orapa cluster. These low- and high-Ca majoritic garnets follow pyroxenitic and eclogitic trends of majoritic substitution, respectively. The origin of the majorite-bearing diamonds is estimated to be between 330 to 420 km depth, straddling the asthenosphere-transition zone boundary. This new observation of superdeep mineral inclusions in Karowe diamonds is consistent with a sublithospheric origin for the exceptionally large diamonds from this mine.
DS201808-1776
2018
Pendock, N.Regional diamond exploration under cover. PresentationSAIMM Diamonds - source to use 2018 Conference 'thriving in changing times'. June 11-13., 26 ppts.Africa, Botswanageophysics
DS201809-1991
2017
Aulbach, S., Jacob, D.E., Cartigny, P., Stern, R.A., Simonetti, S.S., Worner, G., Viljoen, K.S.Eclogite xenoliths from Orapa: Ocean crust recycling, mantle metasomatism and carbon cycling at the western Zimbabwe craton margin.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 213, 1, pp. 574-592.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Orapa

Abstract: Major- and trace-element compositions of garnet and clinopyroxene, as well as 87Sr/86Sr in clinopyroxene and ?18O in garnet in eclogite and pyroxenite xenoliths from Orapa, at the western margin of the Zimbabwe craton (central Botswana), were investigated in order to trace their origin and evolution in the mantle lithosphere. Two groups of eclogites are distinguished with respect to 87Sr/86Sr: One with moderate ratios (0.7026-0.7046) and another with 87Sr/86Sr >0.7048 to 0.7091. In the former group, heavy ?18O attests to low-temperature alteration on the ocean floor, while 87Sr/86Sr correlates with indices of low-pressure igneous processes (Eu/Eu?, Mg#, Sr/Y). This suggests relatively undisturbed long-term ingrowth of 87Sr at near-igneous Rb/Sr after metamorphism, despite the exposed craton margin setting. The high-87Sr/86Sr group has mainly mantle-like ?18O and is suggested to have interacted with a small-volume melt derived from an aged phlogopite-rich metasome. The overlap of diamondiferous and graphite-bearing eclogites and pyroxenites over a pressure interval of ?3.2 to 4.9 GPa is interpreted as reflecting a mantle parcel beneath Orapa that has moved out of the diamond stability field, due to a change in geotherm and/or decompression. Diamondiferous eclogites record lower median 87Sr/86Sr (0.7039) than graphite-bearing samples (0.7064) and carbon-free samples (0.7051), suggesting that interaction with the - possibly oxidising - metasome-derived melt caused carbon removal in some eclogites, while catalysing the conversion of diamond to graphite in others. This highlights the role of small-volume melts in modulating the lithospheric carbon cycle. Compared to diamondiferous eclogites, eclogitic inclusions in diamonds are restricted to high FeO and low SiO2, CaO and Na2O contents, they record higher equilibrium temperatures and garnets have mostly mantle-like O isotopic composition. We suggest that this signature was imparted by a sublithospheric melt with contributions from a clinopyroxene-rich source, possibly related to the ca. 2.0 Ga Bushveld event.
DS201809-2020
2018
Fedortchouk, Y., Chinn, I., Liebske, C., McCammon, C.Mantle metasomatism as recorded in diamond dissolution features.Goldschmidt Conference, 1p. AbstractAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Orapa

Abstract: Roots of continental cratons keep a long record of multiple metasomatic events, but their trace is complicated due to the mixed signals left by these events in the composition of mantle silicate minerals. Simple composition helps diamonds to provide a more robust record of the latest metasomatic events which they witnessed. Growth and dissolution features on the diamond surface are sensitive to the composition of the reacting media. In this study we use mantle-derived resorption features on natural diamonds to examine the nature of metasomatic events in diamondiferous mantle lithologies. We use experiments at mantle conditions to examine how the composition of fluids and melts affect diamond resorption. We then compare these results to the features of natural diamonds to determine which of the tested compositions could have acted as metasomatic agents in Earth’s cratonic roots. Diamond dissolution experiments conducted at 6 GPa, 1200 - 1500oC using synthetic MgO-CaO-SiO2-CO2-H2O system examined the effect of CHO fluid, silica-saturated CHO fluid, aqueous and “dry” silica-carbonate and carbonate melts. Results show that the main control of diamond resorption morphology is the state of the reacting media: fluid vs. melt. We compared the experimental results to diamonds with mantle-derived resorption features from two kimberlites from the Orapa kimberlite cluster (Botswana). We identified twelve mantle-derived resorption types, none of which resembled the products of resorption in fluids. Most of the observed resorption types could be produced by dissolution in mantle melts with variable proportions of carbonate and silicate components and in the range of temperatures. The most abundant resorption type resembles the product of diamond dissolution in carbonate melts at temperatures above 1450oC. Our results suggest that fluid-metasomatism is not destructive for diamonds while melt-metasomatism is. The lower hydrous carbonated solidus of lherzolite compared to harzburgite can result in the shift the process from diamond growth in fluids to diamond dissolution in melts due to metasomatic transformation of harzburgite into lherzolite.
DS201809-2050
2018
Kohn, S.C., Speich, L., Bulanova, G.P., Smith, C.B., Gress, M.U., Davies, G.R.Modelling the temperature history of mantle lithosphere using FTIR maps of diamonds.Goldschmidt Conference, 1p. AbstractAfrica, Zimbabwe. Australia, Canada, Northwest Territories, South Africa, Botswanadeposit - Murowa, Argyle, Diavik, Venetia, Orapa

Abstract: FTIR maps of diamond plates, cut through the centre of growth, contain abundant information about changing defect concentrations from core to rim. These data can, in principle, be interpreted in terms of the variation in conditions of diamond growth and the temperatures experienced by the diamond during the period of mantle residence between growth and exhumation. Many diamonds show multiple growth zones that can be observed by cathodoluminescence. Importantly, the combination of nitrogen concentration and nitrogen aggregation measured by FTIR can be used to determine whether the growth zones are of similar or very different ages (Kohn et al., 2016). In this study, we use automated fitting of several thousand individual spectra within each FTIR map to define a model temperature for each pixel using the Python program, QUIDDIT. We then use a two-stage aggregation model to constrain potential temperature-time histories for each diamond. To take full advantage of the temperature history recorded by zoned diamonds, radiometric ages of inclusions are required. If the growth ages of each zone and the date of exhumation are well-known, then a model temperature can be calculated for each zone. The combination of zone-specific ages and improved quality and processing of FTIR spectra is able to provide unique new insights into the thermal history of diamondbearing lithospheric mantle. For the first time we will be able to use the N defects in diamonds to work out whether a particular location in the lithosphere has heated or cooled over long periods of geological time. The implications for the mechanism of formation of lithosphere will be discussed. We will illustrate the approach using examples of zoned diamonds from Murowa (Zimbabwe), Argyle (Australia), Diavik (Canada), Venetia (South Africa) and Orapa (Botswana).
DS201809-2101
2018
Thomassot, E.S isotope study of Archean shallow crust recycling in the Earth's mantle.Goldschmidt Conference, 1p. AbstractAfrica, Botswana, Russiadeposit - Jwaneng. Kimberley Pool, Mir, Udachnaya

Abstract: Archean supracrustal rocks (i.e. chemical sediments and metavolcanics) preserve sulfur Mass Independent Fractionations (MIF) that originate from photochemical reactions occurring in atmosphere before the great oxygenation event, 2.45 Ga. Reduced and oxidized aerosols were produced by photochemistry and respectively carry 33S enrichment (?33S > 0‰) and depletion (?33S < 0‰). The relative abundance of the minor isotope of sulfur (36S) was also affected by MIF in such a way that compact negative correlation exists between ?33S and ?36S. For much of Archean sediments, ?36S /?33S? -1, while slight variation of this slope have been attributed to minor change in the chemical composition of the atmosphere affecting global MIF source mechanism. On another hand, 36S abundance is also affected by microbial cycling and in this specific case, ?36S /?33S? -7. Accordingly, ?33S-?36S co-variations can be used to discriminate distinct sedimentary pool. This contribution aims to test the robustness of MIF array of specific exospheric sulfur pools along their journey from the surface to the mantle. We examine the ?36S in addition to ?34S and ?33S signatures measured in-situ with secondary ion mass spectrometer, in sub lithospheric peridotitic and eclogitic sulfides from Kaapvaal (Jwaneng and Kimberley Pool) and Siberian craton (Mir and Udachnaya). Unlike peridotitic sulfides, eclogitic sulfides from both localities display significant MIF attesting from the presence of surficial sulfur in their source. More interestingly, the magnitude of the anomalies as well as ?36S/?33S ratio, differ from one locality to the other. Siberian eclogites match the composition of Eoarchean sulfate (?36S/?33S=-3 and ?33S<0‰). Sample from Jwaneng follow the MIF array previously reported in Archean chemical sediment (?36S/?33S=-1) while sulfide from Kimberley pool match the composition of some meso-Archean sediments in good agreement with isochron age reported in the literature for the sulfide from this locality. This study confirms that surficial sulfur has been efficiently transferred to the lithospheric mantle. More interestingly, it shows that peculiar sedimentary pools are still preserved in the cratonic keels.
DS201809-2106
2018
Ustinov, V.N., Mosigi, B., Kukui, I.M., Nikolaeva, E., Campbell, J.A.H., Stegnitskiy, Y.B., Antashchuk, M.G.Eolian indicator mineral dispersion haloes from the Orapa kimberlite cluster, Botswana.Mineralogy and Petrology, doi.org/10.1007/s00710-018-0627-2 9p.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Orapa

Abstract: This paper presents the results of an investigation into the structure of eolian kimberlite indicator minerals (KIMs) haloes present within Quaternary Kalahari Group sediments (up to 20 m thick) overlying the Late Cretaceous kimberlites in the Orapa field in North-East Botswana. A database of more than 8000 samples shows that kimberlites create a general mineralogical blanket of KIMs of various distances of transportation from primary sources in the Orapa area. Models of the reflection and dispersion patterns of KIMs derived from kimberlite pipes including AK10/ AK22/AK23 have been revealed based on 200 selected heavy mineral samples collected during diamond prospecting activities in Botswana from 2014 to 2017. Short distance eolian haloes situated close to kimberlite bodies cover gentle slopes within plains up to 500 × 1000 m in size. They have regularly have oval or conical shapes and are characterized by the presence mainly of unabraded or only slightly abraded KIMs. A sharp reduction of their concentration from hundreds and thousands of grains / 20 l immediately above kimberlites toto 10 grains/20 l at a distance of only 100-200 m from the pipes is a standard feature of these haloes. The variation of concentration, morphology and abrasion of specific KIMs with increasing distance from the primary sources has been investigated and presented herein. Sample volumes recommended for pipes present within a similar setting as those studied, with different depth of sedimentary cover are as follows: up to 10-20 m cover at 20-50 l, 20-30 m cover at 50-100 l and 30-80 m cover at 250 l. It is important to appreciate that the discovery of even single grains of unabraded or slightly abraded KIMs in eolian haloes are of high prospecting significance in this area. The results of the research can be applied to in diamond prospecting programs in various regions with similar environments.
DS201810-2308
2018
Davies, G.R., van den Heuvel, Q., Matveev, S., Drury, M.R., Chinn, I.L., Gress, M.U.A combined catholuminescence and electron backscatter diffraction examination of the growth relationships between Jwaneng diamonds and their eclogitic inclusions.Mineralogy and Petrology, doi.org/10.1007/s00710-018-0634-3 12p.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Jwaneng

Abstract: To fully understand the implications of the compositional information recorded by inclusions in diamond it is vital to know if their growth was syn- or protogenetic and the extent to which they have equilibrated with diamond forming agents. The current paradigm is that the majority of inclusions in diamond are syngenetic but recently this assumption has been questioned. This study presents an integrated cathodoluminescence (CL) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) study of 8 diamonds containing eclogitic inclusions: 19 pyrope-almandine garnets, 12 omphacitic clinopyroxenes, 4 sulphides, 1 coesite and 1 rutile from the Jwaneng diamond mine, Botswana. Diamond plates were sequentially polished to expose inclusions at different levels and CL imaging and EBSD were performed to constrain the relationship between diamond and inclusion growth. Despite complex growth and resorption, individual diamonds are single crystals with a homogeneous crystallographic orientation. All individual inclusions have homogeneous crystallographic orientation and no resolvable compositional zonation. The combined CL and EBSD data suggest that epitaxial inclusion-diamond growth is rare (none of 24 inclusions) and that the imposition of cubo-octahedral faces on inclusions does not necessarily result in epitaxy. Individual diamonds contain inclusions that record evidence of both syngentic and protogenetic relationships with the host diamond and in one case an inclusion appears syngenetic to the diamond core but protogenetic to the growth zone that surrounds 70% of the inclusion. These findings emphasise that inclusions in diamonds have multiple modes of origin and that in order to validate the significance of geochronological studies, further work is needed to establish that there is rapid chemical equilibration of protogenetic inclusions with diamond forming agents at mantle temperatures.
DS201810-2355
2018
McFarlane, M.J., Long, C.W., Coetzee, S.H.Lightning induced beads, 'fulguroids', associated with kimberlite eruptions in the Kalahari, Botswana.International Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 107, 7, pp. 2627-2633.Africa, Botswanakimberlites

Abstract: Glassy beads were found in the sand cover associated with known and suspected kimberlites on the Kalahari plateau, Botswana. Morphology and chemistry were examined by ESEM and EDAX. The polymetallic and quartzose "beads", here described for the first time and termed fulguroids, formed at very high temperatures, well in excess of those reached by the kimberlites. They solidified in free fall. We propose that they were melted in the atmosphere by lightning strikes on Kalahari overburden entrained when the kimberlites erupted.
DS201811-2563
2018
Creus, P.K., Basson, I.J., Stoch, B., Mogorosi, O., Gabanakgosi, K., Ramsden, F., Gaegopolwe, P.Structural analysis and implicit 3D modelling of Jwaneng mine: insights into deformation of the Transvaal Supergroup in SE Botswana.Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 137, pp. 9-21.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Jwaneng

Abstract: Country rock at Jwaneng Diamond Mine provides a rare insight into the deformational history of the Transvaal Supergroup in southern Botswana. The ca. 235 Ma kimberlite diatremes intruded into late Archaean to Early Proterozoic, mixed, siliciclastic-carbonate sediments, that were subjected to at least three deformational events. The first deformational event (D1), caused by NW-SE directed compression, is responsible for NE-trending, open folds (F1) with associated diverging, fanning, axial planar cleavage. The second deformational event (D2) is probably progressive, involving a clockwise rotation of the principal stress to NE-SW trends. Early D2, which was N-S directed, involved left-lateral, oblique shearing along cleavage planes that developed around F1 folds, along with the development of antithetic structures. Progressive clockwise rotation of far-field forces saw the development of NW-trending folds (F2) and its associated, weak, axial planar cleavage. D3 is an extensional event in which normal faulting, along pre-existing cleavage planes, created a series of rhomboid-shaped, fault-bounded blocks. Normal faults, which bound these blocks, are the dominant structures at Jwaneng Mine. Combined with block rotation and NW-dipping bedding, a horst-like structure on the northwestern limb of a broad, gentle, NE-trending anticline is indicated. The early compressional and subsequent extensional events are consistent throughout the Jwaneng-Ramotswa-Lobatse-Thabazimbi area, suggesting that a large area records the same fault geometry and, consequently, deformational history. It is proposed that Jwaneng Mine is at or near the northernmost limit of the initial, northwards-directed compressional event.
DS201901-0026
2018
D'Haenens-Johansson, U.F.S.The Lesedi La Rona and the Constellation - the puzzle of the large rough diamonds from Karowe.Gems & Gemology, Sixth International Gemological Symposium Vol. 54, 3, 1p. Abstract p. 273-4.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Karowe

Abstract: In November 2015, Lucara Diamond’s operation at the Karowe mine in Botswana gained notoriety due to the extraction of a series of large colorless diamonds, including the 1,109 ct Lesedi La Rona and the 812 ct Constellation. The Lesedi La Rona marks the largest gem diamond recovered since the Cullinan (3,106 ct) in 1905. The Constellation, considered to be the seventh-largest recorded diamond, attained the highest price ever paid for a rough, selling for $63.1 million ($77,649 per carat). Additionally, three other significant colorless diamonds were recovered during the same period, weighing 374, 296, and 183 ct. Due to the similarity in their external characteristics— which include cleavage faces—as well as their extraction locations and dates, it was suspected that these stones might have originated from a larger rough that had broken. Lucara demonstrated that the 374 ct diamond and the Lesedi La Rona fit together, yet a large cleavage plane is still unaccounted for. GIA was able to study several rough and/or faceted pieces of these five diamonds using a range of spectroscopic and imaging techniques to gain insight into the presence and distribution of point defects in these diamonds. Diamonds are commonly classified according to their nitrogen content measured by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy: Type I diamonds contain nitrogen in either isolated (Ib) or aggregated (IaAB) forms, while type II diamonds do not contain detectable nitrogen concentrations (IIa) but may contain boron (IIb). Analysis of faceted stones cut from the Lesedi La Rona indicates that the rough is a mixed-type diamond, containing both type IIa and pure type IaB regions. These types of diamonds, though exceedingly unusual, have been observed at GIA and reported by Delaunay and Fritsch (2017). The Constellation and the 374, 296, and 183 ct diamonds were determined to be type IaB, containing 20 ± 4 ppm B-aggregates (N4V), in agreement with the concentration for the type IaB pieces of the Lesedi La Rona. Pure type IaB diamonds such as these are actually quite rare, accounting for only 1.2% of a random suite of 5,060 large (>10 ct) D-to-Z diamonds submitted to GIA, whereas 24.6% were type II. Photoluminescence spectra further confirmed analogous defect content for the five large Karowe diamonds, with emissions from H4 (N4V2 0, 496 nm), H3 (NVN0, 503 nm), 505 nm, NV– (637 nm), and GR1 (V0, 741 nm) defects showing similar relative intensities and peak widths. Even for diamonds of the same type, parallel defect content and characteristics across such a variety of defects is unlikely for unrelated stones. The external morphologies of the diamonds showed primary octahedral, resorbed, and fractured faces, with the Constellation and the 296 ct diamond featuring fractures containing metallic inclusions and secondary iron oxide staining. Deep UV fluorescence (< 230 nm) imaging elucidated the internal growth structures of the samples. For the Constellation and the 374, 296, and 183 ct diamonds, at least two growth zones with differing blue fluorescence intensities were observed within single pieces. Combined with the spectroscopic data, these results provide compelling evidence that the Lesedi La Rona, the Constellation, and the 374, 296, and 183 ct diamonds from Karowe had comparable growth histories and likely originated from the same rough, with a combined weight of at least 2,774 ct.
DS201902-0300
2018
Motsamai, T.The composition of the lithospheric mantle beneath the Karowe mine and its associated diamond sources in north-eastern Botswana.University of Alberta, Phd thesisAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Karowe
DS201903-0508
2019
Fedortchouk, Y.A new approach to understanding diamond surface features based on a review of experimental and natural diamond studies.Earth-Science Reviews, 10.1016/j.earscirev .2019.02.013 56p.Canada, Northwest Territories, Africa, Botswanadiamond morphology

Abstract: Diamonds originate deep in the Earth's mantle since billions of years ago. Through their long history diamonds accumulate information about the Earth's evolution, and preserve it owing to their extreme chemical and mechanical stability. The surface of natural diamonds shows a variety of growth and dissolution features, which reflect the diversity of conditions in the mantle and in kimberlite magma, providing an important clue for understanding the deep regions of subcratonic mantle. However, such studies are hampered by an absence of a systematic approach for studying diamond surface features and morphology. This review integrates studies of natural diamonds with the results of diamond dissolution experiments to explore the origin of the most typical resorption features of diamonds and the information they provide. It uses detailed studies of over ~ 3500 diamonds from eight kimberlite bodies in the Northwest Territories in Canada and Orapa kimberlite cluster in Botswana, and the data from diamond dissolution experiments covering a pressure range of between 0.1?MPa - 7.5?GPa, temperature range of between 900?°C - 1750?°C, and over 12 log units of oxygen fugacity values. Examining the effects of these parameters on diamond resorption morphology shows that the shape and size of the etch pits depends on the temperature and H2O:CO2 ratio in the fluid, whereas pressure affects the efficiency of diamond crystal shape transformation from octahedral into rounded resorbed forms. The effect of pressure on the physical properties of the reacting fluid / melt controls the character of diamond etching. A comparison between the experimentally-induced and naturally occurring diamond resorption demonstrates a clear difference between the features developed in kimberlite magma and features inherited from the mantle source. Kimberlite-induced resorption on diamonds shows a strong correlation with the geology and emplacement mode of the hosting kimberlite unit. Low-relief surfaces develop on diamonds from pyroclastic kimberlites in all kimberlite classes, whereas surface features on diamonds from coherent kimberlites differ between kimberlite localities and often show corrosive character. Diamond resorption morphology can offer a robust method to better understand emplacement processes in different kimberlite localities, which are a matter of significant debate. The proposed here classification scheme for diamond resorption features is based on the features observable under a stereomicroscope. It helps differentiating resorption produced in the mantle source from that in the kimberlite magma and assigning diamond resorption to a particular mode of kimberlite emplacement, or a mantle metasomatic event.
DS201904-0756
2019
Lock, N.Jwaneng - the untold story of the discovery of the world's richest diamond mine.The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol. 119, pp. 155-164.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Jwaneng

Abstract: Despite the pre-eminence of the Jwaneng Diamond Mine as the world's richest diamond mine, the discovery story has long been clouded in mystery. This is the 45-year old untold story of the Jwaneng discovery and contemporaneous Bechuanaland/Botswana political and socioeconomic history.
DS201905-1042
2018
Hillbom, E., Bolt, J.Botswana - a modern economic history: an African diamond in the rough.Palgrave Macmillan, 235p. ISBN 9783319731438Africa, BotswanaHistory

Abstract: Together with Mauritius, Botswana is often categorized as one of two growth miracles in sub-Saharan Africa. Due to its spectacular long-run economic performance and impressive social development, it has been termed both an economic success story and a developmental state. While there is uniqueness in the Botswana experience, several aspects of the country’s opportunities and challenges are of a more general nature. Throughout its history, Botswana has been both blessed and hindered by its natural resource abundance and dependency, which have influenced growth periods, opportunities for economic diversification, strategies for sustainable economic and social development, and the distribution of incomes and opportunities. Through a political economy framework, Hillbom and Bolt provide an updated understanding of an African success story, covering the period from the mid-19th century, when the Tswana groups settled, to the present day. Understanding the interaction over time between geography and factor endowments on the one hand, and the development of economic and political institutions on the other, offers principle lessons from Botswana’s experience to other natural resource rich developing countries.
DS201906-1354
2019
Timmerman, S., Krebs, M.Y., Pearson, D.G., Honda, M.Diamond forming media through time - trace element and noble gas systematics of diamonds formed over 3 billion years of Earth's history.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, in press available 29p.Africa, South Africa, Botswanadeposit - Koffiefontein, Letlhakane, Orapa, Finsch, De Beers Pool

Abstract: Ten individual gem-quality monocrystalline diamonds of known peridotite/eclogite paragenesis from Southern Africa (Koffiefontein, Letlhakane, Orapa) were studied for trace element concentrations and He and Ar abundances and isotopic compositions. In addition, two samples, consisting of pooled fragments of gem-quality peridotitic diamonds from Finsch and DeBeers Pool respectively, were analysed for noble gases. Previous studies (Richardson et al., 1984; Pearson et al., 1998; Gress et al., 2017; Timmerman et al., 2017) provided age constraints of 0.09, 1.0-1.1, 1.7, 2.3, and 3.2-3.4?Ga on mineral inclusions in the studied diamonds, allowing us to study trace elements and noble gases over 3 Gyr of geological time. Concentrations of trace elements in the diamonds are very low - a few hundred ppt to several tens of ppbs - and are likely dependent on the amount of sub-micron inclusions present. Trace element patterns and trace element/3He ratios of the studied monocrystalline diamonds are similar to those in fibrous diamonds, suggesting that trace elements and stable noble gas isotopes reside within the same locations in diamond and track the same processes that are reflected in the trace element patterns. We cannot discern any temporal differences in these geochemical tracers, suggesting that the processes generating them have been occurring over at least the past 2.3?Ga. 3He/4He ratios decrease and 4He and 40Ar* contents increase with increasing age of peridotitic and some eclogitic diamonds, showing the importance of in-situ radiogenic 4He and 40Ar ingrowth by the decay of U-Th-Sm and K respectively. For most gem-quality monocrystalline diamonds, uncertainties in the 3He/4He evolution of the continental lithospheric mantle combined with large analytical uncertainties and possible spatial variability in U-Th-Sm concentrations limit our ability to provide estimates of diamond formation ages using 4He ingrowth. However, the limited observed 4He ingrowth (low U?+?Th/3He) together with a R/Ra value of 5.3 for peridotitic diamond K306 is comparable to the present-day sub-continental lithospheric mantle value and supports the young diamond formation age found by Re-Os dating of sulphides in the same diamond by Pearson et al. (1998). After correction for in-situ radiogenic 4He produced since diamond formation a large variation in 3He/4He remains in ?1?Ga old eclogitic diamonds that is suggested to result from the variable influence of subducted altered oceanic crust that has low 3He/4He. Hence, the 3He/4He isotope tracer supports an origin of the diamond-forming fluids from recycled oceanic crust for eclogitic diamonds, as indicated by other geochemical proxies.
DS201906-1355
2019
Timmerman, S., Yeow, H., Honda, M., Howell, D., Jaques, A.L., Krebs, M.Y., Woodland, S., Pearson, D.G., Avila, J.N., Ireland, T.R.U-Th/He systematics of fluid rich 'fibrous' diamonds - evidence for pre- and syn-kimberlite eruption ages.Chemical Geology, Vol. 515, pp. 22-36.Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, Botswanadeposit - Jwaneng

Abstract: The physical characteristics and impermeability of diamonds allow them to retain radiogenic 4He produced in-situ from radioactive decay of U, Th and Sm. This study investigates the U-Th/He systematics of fibrous diamonds and provides a first step in quantification of the uncertainties associated with determining the in-situ produced radiogenic 4He concentration. Factors determining the total amount of measured helium in a diamond are the initial trapped 4He, the in-situ produced radiogenic 4He, ?-implantation, ?-ejection, diffusion, and cosmogenic 3He production. Alpha implantation is negligible, and diffusion is slow, but the cosmogenic 3He component can be significant for alluvial diamonds as the recovery depth is unknown. Therefore, samples were grouped based on similar major and trace element compositions to determine possible genetically related samples. A correlation between the 4He and U-Th concentrations approximates the initial 4He concentration at the axis-intersect and age as the slope. In this study, the corrections were applied to eight fibrous cubic diamonds from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and two diamonds from the Jwaneng kimberlite in Botswana. A correlation exists between the 4He and U-Th concentrations of the group ZRC2, 3, and 6, and of the group CNG2, 3, and 4 and both correlations deviate significantly from a 71?Ma kimberlite eruption isochron. The U-Th/He dating method appears a promising new approach to date metasomatic fluid events that result in fibrous diamond formation and this is the first evidence that some fibrous diamonds can be formed 10s to 100s Myr before the kimberlite eruption.
DS201909-2064
2018
Motsamai, T.The composition of the lithospheric mantle beneath the Karowe Mine and its associated diamond sources in north-eastern Botswana.Phd. Thesis University of Alberta, 147p. See note on front page - see U of A search strategy on cover pageAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Karowe

Abstract: This study presents the first comprehensive data on the recently developed Karowe diamond mine from the Orapa kimberlite cluster, which hosts mines such as Orapa, Damtshaa, and Letlhakane. The objectives of the study were to establish the compositional characteristics of the lithospheric mantle beneath the Karowe mine at the time of kimberlite eruption by studying the major- and trace-element characteristics of 24 mantle xenoliths and 106 clinopyroxene xenocrysts. In addition, the possible diamond sources beneath Karowe were evaluated through examination of major- and trace-element compositions of mineral inclusions in 120 diamonds. Finally, the physical characteristics of the diamonds themselves as well as their total nitrogen contents and carbon isotope compositions were investigated.The mantle xenoliths are predominantly melt-depleted garnet-free spinel peridotites (n = 14), with a small proportion of pervasively refertilised garnet-spinel lherzolites (n = 4), and variably metasomatised garnet-bearing pyroxenites (n = 3). The remaining three xenoliths are a garnet lherzolite, an eclogite, and a megacrystic olivine. The mineralogical evidence indicates that all these come from relatively low-pressure regions of the mantle outside of the diamond stability field. The predominant spinel lherzolites are characterised by coarse-grained and granolublastic textures, exsolution lamellae in clinopyroxenes and orthopyroxenes, and low equilibration temperatures (630 to 800 oC). They have high Mg# in olivines (median: 92.1) and orthopyroxenes (median: 92.4) as well as variable Cr# in spinels (13 to 47; median: 37). Clinopyroxenes show variable LREEN enrichment (LaN/SmN=0.24 to 3.8) which is consistent with secondary re-enrichement processes. Trace element compositions of the garnets and clinopyroxenes in the garnet-bearing xenoliths indicate cryptic melt metasomatism as well as modal metasomatism associated with the introduction of phlogopite. Clinopyroxene-based geothermobarometry on clinopyroxene xenocrysts (25 out of the106) and one garnet lherzolite xenolith indicate a 39 to 40 mW/m2 model paleogeotherm, which overlaps at greater depths with two non-touching garnet-orthopyroxene inclusion pairs recovered from Karowe diamonds. These data imply that the lithospheric mantle beneath Karowe is 210 km thick with a diamond window of approximately 90 km thickness, which is consistent with other estimates of lithospheric depths in this region of the Zimbabwe Craton derived from petrology and geophysics. The major- and trace-element compositions of mineral inclusions in the diamonds indicate that 53 % are derived from eclogitic sources, 44 % are peridotitic, 2% have a sublithospheric origin, and 1 % are websteritic. The sublithospheric inclusion suite consists of three eclogitic garnets containing a majorite component (>6.12 to 6.46 apfu Si; with [O] = 24). This new observation of superdeep mineral inclusions in Karowe diamonds is unique within the Orapa cluster and may provide a key link to the presence of exceptionally large diamonds from this mine.From the present diamond suite, Karowe diamonds have variable morphologies with a dominance of octahedra (30 %), macles (20 %), and moderately resorbed morphologies (transitional between octahedra and dodecahedra; 18 %). The remaining 32 % are made up of 10 % rounded dodecahedra, 4 % cubo-octahedra, 2 % pseudo-hemimorphic and 16 % aggregated crystals. Overall, diamonds have FTIR nitrogen contents that range from below the limit of detection (?15 at.ppm) to 1217 at.ppm with variable nitrogen aggregation states (0 to 100 %B) and ?13C values from -34.5 to -2.0 ‰. Eclogitic diamonds contain 24 to 1217 at.ppm nitrogen with a median of 513 at.ppm and their carbon isotope compositions range between -21.5 and -2.5 ‰ with a median at -4.9 ‰. Peridotitic diamonds contain up to 937 at.ppm nitrogen with a median of 129 at.ppm. The majority of peridotitic diamonds fall into a typical mantle-like ?13C range (-8.6 to -2.0 ‰), with the exception of two diamonds that display unusual strongly 13C-depleted isotope compositions (-34.5 and -14.9 ‰). The mode in ?13C values for peridotitic diamonds (in class -4.0 to -3.5 ‰) is offset by about +1 ‰ relative to eclogitic diamonds (mode in class -5.0 to -4.5 ‰). These results could reflect derivation of mantle-like carbon from different sources through time for the two main parageneses or relate to the speciation of carbon fluids with constant ?13C (e.g., a minor increase in the CO2/CH4 ratio in the diamond-forming fluid from peridotitic to eclogitic diamonds).
DS201910-2261
2019
Gress, M.U., Smit, K.V., Chinn, I., Wang, W., Davies, G.R., Kornneef, J.M.Spectroscopic characteristics of Botswanan diamonds and their potential relationship with age.De Beers Diamond Conference, Not availableAfrica, Botswanadiamond growth zones
DS202005-0749
2019
Mikhail, S., Crosby, J.C., Stuart, F.M., DiNicola, L., Abernethy, F.A.J.A secretive mechanical exchange between mantle and crustal volatiles revealed by helium isoptopes in 13 C depleted diamonds.Geochemical Perspectives Letters, Vol. 11, pp. 39-43. pdfAfrica, Botswana, South America, French Guianadeposit - Dachine, Orapa

Abstract: Fluid inclusions trapped in fast-growing diamonds provide a unique opportunity to examine the origin of diamonds, and the conditions under which they formed. Eclogitic to websteritic diamondites from southern Africa show 13C-depletion and 15N-enrichment relative to mantle values (?13C = -4.3 to -22.2 ‰ and ?15N = -4.9 to +23.2 ‰). In contrast the 3He/4He of the trapped fluids have a strong mantle signature, one sample has the highest value so far recorded for African diamonds (8.5 ± 0.4 Ra). We find no evidence for deep mantle He in these diamondites, or indeed in any diamonds from southern Africa. A correlation between 3He/4He ratios and 3He concentration suggests that the low 3He/4He are largely the result of ingrowth of radiogenic 4He in the trapped fluids since diamond formation. The He-C-N isotope systematics can be best described by mixing between fluid released from subducted altered oceanic crust and mantle volatiles. The high 3He/4He of low ?13C diamondites reflects the high 3He concentration in the mantle fluids relative to the slab-derived fluids. The presence of post-crystallisation 4He in the fluids means that all 3He/4He are minima, which in turn implies that the slab-derived carbon has a sedimentary organic origin. In short, although carbon and nitrogen stable isotope data show strong evidence for crustal sources for diamond-formation, helium isotopes reveal an unambiguous mantle component hidden within a strongly 13C-depleted system.
DS202007-1131
2020
Chisenga, C., Van der Meijde, M., Yan, J., Fadel. I., Atekwana, E.A., Steffen, R., Ramotoroko, C.Gravity derived crustal thickness model of Botswana: its implication for the Mw 6.5 April 3, 2017, Botswana earthquake. Tectonophysics, Vol. 787, 228479 12p. PdfAfrica, Botswanageophysics - gravity

Abstract: Botswana experienced a Mw 6.5 earthquake on 3rd April 2017, the second largest earthquake event in Botswana's recorded history. This earthquake occurred within the Limpopo-Shashe Belt, ~350 km southeast of the seismically active Okavango Rift Zone. The region has no historical record of large magnitude earthquakes or active faults. The occurrence of this earthquake was unexpected and underscores our limited understanding of the crustal configuration of Botswana and highlight that neotectonic activity is not only confined to the Okavango Rift Zone. To address this knowledge gap, we applied a regularized inversion algorithm to the Bouguer gravity data to construct a high-resolution crustal thickness map of Botswana. The produced crustal thickness map shows a thinner crust (35-40 km) underlying the Okavango Rift Zone and sedimentary basins, whereas thicker crust (41-46 km) underlies the cratonic regions and orogenic belts. Our results also show localized zone of relatively thinner crust (~40 km), one of which is located along the edge of the Kaapvaal Craton within the MW 6.5 Botswana earthquake region. Based on our result, we propose a mechanism of the Botswana Earthquake that integrates crustal thickness information with elevated heat flow as the result of the thermal fluid from East African Rift System, and extensional forces predicted by the local stress regime. The epicentral region is therefore suggested to be a possible area of tectonic reactivation, which is caused by multiple factors that could lead to future intraplate earthquakes in this region.
DS202008-1371
2018
Brook, M.C.The Botswana pipeline - "prospecting to jewellery"Botswana Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 7, pp. 43-57. pdfAfrica, Botswanaprospecting, markets

Abstract: In this paper I describe the different components that make up the Botswana Diamond Pipeline today, which means the supply chain of diamonds, that ranges from diamond prospecting to mining, to diamond processing and recovery, to rough diamond sorting, valuation, sales and marketing, to diamond polishing and cutting, and finally to diamond jewellery manufacturing and retail. In Botswana, we can now truly witness the journey of the diamond from “Rough to Finger” or from “Mine to Store” (Fig. 1). Today, Botswana is the world’s second largest producer of diamonds by value and volume after Russia, and there are currently twelve known kimberlite fields (Fig. 2) and eight operating diamond mines. Botswana’s diamonds are cut and polished into beautiful diamond jewellery locally and across the globe.
DS202008-1376
2018
Campbell, J.A.H., Jooste, V.The AK6 kimberlite - discovery through to production: learning the lessons of history.Botswana Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 7, pp. 13-28. pdfAfrica, Botswanadeposit - AK6

Abstract: The AK6 kimberlite in north-eastern Botswana, better known as Karowe, is today one of the world?s top diamond producers by value. Its potential, however, was not recognised when AK6 was first discovered some fifty years ago. This paper traces the history of Karowe from the discovery of AK6 through to evaluation and production, reflecting on the interplay of economic, technical and corporate elements and highlighting some of the lessons learnt along this journey. Karowe Mine has been operating since 2012 and is fully owned by Lucara Diamond Corporation. In 2015, Karowe yielded the second largest diamond ever found, the 1,109ct Lesedi La Rona (Fig. 1).
DS202008-1389
2020
Fedortchouk, Y., Chinn, I.L.Crystallization conditions of kimberlite magma.Goldschmidt 2020, 1p. AbstractAfrica, Botswana, Canada, Northwest Territoriesdeposit - Orapa, Lac de Gras

Abstract: Experiments on diamond crystallization in kimberlite melt were performed for 40 h at 6.3 GPa in the temperature range of 1300-1570 °C and at 7.5 GPa in the temperature range of 1450-1570 °C, using a multianvil high-pressure apparatus of split-sphere type. Group I kimberlite from the Udachnaya-East pipe and a synthetic multicomponent mixture modeling the average composition of group II kimberlites were used as starting materials. The experiments have shown that diamond growth on seed crystals in the kimberlite melt in equilibrium with olivine, pyroxene, and garnet starts from 1400 °C at 7.5 GPa and from 1520 °C at 6.3 GPa. Diamond nucleation requires higher temperature and pressure, 1570 °C and 7.5 GPa. The alkali-enriched and silicate-depleted derivates of kimberlite melts ensure the growth and nucleation of diamond at lower P and T values: 1400 °C at 7.5 GPa and 1520 °C at 6.3 GPa. The results obtained evidence that temperature, pressure, and the composition of crystallization medium are the main factors controlling diamond formation processes in the kimberlite melts and their derivates.
DS202008-1416
2018
Lobatlamang, S., Brennan, M., Davidson, J., Rogers, A.Discovery of the KX36 kimberlite.Botswana Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 7, pp. 29-34. pdfAfrica, Botswanadeposit - KX36

Abstract: The KX36 kimberlite pipe is situated in the southeastern part of Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR), Botswana, approximately 60 km from the known Gope and Kikao kimberlite fields (see figure 1).The kimberlite is covered by 75m of Kalahari sand, has a surface area of 3.6 Ha at the base of the sand cover and was discovered by Petra Diamonds Botswana (Pty) Ltd in 2008. Application of modern geophysical techniques (Ultra hi-resolution low level flying Xcalibur magnetics) and improved sampling method led to the discovery of KX36.The kimberlite was emplaced into the Karoo Supergroup, which comprised the older sedimentary rocks (300 - 185 Ma) overlain by the flood basalts (185Ma). The Karoo Supergroup rocks are overlain by approximately 80m of Kalahari Group sediments.
DS202008-1419
2018
Marx, M.The Orapa discovery - one small step.Botswana Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 7, pp. 1-2. pdfAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Orapa

Abstract: I feel tremendously honoured and privileged to be invited to attend the 50thanniversary celebrations of the Orapa discovery. Thank you, Leon Daniels and Debswana. This will be a very emotional and exciting experience for me to return to Orapa after 50 years, where early in the morning of the 21st of April 1967 my team of twelve Motswana explorers and I stepped onto a low calcrete hill littered with kimberlitic indicator minerals. This was not entirely unexpected, as some months earlier Dr Gavin Lamont (the exploration manager) and Jim Gibson (the senior geologist) had detected such minerals during a road sampling survey into this isolated region south of the Makgadigadi Pans. However, what was unexpected was the enormous size of this kimberlite pipe that was destined to become the world-class Orapa diamond mine.
DS202008-1421
2019
McKechnie, W.F.Diamond exploration and mining in southern Africa: some thoughts on past, current, and possible future trends.The Journal of the Southern African Insitute of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol. 119, Feb, 9p. PdfAfrica, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Angola, DRC, Lesotho, Botswana, eSwatiniproduction

Abstract: Southern Africa is generally thought to be well explored, with only limited potential for major new diamond discoveries. However, Chiadzwa in Zimbabwe and reports of a significant new kimberlite find in Angola are testimony to the dangers attached to an attitude that 'there is nothing left to find'. Since the major discoveries in the central interior of South Africa in the 1870s, diamond exploration in the region has been led by market and political factors that influence the key exploration drivers of opportunity and value proposition. Unexpected new discoveries by new players always impact on existing producers and, from time to time, denial of opportunity through political or protectionist policies has inhibited investment in exploration. Entrepreneurial exploration appetite in southern Africa will be tempered by the potential value equation and security of investment. Overlaid on this, developments in diamond recovery technologies provide opportunity to reinvigorate current mines and old prospects previously considered too difficult or costly to exploit. Position on the cost curve will remain a key factor for survival in an increasingly competitive environment.
DS202008-1424
2018
Moore, A.Falconbridge discovery of the Gope ( Go25) ( Ghaghoo) kimberlite, central Kalahari, Botswana.Botswana Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 7, pp. 35-41. pdfAfrica, BotswanaDeposit - Gope

Abstract: The Gope (Go25) kimberlite was discovered by Falconbridge Explorations Limited (Botswana) (FELB) in 1981, following a helicopter-supported sampling programme within Reconnaissance Permits RP8/79 and RP1/80, covering approximately 78 500 km2, centred on the Central Kalahari area of Botswana (Fig. 1). The majority of this area is covered by sands of the Kalahari Group, with thicknesses up to 100m. Unfortunately, most original company files, including mineral distribution maps and mineral analyses were not available to the author. This paper draws on the excellent summary of the discovery of the Gope (Go-25) kimberlite by Lee et al. (2009), together with the author’s personal recollections.
DS202008-1456
2018
Vercoe, S., Lock, N.Our Jwaneng story.Botswana Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 7, pp. 3-12. pdfAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Jwaneng

Abstract: When Leon Daniels first contacted us, and others, about the Botswana Diamond Exploration Conference 2017, he wrote: ‘The future of diamond exploration lies in us "old-timers" who have retired or are about to retire to inspire the next generation to go out there and make the next discoveries so vitally important for Botswana.’ Sadly, in presenting on behalf of both Stuart and I, I had to own to being one of those old-timers!
DS202011-2030
2012
Borst, A.M.The formation and modification of the sub-cratonic lithospheric mantle beneath Botswana. A petrological, geochemical and isotopic study of peridotite xenoliths from the Letlhakane kimberlite mine. *** note dateMsc. Thesis VRIJE University Amsterdam, 166p. Academia available pdfAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Letlhakane

Abstract: The Letlhakane kimberlite pipes are emplaced in the Proterozoic Makondi Fold Belt, Botswana. They belong to a cluster of kimberlite diatremes that also includes the Orapa diamond mine, approximately 40 km to the northwest. In a previous geochemical study on Letlhakane xenoliths it was proposed that the Makondi Fold Belt is underlain by Archaean mantle that belongs to the Zimbabwe Craton. This implies the Letlhakane Kimberlites were sourced from the edge of Zimbabwe cratonic mantle and ascended through Proterozoic Makondi crust, explaining their rather anomalous tectonic setting. In this study we aim to verify the Archaean nature of the lithospheric mantle beneath Letlhakane and assess the origin and extent of metasomatic modifications in comparison to the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe Cratons. We present an extensive petrological, geochemical and isotopic dataset on a selection of 38 peridotite xenoliths from Letlhakane in order to characterize the mantle that underlies northern Botswana. Whole rock and mineral major and trace elements were measured by electron microprobe (EMP), laser ablation ICPMS and XRF. Sm-Nd and Lu-Hf isotope analyses were performed on garnet, cpx and amphibole separates from 12 selected samples. The sample suite includes spinel harzburgites, spinel lherzolites, a spinel dunite, a wehrlite, a garnet websterite, garnet harzburgites, garnet lherzolites and amphibole bearing garnet lherzolites. The samples are categorized into four groups based on garnet chemistry and modal compositions: I) garnet free samples, II) garnet harzburgites, II) garnet lherzolites and IV) amphibole-bearing garnet lherzolites. Whole rock major elements and olivine magnesium numbers suggest that the SCLM experienced 20 to 60% melt depletion between 5 and 3 GPa. Reconstructed whole rock HREE concentrations and Lu-Yb systematics indicate that up to 20% melting occurred in the absence of garnet, leading to strong fractionation of HREE. The data suggest a shallow decompressional melting regime, consistent with Archaean cratonic genesis models. Preliminary Re-Os data suggest melt depletion occurred at ~2.7 Ga. All samples experienced various amounts of metasomatic re-enrichment expressed by high modal abundances of garnet, opx, clinopyroxene and amphibole. Silica enrichment occurred to a lesser extent than observed in the Kaapvaal, but the Letlhakane samples show significantly more opx-rich assemblages than reported for the Zimbabwe Craton. Sm-Nd and Lu-Hf isotope signatures of garnet harzburgites suggest LREE enrichment occurred around ~2.0 Ga, possibly related to major tectono-magmatic activity associated with accretion of the Makondi Fold Belt to the Zimbabwe Craton. Cpx from the garnet lherzolites show major isotopic interaction and re-equilibration with Group I Kimberlites, which probably crystallized from pre-cursor kimberlitic melts prior to the Letlhakane eruption at ~93 Ma. Trace elements and Nd-Hf istope systematics of the amphibole bearing samples suggest amphibole metasomatism occurred from a LREE, Na, Ka, Ca and Al enriched hydrous melt around 500 to 600 Ma, possibly associated with Pan-African magmatic activity in northern Botswana. The overall lack of negative Nb-Ta anomalies suggests that metasomatic melts were generated in a within-plate geodynamical environment, rather than a subduction related setting.
DS202011-2038
2020
De Wit, M.Botswana's World Class Diamond Mines.https://www.youtube.com /watch?v=GoqjOMoUw3I, 1hr long Africa, BotswanaHistory
DS202011-2039
2020
Gress, M.U., Koorneef, J.M., Thomassot, E., Chinn, I.L., van Zuilen, K., Davies, G.R.Sm-Nd isochron ages coupled with C-N isotope data of eclogitic diamonds from Jwaneng, Botswana.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 10.1016/j.gca.2020.10.010 35p. PdfAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Jwaneng

Abstract: Constraining the formation age of individual diamonds from incorporated mineral inclusions and assessing the host diamonds’ geochemical characteristics allows determination of the complex history of diamond growth in the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). It also provides the rare opportunity to study the evolution of the deep cycling of volatiles over time. To achieve these aims, Sm-Nd isotope systematics are presented for 36 eclogitic garnet and clinopyroxene inclusions from 16 diamonds from the Jwaneng mine, Botswana. The inclusions and host diamonds comprise at least two compositional suites that record different ‘mechanisms’ of diamond formation and define two isochrons, one Paleoproterozoic (1.8 Ga) and one Neoproterozoic (0.85 Ga). There are indications of at least three additional diamond-forming events whose ages currently cannot be well constrained. The Paleoproterozoic diamond suite formed by large-scale (> 100’s km), volatile-rich metasomatism related to formation and re-working of the Proto-Kalahari Craton. In contrast, the heterogeneous composition of the Neoproterozoic diamond suite indicates diamond formation on a small-scale, through local (< 10 km) equilibration of compositionally variable diamond-forming fluids in different eclogitic substrates during the progressive breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent. The results demonstrate that regional events appear to reflect the input of volatiles (i.e., carbon-bearing) derived from the asthenospheric mantle, whereas local diamond-forming events mainly promote the redistribution of volatiles within the SCLM. The occurrence of isotopically light carbon analysed in distinct growth zones from samples of this study (?13C < -21.1‰) provides further indication of a recycled origin for surface-derived carbon in some diamonds from Jwaneng. Determining Earth’s long-term deep carbon cycle using diamonds, however, requires an understanding of the nature and scale of specific diamond-forming events.
DS202012-2205
2020
Blaine, J.Kalahari meanderings The Falcinbridge diamond exploration story Botswana 1975-1988. https://youtu.be /07lKCVFT7LE , Oct. ppt presentationAfrica, BotswanaFalconbridge history

Abstract: 22 October 2020 Overberg Geoscientists Group talk by John Blaine
DS202103-0382
2021
Gress, M.U., Koornneef, J.M., Thomassot, E., Chinn, I.L., van Zuilen, K., Davies, G.R.Sm-Nd isochron age coupled with C-N isotope data of eclogitic diamonds from Jwaneng, Botswana.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 293, pp. 1-17. pdfAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Jwaneng

Abstract: Constraining the formation age of individual diamonds from incorporated mineral inclusions and assessing the host diamonds’ geochemical characteristics allows determination of the complex history of diamond growth in the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). It also provides the rare opportunity to study the evolution of the deep cycling of volatiles over time. To achieve these aims, Sm-Nd isotope systematics are presented for 36 eclogitic garnet and clinopyroxene inclusions from 16 diamonds from the Jwaneng mine, Botswana. The inclusions and host diamonds comprise at least two compositional suites that record different ‘mechanisms’ of diamond formation and define two isochrons, one Paleoproterozoic (1.8?Ga) and one Neoproterozoic (0.85?Ga). There are indications of at least three additional diamond-forming events whose ages currently cannot be well constrained. The Paleoproterozoic diamond suite formed by large-scale (>100?s km), volatile-rich metasomatism related to formation and re-working of the Proto-Kalahari Craton. In contrast, the heterogeneous composition of the Neoproterozoic diamond suite indicates diamond formation on a small-scale, through local (<10?km) equilibration of compositionally variable diamond-forming fluids in different eclogitic substrates during the progressive breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent. The results demonstrate that regional events appear to reflect the input of volatiles (i.e., carbon-bearing) derived from the asthenospheric mantle, whereas local diamond-forming events mainly promote the redistribution of volatiles within the SCLM. The occurrence of isotopically light carbon analysed in distinct growth zones from samples of this study (?13C?
DS202103-0383
2021
Gress, M.U., Pearson, D.G., Chinn, I.L., Thomassot, E., Davies, G.R.Mesozoic to Paleoproterozoic diamond growth beneath Botswana recorded by Re-Os ages from individual eclogitic and websteritic inclusions.Lithos, 38p. PdfAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Orapa, Jwaneng

Abstract: Re-Os isotope systematics are reported from a suite of eclogitic and websteritic sulphide inclusions extracted from well-characterised diamond growth zones from the Orapa and Jwaneng kimberlite clusters. Re-Os ages (786 ± 250 Ma) are within uncertainty of previously determined Sm-Nd ages (853 ± 55 Ma), demonstrating isotopic equilibrium, at varying levels of completeness, across multiple isotopic systems in different minerals at the time of diamond formation and inclusion encapsulation. These data confirm the concept that inclusion isochron ages, when used with detailed textural/ growth zone control, reflect the timing of diamond crystallisation. Our data substantiate previous Re-Os and Sm-Nd inclusion ages of diamonds from Orapa and Jwaneng, indicating that major tectono-magmatic events formed discrete diamond populations of Paleo- (~ 2.0 to 1.7 Ga), Meso- (~ 1.2 to 1.1 Ga) and Neoproterozoic (~ 0.9 to 0.75 Ga) age. Some of these processes occurred simultaneously across the Kalahari Craton and can be traced over 100's of km illustrating the significance of diamond inclusions for monitoring continental tectonics. Inclusion ages indicating diamond formation that are younger than 300 Ma appear to be more common than previously recognised, consistent with evidence of relatively abundant, young, fluid-rich "fibrous" and polycrystalline diamonds at Jwaneng and Orapa. The increasingly widespread evidence for Mesozoic diamond-forming events in southern Africa and elsewhere appears closely linked with the kimberlite-related magmatism that affected these regions and subsequently transported diamonds to the surface. The inclusion isochron ages emphasise that diamond formation is a multi-stage and episodic process that can occur contemporaneously in disparate substrates and produce multiple diamond populations in the sub-continental lithospheric mantle.
DS202104-0581
2021
Gress, M.U., Pearson, D.G., Chinn, I.L., Thomassot, E., Davies, G.R.Mesozoic to Paleozoic diamond growth beneath Botswana recorded by Re-Os ages from individual eclogitic and websteritic inclusions.Appendix to previous Lithos article in March 2021, 11p. PdfAfrica, Botswanadeposit - Damtshaa, Orapa

Abstract: Re-Os isotope systematics are reported from a suite of eclogitic and websteritic sulphide inclusions extracted from well-characterised diamond growth zones from the Orapa and Jwaneng kimberlite clusters. Re-Os ages (786 ± 250 Ma) are within uncertainty of previously determined Sm-Nd ages (853 ± 55 Ma), demonstrating isotopic equilibrium, at varying levels of completeness, across multiple isotopic systems in different minerals at the time of diamond formation and inclusion encapsulation. These data confirm the concept that inclusion isochron ages, when used with detailed textural/ growth zone control, reflect the timing of diamond crystallisation. Our data substantiate previous Re-Os and Sm-Nd inclusion ages of diamonds from Orapa and Jwaneng, indicating that major tectono-magmatic events formed discrete diamond populations of Paleo- (~ 2.0 to 1.7 Ga), Meso- (~ 1.2 to 1.1 Ga) and Neoproterozoic (~ 0.9 to 0.75 Ga) age. Some of these processes occurred simultaneously across the Kalahari Craton and can be traced over 100's of km illustrating the significance of diamond inclusions for monitoring continental tectonics. Inclusion ages indicating diamond formation that are younger than 300 Ma appear to be more common than previously recognised, consistent with evidence of relatively abundant, young, fluid-rich “fibrous” and polycrystalline diamonds at Jwaneng and Orapa. The increasingly widespread evidence for Mesozoic diamond-forming events in southern Africa and elsewhere appears closely linked with the kimberlite-related magmatism that affected these regions and subsequently transported diamonds to the surface. The inclusion isochron ages emphasise that diamond formation is a multi-stage and episodic process that can occur contemporaneously in disparate substrates and produce multiple diamond populations in the sub-continental lithospheric mantle.
DS202106-0957
2021
Matende, K., Mickus, K.Magnetic and gravity investigation of kimberlites in north-central Botswana.Geophysics, Vol. 86, 2, B67-78.Africa, Botswanageophysics

Abstract: The Orapa kimberlite field of Botswana is one of the world’s major diamond producing regions. Within this field, there are several small kimberlite pipes that have not been completely explored in terms of their lateral extent, depth, and diamond potential. Two such pipes, BK54 and BK55, were found during a ground gravity and magnetic survey, and subsequent drilling confirmed the presence of kimberlite material. To determine the physical properties of these pipes, their lateral extent, depth, and thickness were estimated using a gravity and magnetic analysis and 2.5D and 3D modeling. Tilt derivatives of the magnetic data indicated that BK54 has a northwest-trending elliptical shape and BK55 has a roughly circular shape. Residual gravity anomaly maps indicate that BK54 does not have a density anomaly whereas BK55 is associated with a gravity maximum. The 3D gravity and magnetic inversion modeling constrained by magnetic susceptibility measurements indicates that BK54 is smaller in volume than BK55 and that neither pipe is thicker than 125 m. The difference in shape and the lack of a gravity anomaly over BK54 implies a different formation mechanism for each kimberlite pipe. Although several mechanisms are suggested, BK54 may have formed by a more explosive eruption producing more tuffistic material in the crater and diatreme facies. The gravity and magnetic analysis also found that the kimberlite pipes, while small, are larger in extent than was determined by drilling and warrant additional drilling to determine their economic potential.
DS202107-1114
2021
Moore, A. E.Falconbridge discovery of the Gope (Go25) (Ghaghoo) kimberlite.researchgate.com, 8p. Pdf June 2021Africa, Botswanadeposit - Gope, Ghaghoo
DS202107-1118
2021
Nkere, B.J., Janney, P.E., Tinguely, C.Cr-poor and Cr-rich clinopyroxene and garnet megacrysts from southern African Group 1 and Group 2 kimberlites: clues to megacrysts origins and their relationship to kimberlites.Lithos, Vol. 396-397, 106231 pdfAfrica, South Africa, Botswanadeposit - Colossus, Orapa, Kalput, Bellsbank

Abstract: Controversies surround the origin of kimberlite megacrysts, including whether and how they are genetically related to their host kimberlites, the relationship between the Cr-poor and Cr-rich suites and the dominant processes responsible for elemental and isotopic variations of megacrysts from a given kimberlite. We present new in-situ major and trace element and Sr isotopic results for clinoyroxene and garnet megacrysts from four southern African kimberlites: Colossus and Orapa (Group 1 kimberlites on the Zimbabwe craton), and Kalkput and Bellsbank (Group 2 kimberlites on the western Kaapvaal craton), that include both Cr-poor and Cr-rich megacryst varieties. Cr-poor megacrysts are present at Colossus, Orapa and Kalkput and the data exhibit tight, well-defined trends on major element diagrams as well as incompatible and rare earth element abundances similar to those previously reported for Cr-poor megacrysts. Cr-rich megacrysts, which are also present at Orapa and are the only variety present at Bellsbank, generally have higher Mg# values, lack well-defined major element trends and show stronger incompatible element enrichments as well as more radiogenic 87Sr/86Sri ratios than Cr-poor megacrysts from the same kimberlite group. Thermobarometry indicates that the Cr-poor megacrysts equilibrated at temperatures of ?1200 to 1450 °C and pressures of 4.5 to 7.5 GPa. Cr-rich megacrysts, in contrast, extend to temperatures and pressures as low as 700 °C and 3 GPa, respectively. This indicates that, in the studied suites, Cr-poor megacrysts equilibrated at high temperatures in the lower lithosphere (>135 km), whereas Cr-rich megacrysts typically equilibrated at lower temperatures and pressures. Within the Cr-poor megacrysts from Group 1 and Group 2 kimberlites, there is a clear correspondence between kimberlite group, diagnostic incompatible element ratios (e.g., Nb/La) and Sr isotope ratios that parallel the differences noted between whole-rock Group 1 and Group 2 kimberlites. In the case of Cr-poor megacrysts, similar calculated melt compositions in equilibrium with garnet and clinopyroxene from the same kimberlite were obtained using recent high-pressure mineral?carbonated melt partition coefficients. This suggests formation in conditions close to trace element equilibrium, and is consistent with crystallization from primitive melts with kimberlite-like trace element compositions. In the case of Cr-rich megacrysts, differences in the compositions of melts in equilibrium with clinopyroxene and garnet tend to be larger, and melts in equilibrium with Cr-rich clinopyroxene tend to show significantly greater incompatible element enrichments than those of estimated near-primary kimberlite melts. This could be due to the different behaviour of clinopyroxene and garnet during metasomatic melt-rock interaction, but the apparent disequilibrium between clinopyroxene and garnet could also be due to some of the Cr-rich megacrysts actually being peridotitic xenocrysts. We propose a model for the origin of southern African megacrysts in which carbonated protokimberlite melts formed stockwork-like bodies of variable size in the deep lithosphere (>130 km), which fed networks of melt-filled veins extending into the surrounding and overlying mantle. Crystallization of larger melt bodies resulted in megacryst assemblages dominated by Cr-poor megacrysts, and the incompatible element and isotopic characteristics of these dominantly reflect those of the protokimberlite melt. In contrast, crystallization of smaller melt bodies and their vein networks resulted in megacryst assemblages dominated by Cr-rich megacrysts, which formed as a result of extensive assimilation and metasomatic melt-rock interaction between protokimberlite and peridotite wallrock at low melt/rock ratios, particularly in the middle to shallow lithosphere where pre-existing potassic metasomatic heterogeneities are prevalent. The Cr-rich nature and enrichments in incompatible elements and radiogenic Sr in the Cr-rich megacrysts reflect extensive interaction of their parental magmas with this metasomatized peridotite.
DS202108-1306
2021
Presser, J.L.B., Benitez, P.Eclogitic geotherms of the Rio de la Plata craton archon-core. Estancia Trementina and Puentesino, DPTO. Of Concepcion - Parauay. Compared of two large diamond deposits Argyle ( lamproitic ) and Orapa ( kimberlitic).Historia Natural, Vol. 11, 2, pp. 5-16. pdfSouth America, Paraguay, Australia, Africa, Botswanadeposit - Argyle, Orapa
DS202201-0012
2021
Fairhurst, L., Fedortchouk, Y., Chinn, I., Normandeau, P.Reaction rims on ilmenite macrocrysts from different kimberlite facies in class 1 kimberlites, Orapa kimberlite cluster, Botswana.GAC/MAC Meeting UWO, 1p. Abstract p. 89.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Orapa

Abstract: Kimberlites are mantle-derived igneous rocks emplaced in the upper crust. Class 1 kimberlite are multi-phase bodies consisting of coherent kimberlite (CK) and different pyroclastic facies, including diatreme Kimberley-type pyroclastic kimberlite (KPK). The composition, crystallisation conditions and emplacement processes of these multiphase kimberlites are poorly understood, especially the formation of KPK. CK facies include hypabyssal kimberlite (HK) and ambiguous partially fragmented CK. Ilmenite macrocrysts from some Orapa kimberlites show reaction rims, the composition of which correlates with kimberlite facies. The goal of this study is to document the reaction products on ilmenite from different kimberlite facies and to use them to determine crystallisation temperature (T) and oxygen fugacity (fO2). Obtaining a better understanding of fO2 is important not only scientifically, but also for economic reasons, because highly oxidising conditions would have promoted resorption of diamonds in the kimberlite. This study used thin sections taken in well constrained depth intervals from drillholes in AK15 and BK1 kimberlites from the Orapa kimberlite cluster (Botswana). The AK15 intrusion consists of a single phase of CK facies. The BK1 pipe consists of two CK facies (CK-A and CK-B) and one KPK facies. CK-B is a HK and CK-A shows areas of partial fragmentation. Kimberlite textures were examined with a petrographic microscope. Ilmenite reaction rims were identified with SEM. EMP analyses were performed on perovskite, ilmenite and magnetite grains for T and fO2 calculation. We found that ilmenite macrocrysts in CK-A develop rims composed of magnetite and rutile. The reaction rims on ilmenite macrocrysts in KPK are highly variable and are distinguished by the presence of titanite. In CK-B, ilmenite macrocrysts are replaced by a symplectic intergrowth of magnetite and perovskite. In AK15, ilmenite macrocrysts consist of magnetite rims. fO2 estimated using ferric iron content in CaTiO3 perovskite varies from NNO -5.74 to -1.30 showing progressive oxidation upwards and within KPK facies. Such fO2 conditions require T during perovskite crystallisation between 560 and 700 °C. The observed textures suggest that BK1 ilmenite macrocrysts reacted with the melt to produce magnetite and perovskite rims followed by full ilmenite replacement by symplectic intergrowth of perovskite and magnetite in CK-B and replacement of perovskite with TiO2 oxide in CK-A. Development of titanite in KPK indicates assimilation of crustal xenoliths, while variability of reaction rims and fO2 estimates within the same sample confirm the high degree of material mixing in KPK. Similarities of ilmenite rims in CK-A and KPK indicate similarity in the process of their formation.
DS202205-0684
2022
Gems & JewelleryLarge diamonds: why now?Gems&Jewellery, Vol. 31, pp. 30-31.Africa, Botswanadeposit - Karowe
DS202205-0708
2022
Moore, A.E., Cotterill, F.P.D., Main, M., Williams, H.B.The Zambesi: origins and legacies of Earth's oldest river system.Chapter , on requestAfrica, Angola, Zambia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, MozambiqueHistory

Abstract: The Zambezi rises with considerable modesty in north-west Zambia from a small spring on the gentle upland of the Southern Equatorial Divide - the watershed that separates the river from north-west-flowing tributaries of the Congo. The evolution of the Zambezi River has repeatedly modified the distribution of riverine plant and animal species. The hydrology of the Zambezi is further influenced by water exploitation by different users, along its main channel and tributaries. The dams have had severe ecological impacts on the major floodplains, as a result of the reduction of the supply of water and sediment. The major Early Cretaceous Zambezi-Limpopo River system entered the Mozambique coastal plain via a line of crustal weakness that was exploited by a major west-north-west trending dyke swarm. Drainage evolution of the Palaeo-Chambeshi system has been invoked as the primary cause of the recent evolution of the molerats.
 
 

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